An investigation of bovine papillomaviruses from ocular squamous cell carcinomas in cattle.

Background: Ocular squamous cell carcinomas (OSCCs) in cattle has been studied for many years, but no definite etiology has been established. Squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs) may occur in different body parts of cattle. Depending on the location, it can cause an economic loss of varying degrees. Aims: The aim of this study was to investigate the causes of OSCCs in the eye region of cattle. Methods: Sixty tumoral masses taken form 60 cattle with proliferation in the eye region that were collected between the years 2012-2022 were used. These cases were admitted to our department for routine diagnosis. The tissues were diagnosed as OSCC using histopathological methods. The presence of bovine papillomavirus (BPV), one of the causative factors, was investigated using immunohistochemical and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Results: Macroscopically masses were nodular or cauliflower-like and fragile and had hemorrhagic surfaces. Considering the keratin pearls, tumoral islands, and squamous differentiation, 20 out of 60 cases were classified as well, 20 as moderately, and 20 as poorly-differentiated OSCCs. 47 of the 60 cases were BPV positive using immunohistochemical methods. However, BPV nucleic acid was detected in only two cases with PCR. Only one of the cases could be sequenced. After phylogenetic analysis, virus strain was identified as BPV-1. Conclusion: Our results indicated that papillomaviruses can contribute to the development of OSCCs, in both precursor lesions and also advanced stage OSCCs. We found that BPV-1 has a possible causative role; however, more studies are needed to investigate the role of other viral agents and their interaction with secondary factors.

The protective effect of betanin and copper on heart and lung in end­organ ischemia reperfusion injury.

OBJECTIVES: Betanin and copper sulphate have been previously indicated as beneficial agents for ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) as antioxidant compounds in various models. We investigated whether betanin and copper have any protective effects on the heart and lung against I/R injury in rats. METHODS: Spraque-Dawley rats were assigned in groups: Sham (laparotomy only), control (I/R only), betanin treatment (100 mg/kg of betanin administered intraperitoneally (i.p.) 60 minutes before I/R) and copper sulfate treatment group (0.1 mg/kg/day copper sulfate i.p. for 7 days before I/R). Ischemia was induced by clamping the aorta between the left renal artery and aortic bifurcation for 45 minutes. After 48-hour reperfusion, the rats were sacrificed and heart/lung tissues were harvested. Malondialdehyde (MDA), myeloperoxidase (MPO), interleukin 6 (IL-6) levels were determined. Apoptosis was determined via TUNEL assay. RESULTS: MDA, MPO, IL-6 levels and apoptotic cells were significantly increased in the I/R group. In both treatment groups, MDA and MPO levels were decreased. IL-6 was significantly decreased in response to betanin administration in the heart, but not in the lung; copper had no effect in either area. The numbers of apoptotic cells were significantly decreased in both treatment groups. CONCLUSION: Betanin and copper may have protective effects on I/R injury in the heart and lung in rats (Fig. 6, Ref. 39).

Treatment of peroneal paralysis with transposition of vastus lateralis muscle in calves.

This study aimed to clinically evaluate the results achieved by using tendon transposition to treat postinjection peroneal paralysis in calves. The study material consisted of 23 calves in all of which the clinical history indicated the problem had occurred within 1-3 days of intramuscular injection. Each patient was administered medical treatment for three weeks. After that, a decision was made to perform tendon transposition in all the subjects because their prognosis was estimated to be poor. The owners of five of the calves did not agree to the operation, and so, medical treatment was continued. Following intrathecal anaesthesia, the vastus lateralis muscle was dissected at the insertion, and the musculus (m) extensor (ext) digitalis (dig) longus and m fibularis tertius were dissected at the origin in 18 calves. The tendon ends were joined by using the locking loop suture technique in the 18 calves. Follow-up after two to three months revealed hind limb use in all surgically treated calves, while the medically treated calves had to be slaughtered because of lameness and decubitus. The results of the present study suggest that the peroneal paralysis of calves can be successfully treated by a tendon transposition technique.