RESUMO
AIMS: Patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) have a high prevalence of diastolic dysfunction and heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF), which in turn leads to an increased risk of hospitalization and death. However, the factors of risk and their relative importance in leading to higher left ventricular filling pressures are still disputed. We sought to clarify the associations of a wide range of invasive and non-invasive risk factors with cardiac filling pressures in high-risk T2D patients. METHODS AND RESULTS: Patients with T2D at high risk of cardiovascular events were prospectively enrolled in this study. Participants were thoroughly phenotyped including right heart catheterization at rest and during exercise, echocardiography, urinary excretion of albumin (UACR), and quantification of their myocardial blood flow rate (MFR) using cardiac 82Rb-PET/CT. Of the 37 patients included in the study, 22 (59%) patients met invasive criteria for HFpEF. Only 2 out of 39 variables emerged as independent factors associated with left ventricular filling pressure as assessed by pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCWP) at rest; history of hypertension (coefficient: 2.6 mmHg [0.3; 5.0], P = 0.030) and MFR (P = 0.026). We found a significant inverse association between MFR and PCWP with a coefficient of -2.3 mmHg (-4.3; -0.3) in PCWP per integer change of MFR. The MFR ranged from 1.18 to 3.68 in our study, which corresponds to a difference in PCWP of approximately 6 mmHg between patients with the lowest compared to the highest MFR. During exercise, only 2 variables emerged as borderline independent factors associated with PCWP: myocardial flow reserve (coefficient: -4.4 [-9.6; 0.8], P = 0.091) and beta-blockers use (coefficient: 6.1 [-0.1; 12.4], P = 0.053). CONCLUSIONS: In patients with type 2 diabetes without known HFpEF but risk factors for cardiovascular disease, myocardial blood flow rate was independently associated with PCWP at rest across the range from normal to abnormal left heart filling pressures. A clinically significant difference of 6 mmHg in PWCP was attributable to differences in MFR in patients with the lowest compared with the highest MFR values. This suggests that strategies than attenuate microvascular dysfunction could slow progression of increased left ventricular left heart filling pressures in patients at increased risk.
Assuntos
Fístula Arteriovenosa , Insuficiência Cardíaca , Doença Iatrogênica , Artéria Ilíaca , Humanos , Artéria Ilíaca/diagnóstico por imagem , Artéria Ilíaca/cirurgia , Insuficiência Cardíaca/etiologia , Fístula Arteriovenosa/etiologia , Fístula Arteriovenosa/cirurgia , Fístula Arteriovenosa/diagnóstico por imagem , Vértebras Lombares/cirurgia , Masculino , Adulto , Débito Cardíaco Elevado/etiologia , Resultado do Tratamento , FemininoRESUMO
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) is critical when evaluating candidacy for advanced heart failure (HF) therapies, but risk factors for elevated PVR are not well studied. We hypothesized that HF duration would be associated with elevated PVR. METHODS: Danish single-center registry of consecutive in- and outpatients undergoing right heart catheterization as part of advanced HF work up. The relation between HF duration and PVR was estimated by regression analysis. Finally, the relation between PVR and long-term mortality was assessed by Cox proportional hazards regression and Kaplan-Meier analyses. RESULTS: A total of 549 patients (77% men, median age 54 (43-61) years, median HF duration 1.6 years (0.1-7.1)) were included. Univariate linear regression displayed an association between longer HF duration and increasing PVR (p = 0.014). PVR > 3 WU was present in 92 patients (17%) who were older (median p < 0.001) and had longer HF duration (p = 0.03). HF duration (per 1 year increase) did not predict PVR > 3 WU after adjustment for covariables (OR 1.00; p = 0.99). During a mean follow-up time of 4.5 years, there were 240 (44%) deaths. Increasing PVR was associated with elevated all-cause mortality risk (adjusted HR 1.24; p < 0.001). PVR > 3 WU was associated with higher mortality (adjusted HR 1.49; p = 0.027). CONCLUSION: Longer duration of HF was associated with higher PVR in patients with advanced HF, but this association disappeared in multivariate analyses. Longer HF duration per se likely does not cause elevated PVR and should not discourage evaluation for heart transplantation.
Assuntos
Insuficiência Cardíaca , Transplante de Coração , Hipertensão Pulmonar , Masculino , Humanos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Feminino , Hipertensão Pulmonar/diagnóstico , Hipertensão Pulmonar/epidemiologia , Hipertensão Pulmonar/complicações , Prognóstico , Insuficiência Cardíaca/diagnóstico , Insuficiência Cardíaca/epidemiologia , Insuficiência Cardíaca/complicações , Resistência Vascular , Transplante de Coração/efeitos adversos , Estudos RetrospectivosAssuntos
Carcinoma de Células Renais , Insuficiência Cardíaca , Neoplasias Renais , Humanos , Carcinoma de Células Renais/complicações , Carcinoma de Células Renais/diagnóstico , Carcinoma de Células Renais/cirurgia , Insuficiência Cardíaca/diagnóstico , Insuficiência Cardíaca/etiologia , Neoplasias Renais/complicações , Neoplasias Renais/diagnóstico , Neoplasias Renais/cirurgiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The presence of diabetes in patients with heart failure (HF) is associated with a worse prognosis. It is unclear if hemodynamics in HF patients with DM differ from those of non-diabetic patients and how this might influence outcome. This study aims to discover the impact of DM on hemodynamics in HF patients. METHODS: Consecutive patients (n = 598) with HF and reduced ejection fraction (LVEF ≤40%) undergoing invasive hemodynamic evaluation were included (non-DM: n = 473, DM: n = 125). Hemodynamic parameters included pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCWP), central venous pressure (CVP), cardiac index (CI) and mean arterial pressure (MAP). Mean follow-up was 9.5 ± 5.1 years. RESULTS: Patients with DM (82.7% male, mean age 57.1 ± 10.1 years, mean HbA1c 60 ± 21 mmol/mol) had higher PCWP, mPAP, CVP and higher MAP. Adjusted analysis demonstrated that DM patients had higher PCWP and CVP. Increasing HbA1c-values were correlated with higher PCWP (p = 0.017) and CVP (p = 0.043). CONCLUSION: Patients with DM, especially those with poor glycemic control, have higher filling pressures. This may be a feature of diabetic cardiomyopathy, however, other unknown mechanisms beyond hemodynamic factors are likely to explain the increased mortality associated with diabetes in HF.
Assuntos
Diabetes Mellitus , Insuficiência Cardíaca , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Idoso , Feminino , Hemoglobinas Glicadas , Hemodinâmica , Insuficiência Cardíaca/diagnóstico , Pressão Propulsora Pulmonar , Volume SistólicoRESUMO
AIMS: Thyroid dysfunction is considered the most frequent complication to amiodarone treatment, but data on its occurrence outside clinical trials are sparse. The present study aimed to examine the incidence of thyroid dysfunction following initiation of amiodarone treatment in a nationwide cohort of patients with and without heart failure (HF). METHODS AND RESULTS: In Danish registries, we identified all patients with first-time amiodarone treatment during the period 2000-18, without prior thyroid disease or medication. The primary outcome was a composite of thyroid diagnoses and initiation of thyroid drugs. Outcomes were assessed at 1-year follow-up, and for patients free of events in the first year, in a landmark analysis for the subsequent 5 years. We included 43 724 patients with first-time amiodarone treatment, of whom 16 939 (38%) had HF. At 1-year follow-up, the cumulative incidence and adjusted hazard ratio (HR) of the primary outcome were 5.3% and 1.37 (95% confidence interval 1.25-1.50) in patients with a history of HF and 4.2% in those without HF (reference). In the 1-year landmark analysis, the subsequent 5-year cumulative incidences and adjusted HRs of the primary outcome were 5.3% (reference) in patients with 1-year accumulated dose <27.38 g [corresponding to average daily dose (ADD <75 mg)], 14.0% and HR 2.74 (2.46-3.05) for 27.38-45.63 g (ADD 75-125 mg), 20.0% and HR 4.16 (3.77-4.59) for 45.64-63.88 g (ADD 126-175 mg), and 24.5% and HR 5.30 (4.82-5.90) for >63.88 g (ADD >175 mg). CONCLUSION: Among patients who initiated amiodarone treatment, around 5% had thyroid dysfunction at 1-year follow-up, with a slightly higher incidence in those with HF. A dose-response relationship was observed between the 1-year accumulated amiodarone dose and the subsequent 5-year cumulative incidence of thyroid dysfunction.
Assuntos
Amiodarona , Insuficiência Cardíaca , Hipotireoidismo , Doenças da Glândula Tireoide , Humanos , Amiodarona/efeitos adversos , Incidência , Estudos de Coortes , Antiarrítmicos/efeitos adversos , Hipotireoidismo/diagnóstico , Doenças da Glândula Tireoide/induzido quimicamente , Doenças da Glândula Tireoide/diagnóstico , Doenças da Glândula Tireoide/epidemiologia , Insuficiência Cardíaca/diagnóstico , Insuficiência Cardíaca/epidemiologiaRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: The role of hyperuricaemia as a prognostic maker has been established in chronic heart failure (HF) but limited information on the association between plasma uric acid (UA) levels and central haemodynamic measurements is available. METHODS: A retrospective study on patients with advanced HF referred for right heart catherisation. Regression analyses were constructed to investigate the association between UA and haemodynamic variables. Cox models were created to investigate if UA was a significant predictor of adverse outcome where log1.1(UA) was used to estimate the effect on outcome associated with a 10% increase in UA levels. RESULTS: A total of 228 patients were included (77% males, age 49±12 years, mean left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) of 17%±8%). Median UA was 0.48 (0.39-0.61) mmol/L. UA level was associated to pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCWP) and cardiac index (CI) in univariable (both p<0.001) and multivariable regression analysis (p<0.004 and p=0.025 for PCWP and CI). When constructing multivariable Cox models including PCWP, CI, central venous pressure, age, estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), use of loop diuretics and LVEF, log1.1(UA) independently predicted the combined endpoint (left ventricular assist device, total artificial heart implantation, heart transplantation or all-cause mortality) (hazard ratio (HR): 1.10 (1.03-1.17), p=0.004) as well as all-cause mortality (HR: 1.15 (1.06-1.25), p=0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Elevated UA is associated with greater haemodynamic impairment in advanced HF. In adjusted Cox models (age, eGFR, LVEF and haemodynamics), UA predicts the combined endpoint and all-cause mortality in long-term follow-up.
Assuntos
Insuficiência Cardíaca , Ácido Úrico , Masculino , Humanos , Adulto , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Feminino , Volume Sistólico , Função Ventricular Esquerda , Estudos Retrospectivos , Insuficiência Cardíaca/diagnóstico , Insuficiência Cardíaca/terapia , HemodinâmicaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 inhibitors improve cardiac structure but most studies suggest no change in left ventricular (LV) systolic function at rest. Whether sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 inhibitors improve LV contractile reserve is unknown. We investigated the effect of empagliflozin on LV contractile reserve in patients with heart failure (HF) and reduced ejection fraction. METHODS: Prespecified sub-study of the Empire HF trial, a double-blind, placebo-controlled, and randomized trial. Patients with LV ejection fraction (LVEF) ≤ 40% on guideline-directed HF therapy were randomized (1:1) to empagliflozin 10 mg or placebo for 12 weeks. The treatment effect on contractile reserve was assessed by low dose dobutamine stress echocardiography. RESULTS: In total, 120 patients were included. The mean age was 68 (SD 10) years, 83% were male, and the mean LVEF was 38 (SD 10) %. Respectively 60 (100%) and 59 (98%) patients in the empagliflozin and placebo groups completed stress echocardiography. No statistically significant effect of empagliflozin was observed for the contractile reserve assessed by LV-GLS (adjusted mean absolute change, empagliflozin vs placebo, 0.7% [95% confidence interval {CI} -0.5 to 2.0, P = .25]) or LVEF (adjusted mean absolute change, empagliflozin vs placebo, 2.2% [95% CI -1.4 to 5.8, P = .22]) from baseline to 12 weeks. LV-GLS contractile reserve was associated with accelerometer-measured daily activity level (coefficient -24 accelerometer counts [95% CI -46 to -1.8, P = .03]). CONCLUSIONS: Empagliflozin for 12 weeks added to guideline-directed HF therapy did not improve LV contractile reserve in patients with HF and reduced ejection fraction.
Assuntos
Insuficiência Cardíaca , Inibidores do Transportador 2 de Sódio-Glicose , Simportadores , Disfunção Ventricular Esquerda , Idoso , Compostos Benzidrílicos , Método Duplo-Cego , Feminino , Glucose/uso terapêutico , Glucosídeos , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Sódio , Volume Sistólico , Simportadores/farmacologia , Simportadores/uso terapêutico , Disfunção Ventricular Esquerda/induzido quimicamenteRESUMO
Treatment with the sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor (SGLT-2i) empagliflozin significantly reduces cardiovascular events in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D); however, the mechanisms behind the reduction in cardiovascular (CV) events are unknown. We investigated whether SGLT-2i treatment affected central hemodynamics during rest and exercise in 34 patients with diabetes in this investigator-initiated, randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blinded trial. The primary end point was change in pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCWP) at a submaximal ergometer workload (25 W) after 13 weeks of SGLT-2i treatment (25 mg once daily) compared with placebo. Secondary end points included changes in resting hemodynamics. Baseline and follow-up hemodynamic assessments were performed at rest, submaximal exercise (25 W), and peak exercise using right heart catheterization. Treatment with empagliflozin for 13 weeks in patients with T2D at high CV risk did not reduce left heart filling pressure more than placebo at submaximal exercise. At rest, we observed that empagliflozin reduced PCWP at a magnitude of clinical significance.
Assuntos
Doenças Cardiovasculares , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2 , Inibidores do Transportador 2 de Sódio-Glicose , Compostos Benzidrílicos/uso terapêutico , Doenças Cardiovasculares/etiologia , Doenças Cardiovasculares/prevenção & controle , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/induzido quimicamente , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/complicações , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/tratamento farmacológico , Glucosídeos , Fatores de Risco de Doenças Cardíacas , Hemodinâmica , Humanos , Fatores de Risco , Inibidores do Transportador 2 de Sódio-Glicose/farmacologia , Inibidores do Transportador 2 de Sódio-Glicose/uso terapêutico , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
To investigate the effects of 13 weeks treatment with empagliflozin in patients with high-risk type-2 diabetes mellitus on echocardiographic measures of left ventricular (LV) structure and function compared to placebo. A total of 91 patients were randomized to treatment with empagliflozin (25 mg/day, n = 45) or matching placebo (n = 45) for 13 weeks. Left ventricular (LV) mass, volumes and geometry as well as measures of LV systolic and diastolic function were measured using echocardiography at baseline and follow up. Mean LV mass index (LVMi) was reduced by - 11.5 g/m2 (95% CI - 56.4; 33.4, p = 0.03) with empagliflozin compared to - 1.4 g/m2 (95% CI - 36.5; 33.8, p = 0.63) for placebo. The proportion of patients with LV hypertrophy was reduced by 16.3% (p = 0.04) in the empagliflozin group compared to 1.1% in the placebo group (p = 1.00). The proportion of patients with left atrial volume index > 34 mL/m2 was reduced by 20.0% (p = 0.02) with empagliflozin compared to 9.5% for placebo (p = 0.45) and the E/e' ratio decreased (∆-0.8 (1.9) vs. ∆0.5 (2.0), p < 0.01). 13 weeks empagliflozin treatment in patients with type-2 diabetes at high CV risk significantly reduced LV mass, improved LV geometry and improved diastolic function compared to placebo.
Assuntos
Doenças Cardiovasculares , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2 , Compostos Benzidrílicos , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/complicações , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/diagnóstico , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/tratamento farmacológico , Glucosídeos , Fatores de Risco de Doenças Cardíacas , Humanos , Valor Preditivo dos Testes , Fatores de Risco , Função Ventricular EsquerdaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Cardiovascular disease is the most common cause of death in patients with end-stage kidney disease on haemodialysis. The potential clinical consequence of systematic echocardiographic assessment is however not clear. In an unselected, contemporary population of patients on maintenance haemodialysis we aimed to assess: the prevalence of structural and functional heart disease, the potential therapeutic consequences of echocardiographic screening and whether left-sided heart disease is associated with prognosis. METHODS: Adult chronic haemodialysis patients in two large dialysis centres had transthoracic echocardiography performed prior to dialysis and were followed prospectively. Significant left-sided heart disease was defined as moderate or severe left-sided valve disease or left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) ≤40%. RESULTS: Among the 247 included patients (mean 66 years of age [95%CI 64-67], 68% male), 54 (22%) had significant left-sided heart disease. An LVEF ≤40% was observed in 31 patients (13%) and severe or moderate valve disease in 27 (11%) patients. The findings were not previously recognized in more than half of the patients (56%) prior to the study. Diagnosis had a potential impact on management in 31 (13%) patients including for 18 (7%) who would benefit from initiation of evidence-based heart failure therapy. After 2.8 years of follow-up, all-cause mortality among patients with and without left-sided heart disease was 52 and 32% respectively (hazard ratio [HR] 1.95 (95%CI 1.25-3.06). A multivariable adjusted Cox proportional hazard analysis showed that left-sided heart disease was an independent predictor of mortality with a HR of 1.60 (95%CI 1.01-2.55) along with age (HR per year 1.05 [95%CI 1.03-1.07]). CONCLUSION: Left ventricular systolic dysfunction and moderate to severe valve disease are common and often unrecognized in patients with end-stage kidney failure on haemodialysis and are associated with a higher risk of death. For more than 10% of the included patients, systematic echocardiographic assessment had a potential clinical consequence.
Assuntos
Insuficiência Cardíaca/complicações , Doenças das Valvas Cardíacas/complicações , Falência Renal Crônica/complicações , Diálise Renal , Disfunção Ventricular Esquerda/complicações , Idoso , Estudos Transversais , Ecocardiografia , Feminino , Seguimentos , Insuficiência Cardíaca/diagnóstico por imagem , Doenças das Valvas Cardíacas/diagnóstico por imagem , Humanos , Estimativa de Kaplan-Meier , Falência Renal Crônica/mortalidade , Falência Renal Crônica/terapia , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Prognóstico , Modelos de Riscos Proporcionais , Volume Sistólico , Disfunção Ventricular Esquerda/diagnóstico por imagemRESUMO
The aim of this study was to investigate the grading of diastolic dysfunction (DD) in relation to hemodialysis in patients with end stage renal disease (ESRD) on hemodialysis (HD) Cardiovascular disease is prevalent in patients with ESRD and accounts for significant morbidity and mortality. Left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) is common in ESRD but little is known about the impact of HD on currently recommended grading schemes for DD. Comprehensive echocardiographic data was obtained in consecutive patients with ESRD before (n = 247) and immediately after (n = 239) standard HD regimen. Grading of DD was performed according to current recommendations both pre- and post HD. Prior to HD, DD was classified as present in 83 patients (34%), indeterminate in 51 patients (21%) and absent in 113 patients (45%). Patients with DD at baseline compared to those without were older [67.3 years (13.1) vs. 63.2 (14.3), p = 0.037], were more likely to have diabetic- or hypertensive ESRD (43.4% vs. 35.4%, p = ns) and LVMi was significantly higher [119 g/cm2 (27.5) vs. 103 g/cm2 (24.3), p < 0.001]. After HD [mean HD time = 221 min (27.6), mean ultrafiltration volume = 2 L (1.1)], 39 patients (16%) exhibited sustained DD. These patients were older [69.4 years (14.5) vs. 65.0 years (13.9), p = 0.071], were more likely to have diabetic- or hypertensive ESRD (59% vs. 36%, p = 0.010). Myocardial adverse remodeling was more advanced with higher LVMi [127.4 g/m2 (27.5) vs. 106.5 g/m2 (25.3), p < 0.001], lower LVEF [44.7% (11.0) vs. 54.5% (8.7), p < 0.001] and more impaired GLS [- 13.4% (4.3) vs. - 15.8% (4.0), p = 0.006]. Echocardiographic evaluation of diastolic function in patients with ESRD on HD is critically dependent on timing relative to dialysis. The presence of sustained DD after volume unloading by HD identifies a population of patients with an adverse phenotype of blunted vascular response and severe cardiac remodeling.
Assuntos
Hipertrofia Ventricular Esquerda/fisiopatologia , Falência Renal Crônica/terapia , Rim/fisiopatologia , Diálise Renal , Volume Sistólico , Disfunção Ventricular Esquerda/fisiopatologia , Função Ventricular Esquerda , Idoso , Diástole , Ecocardiografia Doppler em Cores , Ecocardiografia Doppler de Pulso , Feminino , Humanos , Hipertrofia Ventricular Esquerda/diagnóstico por imagem , Falência Renal Crônica/diagnóstico , Falência Renal Crônica/fisiopatologia , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Valor Preditivo dos Testes , Fatores de Risco , Índice de Gravidade de Doença , Fatores de Tempo , Resultado do Tratamento , Disfunção Ventricular Esquerda/diagnóstico por imagem , Remodelação VentricularRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: The aim was to investigate the incidence of infective endocarditis (IE) in right ventricle-to-pulmonary artery conduits implanted at a Danish tertiary centre. METHODS: Cases of IE in patients with homografts, Contegra grafts and Melody transcatheter valves were evaluated retrospectively with regard to the likeliness of the diagnosis using the modified Duke criteria and the likeliness of conduit involvement. Incidence rates for IE were calculated 1 and 5 years after valve implantation for all 3 conduits, and separately for Melody subgroups depending on which conduit served as landing zone. Cox regression with time-dependent covariates was used to model the impact of the conduit type on the incidence of IE. RESULTS: Annualized incidence rates of IE in homografts, Contegra grafts and Melody valves were 0.40% (0.40 cases per 100 patient-years), 0.97% and 6.96% 1 year and 0.27%, 1.12% and 2.89% 5 years after valve implantation. Hazard ratios (HRs) were 3.20 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.91-11.17, P = 0.069] for Contegra grafts and 11.89 (95% CI 2.91-48.48, P < 0.001) for Melody valves compared to homografts. CONCLUSIONS: Bovine pulmonary conduits were more prone to endocarditis, with Melody valves being the most frequently infected. HRs for the risk of suffering from endocarditis were substantially higher for Melody valves and Contegra grafts compared to homografts, although this finding was only statistically significant for Melody valves and not for Contegra grafts.
Assuntos
Endocardite/epidemiologia , Implante de Prótese de Valva Cardíaca , Próteses Valvulares Cardíacas , Complicações Pós-Operatórias/epidemiologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Aloenxertos , Animais , Bioprótese , Bovinos , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Dinamarca , Intervalo Livre de Doença , Feminino , Próteses Valvulares Cardíacas/efeitos adversos , Próteses Valvulares Cardíacas/estatística & dados numéricos , Implante de Prótese de Valva Cardíaca/efeitos adversos , Implante de Prótese de Valva Cardíaca/métodos , Implante de Prótese de Valva Cardíaca/estatística & dados numéricos , Humanos , Lactente , Masculino , Valva Pulmonar/cirurgia , Estudos Retrospectivos , Adulto JovemRESUMO
BACKGROUND: We aimed to determine the association of MR severity and type with all-cause death in a large, real-world, clinical setting. METHODS: We reviewed full echocardiography studies at Duke Echocardiography Laboratory (01/01/1995-12/31/2010), classifying MR based on valve morphology, presence of coronary artery disease, and left ventricular size and function. Survival was compared among patients stratified by MR type and baseline severity. RESULTS: Of 93,007 qualifying patients, 32,137 (34.6%) had ≥mild MR. A total of 8094 (8.7%) had moderate/severe MR, which was primary myxomatous (14.1%), primary non-myxomatous (6.2%), secondary non-ischemic (17.0%), and secondary ischemic (49.4%). At 10â¯years, patients with primary myxomatous MR or MR due to indeterminate cause had survival rates of >60%; primary non-myxomatous, secondary ischemic, and non-ischemic MR had survival rates <50%. While mild (HR 1.06, 95% CI 1.03-1.09), moderate (HR 1.31, 95% CI 1.27-1.37), and severe (HR 1.55, 95% CI 1.46-1.65) MR were independently associated with all-cause death, the relationship of increasing MR severity with mortality varied across MR types (Pâ¯≤â¯.001 for interaction); the highest risk associated with worsening severity was seen in primary myxomatous MR followed by secondary ischemic MR and primary non-myxomatous MR. CONCLUSIONS: Although MR severity is independently associated with increased all-cause death risk for most forms of MR, the absolute mortality rates associated with worse MR severity are much higher for primary myxomatous, non-myxomatous, and secondary ischemic MR. The findings from this study support carefully defining MR by type and severity.
Assuntos
Ecocardiografia Doppler em Cores/métodos , Insuficiência da Valva Mitral/diagnóstico , Valva Mitral/diagnóstico por imagem , Volume Sistólico/fisiologia , Função Ventricular Esquerda/fisiologia , Adulto , Idoso , Causas de Morte/tendências , Feminino , Seguimentos , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Insuficiência da Valva Mitral/fisiopatologia , Prognóstico , Estudos Retrospectivos , Índice de Gravidade de Doença , Taxa de Sobrevida/tendências , Fatores de Tempo , Estados Unidos/epidemiologiaRESUMO
Aims: Left ventricular function is a well-established predictor of malignant ventricular arrhythmias, but little is known about the importance of right ventricular (RV) function. The aim of this study was to investigate the importance of RV function for prediction of sudden cardiac death (SCD) or malignant ventricular arrhythmias (VAs) after acute myocardial infarction (MI). Methods and results: A total of 790 patients with acute MI were prospectively included. All patients had 2D strain echocardiography performed to evaluate right ventricular (RV) free wall strain (RVS) and RV mechanical dispersion (MD) defined as the standard deviation of time to peak negative strain in all myocardial segments. The primary composite end point [SCD, admission with VA or appropriate therapy from a primary prophylactic implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD)] was analysed with Cox models. Mean age was 69 ± 12 years, and 74% were male. Thirty-one patients experienced the primary end point during a median follow-up of 898 days (Q1-Q3 704-981). RVS was independently associated with outcome in a multivariable model including age and left ventricular global longitudinal strain; pr 1% change [hazard ratio (HR) 1.08, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.01-1.15; P = 0.038]. Patients in the lower tertile (poor strain) showed a 10-fold risk of an event compared with the upper tertile (HR 9.8, 95% CI 2.23-42.3; P = 0.002). RV MD was not independently associated with VA/SCD (HR 0.99, 95% CI 0.91-1.09; P = 0.93). RVS proved superior to tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE) (P = 0.03) in the multivariable model. Conclusion: RVS, but not RV MD, was significantly and independently related to SCD/VA in patients with acute MI. Furthermore, RVS was shown to be superior to TAPSE.
Assuntos
Morte Súbita Cardíaca/prevenção & controle , Ecocardiografia/métodos , Infarto do Miocárdio/complicações , Taquicardia Ventricular/diagnóstico por imagem , Disfunção Ventricular Direita/diagnóstico por imagem , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Estudos de Coortes , Eletrocardiografia/métodos , Feminino , Seguimentos , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Infarto do Miocárdio/diagnóstico por imagem , Infarto do Miocárdio/terapia , Variações Dependentes do Observador , Valor Preditivo dos Testes , Modelos de Riscos Proporcionais , Estudos Prospectivos , Medição de Risco , Índice de Gravidade de Doença , Volume Sistólico , Taquicardia Ventricular/etiologia , Taquicardia Ventricular/mortalidade , Disfunção Ventricular Direita/etiologia , Disfunção Ventricular Direita/mortalidadeRESUMO
Mental stress-induced myocardial ischemia is common and a prognostic factor of adverse cardiovascular outcomes in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD). The present study aimed at examining associations between mental stress-induced myocardial annular velocity (MAV) and cardiovascular outcome in patients with CAD. MAV, specifically, diastolic early (e'), diastolic late (a'), and systolic (s') velocities were obtained at rest and during mental stress testing in 224 patients with clinically stable CAD. Using Cox regression models, age, sex, and baseline-adjusted mental stress-induced MAV measures were examined as predictors of a priori defined composite event term that comprised all-cause mortality and/or nonfatal cardiovascular events, resulting in an unplanned hospitalization (major adverse cardiovascular events [MACE]). Median follow-up was 4 years. The sample was predominantly male, Caucasian with New York Heart Association functional class I and a mean age of 63 ± 10.2 years. MS-induced changes in e' (hazard ratio [HR] = .73) and s' (HR = .73) were significant (p <0.05) predictors of MACE, and the change in a' (HR = .74) was marginal (p = 0.05). The pattern of the relation for each MAV measure was such that patients with a greater decrease in e' and/or s' velocity had a higher probability of experiencing an MACE, and the association of the change in a' and MACE was marginal (p = 0.05), but the same tendency. The associations between MS-induced values of e' and a' for MACE were independent of resting levels. Mental stress-induced MAV changes independently predict an adverse cardiovascular outcome in patients with stable CAD.
Assuntos
Doença da Artéria Coronariana/fisiopatologia , Doença da Artéria Coronariana/psicologia , Valvas Cardíacas/fisiopatologia , Estresse Psicológico/fisiopatologia , Idoso , Antidepressivos de Segunda Geração/uso terapêutico , Velocidade do Fluxo Sanguíneo/fisiologia , Citalopram/uso terapêutico , Doença da Artéria Coronariana/complicações , Diástole/fisiologia , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Valor Preditivo dos Testes , Estresse Psicológico/complicações , Estresse Psicológico/tratamento farmacológico , Sístole/fisiologia , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Cardiac allografts are routinely evaluated by left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) before and after transplantation. However, myocardial deformation analyses with LV global longitudinal strain (GLS) are more sensitive for detecting impaired LV myocardial systolic performance compared with LVEF. METHODS: We analyzed echocardiograms in 34 heart donor-recipient pairs transplanted at Duke University from 2000 to 2013. Assessments of allograft LV systolic function by LVEF and/or LV GLS were performed on echocardiograms obtained pre-explanation in donors and serially in corresponding recipients. RESULTS: Donors had a median LVEF of 55% (25th, 75th percentile, 54% to 60%). Median donor LV GLS was -14.6% (-13.7 to -17.3%); LV GLS was abnormal (ie, >-16%) in 68% of donors. Post-transplantation, LV GLS was further impaired at 6 weeks (median -11.8%; -11.0 to -13.4%) and 3 months (median -11.4%; -10.3 to -13.9%) before recovering to pretransplant levels in follow-up. Median LVEF remained ≥50% throughout follow-up. We found no association between donor LV GLS and post-transplant outcomes, including all-cause hospitalization and mortality. CONCLUSIONS: GLS demonstrates allograft LV systolic dysfunction in donors and recipients not detected by LVEF. The clinical implications of subclinical allograft dysfunction detected by LV GLS require further study.
Assuntos
Insuficiência Cardíaca Sistólica/fisiopatologia , Doadores de Tecidos , Disfunção Ventricular Esquerda/fisiopatologia , Adulto , Aloenxertos , Ecocardiografia/métodos , Feminino , Seguimentos , Insuficiência Cardíaca Sistólica/diagnóstico por imagem , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Prognóstico , Estudos Prospectivos , Estudos Retrospectivos , Volume Sistólico , Transplantados , Disfunção Ventricular Esquerda/diagnóstico por imagem , Adulto JovemRESUMO
BACKGROUND: While abnormal left ventricular (LV) global longitudinal strain (GLS) has been described in patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF), its prevalence and clinical significance are poorly understood. METHODS AND RESULTS: Patients enrolled in the RELAX trial of sildenafil in HFpEF (LV ejection fraction ≥50%) in whom two-dimensional, speckle-tracking LV GLS was possible (n = 187) were analysed. The distribution of LV GLS and its associations with clinical characteristics, LV structure and function, biomarkers, exercise capacity and quality of life were assessed. Baseline median LV GLS was -14.6% (25th and 75th percentile, -17.0% and -11.9%, respectively) and abnormal (≥ - 16%) in 122/187 (65%) patients. Patients in the tertile with the best LV GLS had lower N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) [median 505 pg/mL (161, 1065) vs. 875 pg/mL (488, 1802), P = 0.008) and lower collagen III N-terminal propeptide (PIIINP) levels [median 6.7 µg/L (5.1, 8.1) vs. 8.1 µg/L (6.5, 10.5), P = 0.001] compared with the tertile with the worst LV GLS. There was also a modest linear relationship with LV GLS and log-transformed NT-proBNP and PIIINP (r = 0.29, P < 0.001 and r = 0.19, P = 0.009, respectively). We observed no linear association of LV GLS with Minnesota Living with Heart Failure scores, 6-min walk distance, peak oxygen consumption, or expiratory minute ventilation/carbon dioxide excretion slope. CONCLUSIONS: Impaired LV GLS is common among HFpEF patients, indicating the presence of covert systolic dysfunction despite normal LV ejection fraction. Impaired LV GLS was associated with biomarkers of wall stress and collagen synthesis and diastolic dysfunction but not with quality of life or exercise capacity, suggesting other processes may be more responsible for these aspects of the HFpEF syndrome.