[Treatment of primary malignant melanoma of the esophagus]. / Lechenie pervichnoi melanomy pishchevoda.

OBJECTIVE: To present treatment of primary esophageal melanoma in a young patient, as well as review of modern data on this issue. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We describe the results of treatment of a patient with primary melanoma of the esophagus. PubMed, SCOPUS, and elibrary databases were used for the review. RESULTS: We present a rare case of primary esophageal melanoma and variant of radical surgical treatment. The review is devoted to historical information about this nosology, statistical data, options for diagnosis and treatment. CONCLUSION: Such a rare clinical case is of great scientific interest due to the rarity of this disease. In our opinion, a certain register of orphan malignant tumors is necessary for diagnosis and treatment of various rare malignancies.

[Laparoscopic surgery in patients with locally advanced rectal cancer - short-term outcomes]. / Laparoskopicheskie operatsii v lechenii bol'nykh mestno-rasprostranennym rakom priamoi kishki - neposredstvennye rezul'taty.

AIM: To optimize the indications for laparoscopic surgery in patients with locally advanced and prognostically unfavorable rectal cancer after neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy. MATERIAL AND METHODS: 226 patients with locally advanced rectal cancer underwent combination therapy in A.F. Tsyba Medical Radiological Research Centre in 2003-2016. The patients were divided into two subgroups, depending on the surgical approach. The main group included 55 patients who underwent laparoscopic resections, and the control group included 171 patients - for conventional approach. RESULTS: In the subgroup of patients who underwent laparoscopic resections 42 (76.3%) organ preservation surgery were performed more often in comparison with the control subgroup 74 (43,2%) (p<0.0001). There were no significant differences in the incidence of intraoperative complications in both subgroups. The incidence of postoperative complications was lower in the laparoscopic approach group in comparison with the control group 12 (21.8%) patients and 62 (36.3%), respectively (p=0.0493). Data for local recurrence and dissemination of the process after surgery was not received. CONCLUSION: According to the main clinical and morphological features, laparoscopic resections may be an alternative, and in many cases even superior approach in comparison with the conventional surgery.

[How necessary to perform neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy for rectal cancer in geriatric patients?]

A comparative analysis of the efficacy and safety of neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (CRT) in colorectal cancer patients older and younger than 60 years has been performed. It was determined that the risk of complications of neoadjuvant CRT, as well as the degree of its adverse effect on outcomes after surgical treatment, are not significant for the age of patients. However, the use of preoperative CRT in elderly patients is associated with a less significant increase in recurrence-free survival in comparison with younger patients. Thus, the age factor should not limit the use of neoadjuvant CRT in patients with satisfactory general status and the absence of severe complications of the pathological process.

[Combined treatment of patients with locally advanced rectal cancer].

The objective of this study was to improve the immediate and long-term results of combined treatment of patients with locally advanced rectal cancer. The study included 128 patients with morphologically confirmed diagnosis and clinical stage cT3/T4 and N-/N+, treated from 1998 to 2009. The comparison group had 64 patients, combined treatment included prolonged preoperative radiotherapy 4 Gy and 40 Gy, surgery was performed after 4 weeks. In the study group--also 64 patients--combined treatment consisted of preoperative chemoradiotherapy (continuous a-120 hour infusion of 5-fluorouracil at a dose of 500 mg/m2 in the first and last week of radiotherapy in 2 Gy to 50 Gy), surgery was performed through 6 weeks after chemoradiotherapy. Excision of the primary tumor was performed in 40 (62.5%) patients in the control group and in 53 (82.8%) patients in the study group. Wherein R-0 resections were performed in 32 (67%) patients and in 41 (73%), and R-1 resections--in 1 (2%) patients, and 7 (13%) patients in the control and study groups respectively. A 5-year survival rate was 43.6 ± 7.2% control and 62.7 ± 5.1 % in the study group.

[Pathomorphism of rectal cancer during neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy].

The pathomorphism of rectal cancer (RC) was studied in 99 patients who received neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy using two drugs (5-fluorouracil and xeloda). A morphological study indicated the qualitatively similar manifestations of pathomorphism (tumor necrosis, inflammation, and sclerosis) which were more pronounced in the use of xeloda. Three degrees of the pathomorphism of RC have been identified: the tumor was unchanged, changed, and undetectable.