Antibiotic residues and microbial contamination in pasteurized whole milk intended for human consumption.

Background and Aim: Milk contamination for human consumption is one of the biggest concerns worldwide. To prevent milk contamination, it is important to implement sustainable production practices that ensure animal health and guarantee veterinary drugs have been used properly. This study aimed to detect antibiotic residues and microbial contamination in commercially available pasteurized whole milk intended for human consumption. Materials and Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study on all brands of pasteurized milk (n = 17) for human consumption in Medellín, Colombia, from February 30 to April 30, 2022. Six milk samples of each brand were collected every 15 days, resulting in 102 samples. IDEXX SNAPduo™ ST Plus test (IDEXX Laboratories Inc, Maine, USA) was used to detect cephalosporins residues to detect beta-lactam and tetracyclines. We detected mesophilic aerobic bacteria and coliforms using Chromocult Coliform Agar® (Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany) and Plate-Count Agar® (Merck KGaA), respectively. Results: Beta-lactam residues were found in 24.4% of the brands. No tetracyclines or cephalosporins were detected. Mesophilic aerobic bacteria and coliform contamination were detected in 42.6% and 12.8% of the brands, respectively. No fecal coliform contamination was detected. Conclusion: This study demonstrated the presence of antibiotic residues and microbial contamination in commercially available pasteurized whole milk intended for human consumption in the study area, highlighting its potential public health implications.

Silver-releasing bioactive glass nanoparticles for infected tissue regeneration.

Bacterial infections represent a formidable challenge, often leaving behind significant bone defects post-debridement and necessitating prolonged antibiotic treatments. The rise of antibiotic-resistant bacterial strains further complicates infection management. Bioactive glass nanoparticles have been presented as a promising substitute for bone defects and as carriers for therapeutic agents against microorganisms. Achieving consistent incorporation of ions into BGNs has proven challenging and restricted to a maximum ion concentration, especially when reducing the particle size. This study presents a notable achievement in the synthesis of 10 nm-sized Ag-doped bioactive glass nanoparticles (Ag-BGNs) using a modified yet straightforward Stöber method. The successful incorporation of essential elements, including P, Ca, Al, and Ag, into the glass structure at the intended concentrations (i.e., CaO wt% above 20 %) was confirmed by EDS, signifying a significant advancement in nanoscale biomaterial engineering. While exhibiting a spherical morphology and moderate dispersity, these nanoparticles tend to form submicron-sized aggregates outside of a solution state. The antibacterial effectiveness against MRSA was established across various experimental conditions, with Ag-BGNs effectively sterilizing planktonic bacteria without the need for antibiotics. Remarkably, when combined with oxacillin or fosfomycin, Ag-BGNs demonstrated a potent synergistic effect, restoring antibacterial capabilities against MRSA strains resistant to these antibiotics when used alone. Ag-BGNs exhibited potential in promoting human mesenchymal stromal cell proliferation, inducing the upregulation of osteoblast gene markers, and significantly contributing to bone regeneration in mice. This innovative synthesis protocol holds substantial promise for the development of biomaterials dedicated to the regeneration of infected tissue.

Evaluación de las condiciones higiénico-sanitarias de puestos de venta de ceviche de chochos (Lupinus mutabilis) ubicados en las calles de Riobamba-Ecuador y análisis bacteriológico del producto y sus ingredientes

Los alimentos expendidos en la vía pública constituyen una fuente de ingreso para familias en países en vías de desarrollo, sin embargo, pueden ser fuentes potenciales de enfermedades transmitidas por alimentos. En Riobamba-Ecuador entre los alimentos de mayor consumo en la vía pública está el plato típico "ceviche de chochos (Lupinus mutabilis)", nutritivo, sensorialmente agradable y con precio accesible. Este estudio evaluó la calidad microbiológica y condiciones sanitarias de 10 puestos de venta. Se realizó el análisis microbiológico a 100 muestras correspondientes a: ceviche e ingredientes por separado (jugo de tomate, chochos desamargados, piel cocida de cerdo y cebollas). Estas muestras se tomaron en dos días diferentes y se cuantificó aerobios mesófilos, enterobacterias y Staphyloccocus aureus. Las condiciones sanitarias de los puestos de venta fueron evaluadas mediante una lista de verificación que incluyó los siguientes parámetros: diseño, ubicación, manipulador, preparación, transporte, comercialización y saneamiento. Los resultados revelan que todas las muestras estaban contaminadas con enterobacterias y S. aureus, 80% presentaban aerobios mesófilos > 6 log10 UFC/g, siendo el ingrediente chocho desamargado, el que aportó mayor carga microbiana en 6 de los 10 puestos de venta. Los resultados de la lista de verificación muestran que las principales deficiencias son: la no utilización de agua potable circulante y la manipulación de manera conjunta de los alimentos y el dinero. En conclusión, existe gran fluctuación del cumplimiento de cada parámetro dentro de las Prácticas Correctas de Higiene por puesto de venta, creando focos o entradas de contaminantes, que se evidencia en los altos recuentos de microorganismos indicadores de calidad sanitaria en el producto final.

Street food constitutes a source of income for several families in the world, mainly in developing countries and emerging economies; however, it can be a potential source of foodborne diseases. In Riobamba-Ecuador, among the most consumed food streets is the typical dish "ceviche de chochos (Lupinus mutabilis) ", a nutritious and pleasant sensory dish at an affordable price. In this study, the microbiological load and sanitary conditions of 10 lupine ceviche stalls were evaluated. Samples of ceviche and its ingredients (tomato juice, debited lupins, pork skin, and onions). These samples (n= 100) were taken on two different days and analysed to quantify mesophilic aerobes, enterobacteria, and S. aureus. The sanitary conditions of the stalls were analysed using a check list consisting of sections focused on design, location, handler, preparation, transportation, marketing and sanitation. The results show that 100% of the samples were contaminated with enterobacteria and S. aureus, 80% of these had mesophilic aerobics > 6 log CFU / g, and the debittered lupin ingredient is the one that provides the highest microbial load in 6 of the 10 stalls evaluated. The results of the check list showed that the main deficiencies are the non-use of circulating drinking water and the joint manipulation of food and money. In conclusion, there is a great fluctuation in the compliance of the Good Hygiene Practises parameters in each street food stall. It causes multiple foci or entrances of contaminants, which is evidenced in the high counts of microorganisms that are indicators of sanitary quality in the final product.

Application of single cell force spectroscopy (SCFS) to the assessment of cell adhesion to peptide-decorated surfaces.

The adhesion forces of cells to peptide-coated functionalized materials were assessed through the Single Cell Force Spectroscopy (SCFS) technique in order to develop a methodology that allows the fast selection of peptide motifs that favor the interaction between cells and the biomaterial. Borosilicate glasses were functionalized using the activated vapor silanization process (AVS) and subsequently decorated with an RGD- containing peptide using the EDC/NHS crosslinking chemistry. It is shown that the RGD-coated glass induces larger attachment forces on mesenchymal stem cell cultures (MSCs), compared to the bare glass substrates. These higher forces correlate well with the enhanced adhesion of the MSCs observed on RGD-coated substrates through conventional adhesion cell cultures and inverse centrifugation tests. The methodology based on the SCFS technique presented in this work constitutes a fast procedure for the screening of new peptides or their combinations to select candidates that may enhance the response of the organism to the implant of the functionalized biomaterials.

Calidad microbiológica del agua del lago volcánico Quilotoa. Cotopaxi-Ecuador / Microbiological quality of the water of the Quilotoa volcanic lake. Cotopaxi Ecuador

INTRODUCCIÓN: el agua de los lagos volcánicos no es estéril, en ella se ha adaptado a través de milenios una microbiota con diversas capacidades metabólicas. La diversidad microbiana de los lagos volcánicos en Ecuador ha sido poco estudiada y aún se desconoce su abundancia y riqueza. OBJETIVO: el objetivo del presente estudio fue conocer la calidad microbiológica del agua del lago Quilotoa, situado en la Provincia de Cotopaxi-Ecuador. MATERIALES Y METODOS: se realizaron dos muestreos durante el año 2019, recolectando un total 32 muestras. La calidad microbiológica se cuantifico utilizando la técnica de filtración por membrana en agar R2A para bacterias heterótrofas, agar eosina azul de metileno para coliformes, agar manitol salado para Staphylococcus, agar cetrimide para Pseudomonas y agar Sabouraud con cloranfenicol para hongos. RESULTADOS: los resultados promedios fueron para bacterias heterótrofas de 2,00 x 102 UFC/mL; Pseudomonas 7,00x 10 UFC/mL, Staphylococcus 3,80 x 10 UFC/mL y hongos 1,40 x 10 UFC/mL. No se detectó la presencia de bacterias coliformes. CONCLUSIONES: los grupos microbianos presentes en bajo número son indicativos de una microbiota característica adaptada a las condiciones fisicoquímicas de este lago. Se concluye que se trata de un lago con una población microbiana escasa lo que indicaría una buena calidad microbiológica.

INTRODUCTION: the water of volcanic lakes is not sterile, native microbiota shows different metabolic capabilities established over millennia. The microbial diversity of volcanic lakes in Ecuador have been little studied and their abundance and richness are still unknown. OBJECTIVE: the objective of this study was to know the microbiological quality of water of Lake Quilotoa, located in the Province of Cotopaxi-Ecuador. MATERIALS AND METHODS: two samplings were carried out during 2019, collecting a total of 32 samples. Microbiological quality was quantified using the membrane filtration technique on R2A agar for heterotrophic bacteria, eosin blue methylene agar for coliforms, salty mannitol agar for Staphylococcus, cetrimide agar for Pseudomonas and Sabouraud agar with chloramphenicol for fungi. RESULTS: the average results were for heterotrophic bacteria 2.00 x 102 CFU/mL, Pseudomonas 7.00 x 10 CFU/mL, Staphylococcus 3.80 x 10 CFU/mL and fungi 1.40 x 10 CFU/mL. The presence of coliform was not detected. CONCLUSIONS: the microbial groups present in low numbers are indicative of a characteristic microbiota adapted to the physicochemical conditions of this lake. It is concluded that it is a lake with a few microbial populations, which might indicate a good microbiological quality.

Campañas educativas y de prevención. Una revisión sobre el consumo de sustancias psicoactivas en jóvenes universitarios de Colombia / Educational and prevention campaigns. A review on the use of psychoactive substances in Colombian university students

Resumen El consumo de sustancias psicoactivas en Colombia ha aumentado especialmente en universitarios. Los objetivos de esta investigación fueron: identificar cuáles son las drogas que están consumiendo los jóvenes y cuáles son los fundamentos de los programas de prevención. Metodológicamente se realizó una revisión narrativa de publicaciones científicas bajo criterios de estándares internacionales. Los resultados muestran énfasis en el consumo de alcohol y tabaco. La marihuana, como sustancia ilegal, es la más consumida y es considerada como el canal de iniciación para el consumo de otras sustancias. En conclusión, se destacan como factores de riesgo: el ciclo vital y la facilidad de acceso; y como factores protectores: la satisfacción con la carrera y la visión positiva de futuro. Asimismo, las prácticas preventivas deben apuntar hacia tres esferas: reconocimiento de las consecuencias negativas que trae el abuso de drogas, comunicación clara, sistemática y eficiente, y fomento de la toma de decisiones acertadas de los jóvenes.

Abstract The consumption of psychoactive substances in Colombia has increased, both legal and illegal, especially in university students, if we review the national studies on consumption developed by the Colombian Drug Observatory (2016), we can conclude that not only does consumption increase, but the age of onset decreases, which also constitutes greater needs for care in specialized services for substance abuse. Research questions arise: what are the substances consumed by young university students in Colombia? What risk and protective factors are prioritized in university contexts for the prevention of substance abuse? The objectives of this research were: to identify which drugs are being consumed by young people and how the foundations of prevention programs are established. Methodologically, to carry out the present narrative review, a search was carried out in PubMed, Lilacs, Scielo, Dialnet databases. A chain search was also performed and other studies were located using bibliographic reference lists of the studies retrieved in the primary search. This is a narrative review was carried out under criteria of international standards. The critical evaluation of the articles consisted of the complete reading of the study, its evaluation and filling of the data collection instrument. Those studies published in duplicate or found in more than one database were considered only once. Once all the sources were integrated, it was decided to organize the evidence found by cities, consumption substances, risk perception, risk and protection factors. The results show an emphasis on the consumption of alcohol and tobacco. Marijuana as an illegal substance is the most consumed and considered the initiation channel for other substances. After these, relatively significant use of inhalants, cocaine and LSD is shown. It is evident that the consumption of psychoactive substances presents a behavior similar to that reported by epidemiological studies, the prevalence of consumption is higher for legal substances, as well as the age of onset is lower for these. In conclusion, the following stand out as risk factors: the life cycle and ease of access; and as a protective factor: satisfaction with the career and a positive vision of the future. With this panorama, the Ministry of National Education of Colombia (MEN) (2008) proposes as a strategy to reduce academic dropout, the creation of psychological support programs for students that are focused on the identification and monitoring of people at risk of consumption of psychoactive substances. It is necessary to build campaigns within the framework of social advertising in two scenarios: one, communications conceptualized by professionals towards public awareness training; and two, prevention campaigns to focus on areas and foci of influence, sectored and atomized to specific problems, specific substances and target adopting public. Likewise, the preventive practices that must be incorporated must aim at three areas: recognition of the negative consequences of drug abuse; clear, systematic and efficient communication; and to the promotion of sound decision-making by young people.The promotion of mental health in national health systems and professional health organizations need prevention campaigns with the participation of communities. Within the limitations of this study, this article is the product of the narrative review carried out for Colombia, as it is described geographically, only characterization of three of the regions is obtained and with a strong emphasis on studies of the capital city (Bogotá ), the other two regions that are not described are areas with an active presence of illicit crops that generate a permanent relationship of the communities with the substances, and even with indigenous groups with consumption associated with their cultural identity, aspects that are not reflected by not have information on these areas.

Síndrome amotivacional en consumidores crónicos de marihuana. Una revisión narrativa para la aproximación al concepto / Amotivational syndrome in chronic marijuana users. A narrative review to approach the concept

Introducción: Durante los últimos sesenta años se ha construido evidencia sobre los efectos adversos relacionados con el consumo crónico de cannabis. Los problemas de memoria y concentración, el riesgo de esquizofrenia en sujetos predispuestos y el síndrome amotivacional han sido referenciados. Con los primeros al parecer no hay muchas dudas, pero en relación con el último, existe controversia. Objetivo: revisar la evidencia científica existente sobre el síndrome amotivacional. Material y Métodos: La revisión se realizó mediante una búsqueda en bases de datos académicas, se tomaron en cuenta las publicaciones que estuvieran relacionadas con trastornos mentales relacionados con el consumo crónico de marihuana en los que se hacía referencia al síndrome amotivacional que cumplieran con criterios de calidad de los artículos apegados a estándares internacionales. Desarrollo: Se incluyó un total de 31 artículos, de los cuales 16 incluían la definición de síndrome amotivacional. Una vez integradas todas las fuentes, se determinó organizar la evidencia encontrada en 15 factores: apatía; desinterés; pasividad; indiferencia; demora en la realización de tareas; pereza; presentismo; desgano para actividades prolongadas que requieran atención o tenacidad; abandono del cuidado personal; desinterés sexual; disminución de los reflejos; autoeficacia disminuida; deterioro de las habilidades comunicativas; retraimiento social y afecto no alterado. Conclusiones: A partir de los hallazgos, se sugiere que el síndrome amotivacional es una constelación de síntomas y/o signos relacionados, lo que podría constituir una morbilidad propia del consumo crónico de cannabis, se espera que en el futuro se desarrollen investigaciones que prueben o rechacen su existencia(AU)

Introduction: Over the past sixty years, evidence for the adverse effects of chronic cannabis use has been demonstrated. Memory and concentration problems, the risk of schizophrenia in predisposed subjects, and amotivational syndrome have been referenced. There is not much doubt in relation to the first effect mentioned, but there is controversy around the last. Objective: To review the existing scientific evidence for the amotivational syndrome. Material and Methods: The review was conducted through academic database searching. The publications related to mental disorders associated with the chronic marijuana use, which referred to amotivational syndrome that fulfilled the criteria for articles attached to international standards, were taken into account. Results: A total of 31 articles were included. Of them, 16 presented the definition of amotivational syndrome. Once all the sources were integrated, the evidence found in 15 factors was organized. These factors included: apathy; disinterest; passivity; indifference; delay to perform tasks; sloth; presentism; reluctance to do prolonged activities that require attention or tenacity; abandonment of personal care; sexual disinterest; decreased reflexes; decreased self-efficacy; impairment in communication skills; social withdrawal, and unaltered affection. Conclusions: Based on these findings, we suggest that the amotivational syndrome is a constellation of symptoms and / or related signs which could constitute a typical morbidity caused by chronic cannabis use, so we expect that future research will be developed to demonstrate or discard their existence(AU)

Exploración psicométrica sobre deficiencia motivacional en consumidores de marihuana / Psychometric exploration of motivational deficit in marijuana users

Resumen Si bien es común ver en la práctica clínica deficiencias en la motivación en usuarios de marihuana, no ha sido firmemente establecida la existencia de un posible síndrome amotivacional asociado con el consumo de esta droga, entre otras razones por la concurrencia de factores como la depresión que pueden llevar a generalizar inadecuadamente la situación de algunos usuarios de la sustancia. Esta investigación se orientó a obtener evidencia acerca de la existencia de deficiencias en la motivación en consumidores de marihuana. Se construyó una batería de preguntas a partir de una revisión y una consulta a expertos, que fue aplicada a una muestra de 1455 participantes, junto con otros instrumentos seleccionados para excluir del análisis a los participantes con depresión, síntomas prefrontales, trastornos por uso de alcohol, apatía y aplanamiento afectivo, que pudieran confundir los resultados. Se aplicaron métodos estadísticos y psicométricos basados en el modelo de Rasch, para establecer qué comportamientos serían más característicos de una deficiencia motivacional en consumidores habituales de marihuana. Se estimó que un 54.9 % de los participantes tendría un trastorno grave por uso de marihuana, un 54.0 %, síntomas de aplanamiento afectivo y un 60.9 % serían usuarios de marihuana con altos niveles de tetrahidrocannabinol (THC). La media de cigarrillos de marihuana consumidos al mes sería de 44.5. Mediante el modelo de Rasch se estableció que con el conjunto de preguntas construido era posible identificar una dimensión o factor coincidente con una deficiencia motivacional. Se encontró evidencia que sugiere la existencia de apatía emocional; retraimiento social; descuido de la imagen personal y enlentecimiento motor.

Abstract It is common to find marijuana users with alterations in motivation, in clinical practice. Several studies have found evidence about a possible amotivational syndrome in marijuana users, both from the analysis of behavior and from the neurological examination. However, the existence of such a syndrome associated with the use of marijuana has not been firmly established, among other reasons, due to the concurrence of factors such as depression and the use of other drugs that may lead to inadequate generalization of the situation of some consumers of the substance and due to methodological difficulties in research aimed at establishing whether or not there is a decrease in the general motivation associated with the use of marijuana. Likewise, the decrease in motivation could be the result of the disorder by substances rather than by the consumption of marijuana. Due to the growing use of marijuana in the world, the study of its consequences is of the greatest importance, for the design of better treatments for people with substance use disorders. The aim of this study was to obtain evidence about the existence or not of deficiencies in the motivation of marijuana users. In addition, we sought to establish which are the characteristic behaviors that show this possible reduction of motivation. A battery of questions was constructed from a systematic literature review in PubMed, Lilacs, MedLine, Cochrane library, Embase, Science Direct and Bibliomed, using as terms "amotivational syndrome", "amotivation cannabis", "amotivation marijuana", "comorbidity cannabis", "comorbidity marijuaba", "mental disorders and cannabis", "cannabis and mental consequences", "amotivation and drug use". Likewise, an expert consultation was done about behaviors that were indicative of a reduction in the motivation of marijuana users. From the review and consultation of experts, a set of 70 possible behaviors expressed in questions about probable deficiencies in motivation was extracted. These questions, along with other instruments selected to exclude from the analysis participants with depression, prefrontal symptoms, alcohol use disorders, apathy and affective flattening, which could confuse the results, were presented to a sample of 1455 participants. The Rasch model was applied to establish whether it was possible to identify a measurable and consistent dimension that corresponded to a deficiency in motivation, and to discern which behaviors would be most characteristic of a possible motivational deficiency in habitual marijuana users. In addition, an exploratory factor analysis was carried out to identify possible groupings of the characteristic symptoms of a reduction in motivation. Our Results and conclusions show that it was estimated that 54.9 % of the participants would have a serious disorder due to the use of marijuana; 54.0 % presented symptoms of affective flattening, and 60.9 % would be marijuana users with high levels of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). The average number of cigarettes consumed per month would be 44.5. Using the Rasch model it was established that, with the constructed set of questions, it was possible to identify a dimension or factor coinciding with a motivational deficiency. Using the exploratory factor analysis, it was found that the characteristic behaviors could be grouped into four possible subdimensions: emotional apathy; social withdrawal; neglect of personal image and motor slowdown.

Modelo de violencia en relaciones de pareja en adolescentes colombianos / Model of violence in the relationships of Colombian adolescent couples

Resumen El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo elaborar un modelo sobre la asociación de los problemas de adaptación con la agresión y la victimización de la violencia en las relaciones de parejas adolescentes colombianas. Se tomó una muestra de 599 adolescentes con edades entre 13 y 19 años, escolarizados en instituciones educativas públicas y privadas de Bogotá, Colombia. Se aplicaron el cuestionario del Sistema de Evaluación de la Conducta de Niños y Adolescentes, versión autoinforme, y el inventario de conflicto en las relaciones en el noviazgo adolescente. Para el análisis de los datos, se utilizó la técnica de ecuaciones estructurales. Se presentan dos modelos determinados diferencialmente por la variable sexo: en los hombres los problemas de adaptación se relacionan con la agresión y en las mujeres se asocian con la victimización, hallazgos que ofrecen lineamientos para la prevención e intervención de la violencia de pareja en adolescentes.

Abstract The present study aimed to develop a model of the association of adjustment problems with aggression and victimization of violence in Colombian adolescent cou ple relationships. A sample was taken of 599 adolescents with ages between 13 and 19 years, schooled in public and private educational institutions of Bogota, Colombia. The Children and Adolescents Behavior Assessment System Questionnaire -version of Self-Re port and the Conflict Inventory in Relationships in Adolescent Dating was applied. For the analysis of the data, a model of structural equations was used. Two models determined differentially by the sex variable are presented; In men, adjustment problems are relat ed to aggression and in women they are associated with victimization, findings that of fer guidelines for the prevention and intervention of partner violence in adolescents.

Accuracy of CAPRA-S Score for Predicting Long-Term Biochemical Progression After Radical Prostatectomy.

BACKGROUND: The Cancer of the Prostate Risk Assessment Postsurgical (CAPRA-S) score is a tool to stratify patients into groups according to their risk for biochemical recurrence after radical prostatectomy. The aim of this study was to assess the accuracy of the CAPRA-S score for predicting biochemical progression at 5 and 10 years in our cohort of patients after radical prostatectomy. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Between June 2004 and December 2015, radical prostatectomy was performed as the main treatment option for patients with localized prostate cancer. Patients who had received adjuvant or neoadjuvant treatment were excluded from this study. Biochemical progression after radical prostatectomy was considered in patients by prostate-specific antigen (PSA) > 0.1 ng/mL after surgery (biochemical persistence) and by at least 2 determinations of PSA > 0.2 ng/mL in those patients with initial undetectable postoperative PSA any time during their follow-up (biochemical failure). Cox proportional hazard model and Kaplan-Meier analysis were used for the statistical analysis. RESULTS: Of 531 patients who underwent radical prostatectomy, 479 met the inclusion criteria. Mean follow-up was 85 months (min-max, 13-153 months). The rate of biochemical progression-free survival at 10 years was 84.2%, 55.1%, and 32.8%, respectively, for high-, intermediate-, and low-risk patients according to the CAPRA-S score. The concordance index for CAPRA-S predicting biochemical progression at 5 years was 0.71 and at 10 years was 0.70. CONCLUSION: The CAPRA-S score is a useful and easy-to-use tool in patients after radical prostatectomy to classify their risk for biochemical progression, thus helping decide if adjuvant treatment should be required.

Estigma social de profesionales de la salud hacia personas que usan drogas / Social stigma from health professionals towards people who use drugs

Se realizó una investigación cualitativa con enfoque hermenéutico en la cual se entrevistaron 15 profesionales sanitarios que trabajan en servicios de Atención Primaria en Salud o en centros especializados de atención a personas que usan alcohol y otras drogas en Medellín y su área metropolitana, con el objetivo de comprender las actitudes estigmatizantes hacia dicha población. Se concluye que los juicios morales y las conductas negativas de los profesionales hacia estos sujetos, derivadas de la escasa formación y entrenamiento en el tema; sumado a las debilidades propias del sistema de salud colombiano para brindar una atención integral, se convierten en importantes barreras para acceder a los servicios de promoción, prevención, tratamiento y rehabilitación.

Qualitative research with a hermeneutic approach. We interviewed 15 health professionals who work in Primary Health Care services or specialized centers for the care of people who use alcohol and other drugs in Medellin and its metropolitan area, with the aim of understanding stigmatizing attitudes towards this population. It is concluded that the moral judgments and the negative behaviors of the professionals towards these subjects, derived from the lack formation and training in this area; added to the weaknesses of the Colombian health system to provide comprehensive care, becomes in an important barrier to access the services of promotion, prevention, treatment and rehabilitation.

Fiber optic fluorescence temperature sensors using up-conversion from rare-earth polymer composites.

We demonstrate an optical fiber sensor based on the green up-conversion emission of rare-earth active ions hosted by a polymer matrix. The temperature sensitive composite material is fabricated by simple mixing of the rare-earth ions in powder form (NaY0.77Yb0.20Er0.03F4) with the polymer (polydimethylsiloxane). This fluorescent material is then incorporated on the tip of silica-glass optical fibers to obtain a point temperature sensor probe. Temperature measurements are obtained through the fluorescent intensity ratio technique, yielding a linear response and minimizing spurious effects on the up-conversion fluorescence signal. The fiber sensors fabricated with this material provide good performance within a temperature range of 20-100°C, excellent linearity (r2=0.999), and good thermal and fluorescent stability.

E-salud educación virtual en la prevención del consumo de sustancias psicoactivas / E- health: prevention of the consumption of psychoactive substances using virtual education

La utilización de herramientas virtuales para la salud ha sido estudiada desde diversos enfoques. Esta revisión narrativa se propone identificar el conocimiento generado con respecto a la educación virtual en la prevención del consumo de sustancias psicoactivas, para lograr este objetivo se analizó la producción científica que hay al respecto, seleccionando textos que trabajarán específicamente las herramientas virtuales en el tema de las adicciones, debido a que el uso de drogas evidencia un aumento en los ámbitos internacional, nacional y local en su mayoría en población juvenil (que es también el público que hace mayor uso de las Tecnologías de la Información y la Comunicación), en tanto que las iniciativas educativas virtuales para este fin se han centrado más en las herramientas (Internet y teléfonos móviles) que en el público, en la metodología y en los contenidos; los principales hallazgos apuntan a destacar que la prevención del consumo de sustancias psicoactivas puede lograrse mediante la educación virtual, pues las acciones formativas y las estrategias innovadoras redundarían en la adopción de hábitos saludables, puede concluirse que falta evidencia científica que lo sustente debido a que se requiere de evaluaciones de impacto de los programas y la inclusión de padres y educadores.

The use of virtual tools for health has been studied from many ways. This narrative research has as aim to know the scientific knowledge about virtual education in prevention of consumption of psychoactive substances (SPA), to achieve this objective, the scientific production was analyzed, selecting texts that specifically talk about the virtual tools in the subject of addictions, because use of drugs is increasing in international, national and local ambit mostly in the youth population (which is the public that makes greater use of ICT), while the virtual educational initiatives for this purpose have focused more on tools (Internet, ICT and mobile phones) than in people, methodologys and contents, in conclusion is not enough scientific evidence in virtual educational strategies for the SPA consumption prevention, that have been implemented, evaluated and planned for parents and educators.

α-Ketoglutarate Accelerates the Initial Differentiation of Primed Human Pluripotent Stem Cells.

Pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) can self-renew or differentiate from naive or more differentiated, primed, pluripotent states established by specific culture conditions. Increased intracellular α-ketoglutarate (αKG) was shown to favor self-renewal in naive mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs). The effect of αKG or αKG/succinate levels on differentiation from primed human PSCs (hPSCs) or mouse epiblast stem cells (EpiSCs) remains unknown. We examined primed hPSCs and EpiSCs and show that increased αKG or αKG-to-succinate ratios accelerate, and elevated succinate levels delay, primed PSC differentiation. αKG has been shown to inhibit the mitochondrial ATP synthase and to regulate epigenome-modifying dioxygenase enzymes. Mitochondrial uncoupling did not impede αKG-accelerated primed PSC differentiation. Instead, αKG induced, and succinate impaired, global histone and DNA demethylation in primed PSCs. The data support αKG promotion of self-renewal or differentiation depending on the pluripotent state.

Hematoma espontáneo del instestino delgado. Reporte de dos casos y revisión de la literatura / Spontaneous small-bowel hematoma. Report of two cases and literature review

El hematoma intramural del yeyuno es una complicación poco frecuente en los pacientes anticoagulados y puede llegar a ser un reto diagnóstico para el médico. Su presentación varía desde dolor abdominal leve y obstrucción intestinal hasta perforación de una víscera hueca. El tratamiento es médico y no se requiere intervención quirúrgica, excepto en los casos de perforación. Se presenta el caso de dos pacientes que desarrollaron dicha patología como complicación al uso de warfarina, quienes tuvieron un buen desenlace clínico y fueron tratados en forma médica.

Spontaneous intramural small-bowel hematoma is a rare complication in patients receiving anticoagulation therapy and may represent a diagnostic challenge. Its clinical presentation varies from mild abdominal pain and intestinal obstruction to perforation. Medical treatment is indicated and surgery is required only in cases of perforation. We present the cases of two patients who developed intramural spontaneous small-bowel hematoma as a complication of warfarin therapy and who had a good outcome after medical treatment.

Cuidados y generalidades sobre catéteres venosos centrales / Central venous catheters, care and generalities

Los catéteres venosos centrales (CVCs) están indicados en aquellos pacientes que necesitan infusiones múltiples de líquidos que no pueden administrarse por un acceso periférico, un catéter se inserta con la finalidad de obtener un acceso directo al sistema vascular central del paciente durante un periodo de tiempo. En la actualidad existen varios tipos de catéteres venosos que pueden ser de corta y larga duración, la valoración de necesidades reales y potenciales del paciente permitirá la elección del catéter adecuado. Se puede encontrar CVCs en Unidades de Cuidados Intensivos, unidades médico quirúrgicas, unidades de trasplantes y en programas de terapias ambulatorias. Su utilidad tanto para administración de fármacos y soluciones terapéuticas como para monitorización hemodinámica es obvia; sin embargo, el riesgo de producirse infección local o sistémica es muy alto y como tal representa un problema de salud muy importante para los hospitales. Dentro de este marco, el personal de enfermería tiene un papel importante en la prevención y control de las infecciones asociadas a catéter, por su directa implicación en el cuidado de los mismos desde su colocación hasta su retiro. Los resultados serán óptimos si se dispone de personal que conozca y cumpla el protocolo de colocación y manejo de CVCs.

The central venous catheters (CVCs) are indicated in those patients who need multiple infusions liquids that cannot be administered by a peripheral access, a catheter, it is inserted with the purpose of obtaining a direct access to the central vascular system of the patient during a period of relatively short time. At the present time several types of venous catheters exist that can be of short and releases duration, the valuation of real necessities and potential of the patient it will allow the election of the suitable catheter. We can find surgical CVCs in Units of Intensive Cares, units medical, units of transplants and in programs of ambulatory therapies. Its utility as much for administration of drugs and therapeutic solutions as for hemodinamic monitorizacion it is obvious nevertheless, the risk of taking place local or systemic as infections is very high since it represents a problem of very important health for the hospitals. Within this frame, the infirmary personnel plays a very important role in relation to the incidence of infections associated catheter by its direct implication in the care of such from its positioning to its retirement. The results will be optimal if it is had personnel who knows and fulfills the protocol of positioning and handling of CVCs of its hospitable unit.

Comparación de resultados del proceso de esterilización con dos indicadores biológicos / Comparison of the results of the sterilization process with two biological indicators

Introducción: se consideran los indicadores biológicos una forma de aprobación para la validación y monitorización rutinaria de ciclos de esterilización, los indicadores biológicos convencionales utilizan tiras o discos con esporas del B. Stearthermophilus; por otra parte los indicadores biológicos de lectura rápida, están basados en una reacción enzimática flourecente capaz de proporcionar resultados en tres horas. Objetivo: comparar la efectividad de los indicadores biológicos convencionales y de lectura rápida durante procesos de esterilización a 121°C. Material y método: se realizó un estudio descriptivo en un periodo de 12 días, se identificó cada indicador con fecha, turno, número de esterilizador, y tiempo de esterilización. Se empaquetó por separado cada indicador en una bolsa de papel grado médico y se colocó dentro de un paquete de cuatro compresas de vientre envueltas en una compresa de tela doble, se realizó un preacondicionamiento de 10'y se expuso todo el material a 35' de esterilización con temperatura constante de 121°C, la lectura de cambio de color se observó en ambas pruebas; durante 24 hrs los resultados fueron anotados en una bitácora de control para indicadores biológicos. Resultados: los resultados tanto de indicadores biológicos convencionales como de lectura rápida fueron negativos para todas las pruebas después de 24 hrs de incubación. Conclusiones: la confiabilidad y eficiencia de ambos indicadores biológicos es de 100 %.

Introduction: the biologie indicators are consider an approbation way for the validation and routine inspect of sterilization cycles, the biologic conventional indicators, using dise with B spores stearthermophilus. Also the biologic indicators of fast reading to belong are according to enzyme fluorescent reaction to able for give results in three hours. Objective: compare the efficient of the biologic conventional indicators and fast reading during sterilization process at 121 °C. Method and material: it was make a descriptive study. In a period of 12 days it was identificate each indicator with date, turn, number of sterilization, and time of sterilization, they were packing by separate each indicator in a paper bag medical grade and they placed inside of a pack of four compress of a container, envolver in a compress of double cloth, it made a pre-conditioning of 10' and the material was expose to 35' of sterilizing to constant temperature of 121°C, the change reading color, it looked on both proofs during 24 hours the results were write on a logbook control to biologic indicators. Results: the answers of conventional indicators as the fast reading were negatives to all the proofs after 24 hours of incubation. Conclusion: the confidence and efficient of both biologic indicators is 100 %.