Management and Clinical Outcomes of Eyes With Posterior Segment Intraocular Foreign Bodies Seen at a Tertiary Referral Center.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to identify the prognostic factors regarding the visual and anatomic outcomes of eyes with posterior segment intraocular foreign body (PS-IOFB). PATIENTS AND METHODS: The medical records of 95 patients who underwent pars plana vitrectomy and PS-IOFB removal between 2004 and 2021 were retrospectively reviewed. Data on anatomical and visual outcomes, as well as preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative variables were statistically analyzed. RESULTS: The mean age of the patients was 31.9 ± 12.3 years. The mean follow-up time was 21.9 ± 28.3 months. The median time interval from trauma to IOFB removal was 9 days. In univariate analysis, there was a positive correlation between initial visual acuity (VA) and final VA (P < 0.001). A higher ocular trauma score (OTS) was significantly associated with both anatomical and functional success (P < 0.001). Linear regression analysis showed that OTS was not superior to initial VA in predicting final VA (r = 0.625 vs r = -0.601). Anatomic and functional outcomes were not affected by the injury site, nature of PS-IOFB, or timing of PS-IOFB removal (P > 0.05 for all). Subretinal IOFB location, the need for silicone oil tamponade, and endophthalmitis (P = 0.005, P < 0.001, P = 0.044, respectively) were risk factors for poor visual outcome. CONCLUSIONS: The initial VA, the extent of the initial ocular damage, and the presence of endophthalmitis are important prognostic factors for functional success. [Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina 2024;55:xx-xx.].

Congenital Toxoplasmosis and Long-term Outcomes

Objective: Congenital toxoplasmosis (CT) can have severe early and late sequelae in children. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the demographic, clinical, treatment characteristics of patients diagnosed with congenital Toxoplasma infection and to highlight the long-term complications of the patients. Methods: Patients with CT were included in this study who were followed between 2010 and 2022 in Cukurova University Medical Faculty Hospital. Demographic, clinical and treatment characteristics were searched retrospectively. In the diagnosis of maternal and CT, Toxoplasma IgM, IgG, IgG avidity, T. gondii polymerase chain reaction tests were used along with clinical and symptoms. Results: Eighteen children (two twins) with CT and their mothers (n=16) were included in the study. Median age was 1 month. Ten (55.5%) of the children were male. CT diagnosis was made during pregnancy in 7 mothers (resulting in 8 babies) and postnatally in 9 mothers (resulting in 10 babies). The mothers of 5 (31.1%) babies with CT received spiramycin treatment during pregnancy. Three (60%) of 5 pregnant women who received spiramycin were diagnosed in the first trimester, 4 (80%) of the babies did not have any sequale and only 1 (20%) had microphthalmia. Ocular involvement was the most common presentation of the disease occured in 10 patients (55.5%), hydrocephalus and intracranial calcification developed in five patients (27.7%). Hearing loss developed in 2 (11.1%) patients. During the follow-up period, seizures developed in 3 patients (16.6%), microcephaly in 2 patients (11.1%), and neurodevolopmental retardation in 7 patients (38.8%), two of the patients had severe mental retardation. One (5.5%) patient with hydrocephalus died at 36 months of age due to complications after ventriculoperitoneal shunt application. Conclusion: In our study, we observed severe sequelae in vision, hearing, and neurodevelopmental aspects in children diagnosed with CT at birth and during follow-ups. Early diagnosis and treatment of infants, along with the detection of Toxoplasma infection during pregnancy, are essential in preventing severe sequelae that may arise due to CT.

Comparison of intravitreal ranibizumab and aflibercept for the treatment of diabetic macular edema: a real-world study.

PURPOSE: To compare the visual and anatomic outcomes of intravitreal ranibizumab versus aflibercept in patients with diabetic macular edema (DME) in a real-world study. METHODS: This is a single-center retrospective comparative study of treatment-naïve patients who received intravitreal ranibizumab or aflibercept administration for DME for at least 12 months on an as needed regimen following three-monthly loading doses. The primary outcomes of the study were the mean change in best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), central macular thickness (CMT), and central macular volume (CMV). Factors to potentially affect these parameters were also analyzed. RESULTS: A total of 100 eyes (66 patients) were included in the study. Fifty two eyes received ranibizumab and 48 eyes in aflibercept injections. At the end of follow-up, the improvement in mean BCVA was similar in both groups (p = 0.38). While the decrease in mean CMT at the 4th-month visit was significantly higher in the aflibercept-treated group than in the ranibizumab-treated group (p = 0.02), there was no difference between the two groups at the end of the 1-year follow-up (p = 0.25). There was no significant difference between the two groups in terms of change in mean CMV during the follow-up (p = 0.26, p = 0.27 at 4 and 12 months, respectively). The mean number of injections were also similar between groups (4.5 ± 1 vs. 4.6 ± 1.1 respectively, p = 0.63). CONCLUSION: In a real-world setting, ranibizumab and aflibercept were both found to be effective in the first-line treatment of DME. Patients with DME who received fewer injections in the real-world could achieve visual and anatomical results comparable to randomized controlled trials participants.

Cytomorphological Effects of Lightweight and Heavyweight Polypropylene Mesh on the Ilioinguinal Nerve: An Experimental Study.

Objective This study aimed to investigate the cytomorphological effects of heavyweight and lightweight mesh on the ilioinguinal nerve in an experimental animal model. Methods Sixteen New Zealand male rabbits were included in the study. The left inguinal regions of the first six animals were assigned as controls and the right inguinal regions were assigned as the sham group. The left inguinal regions of the remaining 10 animals were assigned as the lightweight mesh group and the right inguinal regions were assigned as the heavyweight mesh group. No intervention was performed in the control group. In the sham group, only ilioinguinal nerve exploration was performed. In mesh groups, ilioinguinal nerve exploration was performed and the mesh was implanted on the ilioinguinal nerve. After three months, ilioinguinal nerve specimens were excised from both sides for cytomorphological examination. Results Myelin sheath thickening, separation of the myelin layers, and myelin vacuolization were more pronounced in the heavyweight mesh group compared to the lightweight mesh group. The G-ratio was moderately increased in the heavyweight mesh group when compared to other groups. The ratio of fibers with ≤4 µm diameter was higher in the lightweight mesh group compared to other groups, and the ratio of fibers with ≥9 µm diameter was higher in the heavyweight mesh group than in the other groups (p<0.05). Conclusion Both of the meshes induce cytomorphological alterations on the adjacent nerve tissues caused by foreign body reaction and compression. Ilioinguinal nerve degeneration was more pronounced in the heavyweight mesh than in the lightweight mesh. Histological alterations on the ilioinguinal nerves caused by different meshes may be related to chronic pain after hernia surgery. We believe our study will serve as a guide for future studies on the topic.

Can combined use of tumor markers in pancreatic cancer be a solution to short- and long-term consequences?: A retrospective study.

As in other types of cancer, tumor markers are used in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) for disease follow-up, especially after surgery. There has been shown to be a significant correlation between the tumor marker levels and poor prognosis in locally or systemic advanced stage PDAC patients. However, there is no significant correlation between prognosis and marker levels in patients with early stage PDAC patients. This study aimed to examine the effect of the carbohydrate antigen 19-9 (Ca19-9)/carcinoembryogenic antigen (CEA) ratio in ductal adenocarcinoma of the pancreatic head on disease prognosis and mean survival. This retrospective study was conducted with 129 pancreatic head adenocarcinoma patients who were treated with whipple procedure at the Ankara University Surgical Oncology Clinic between 2010 and 2020. All patients' demographics, stage of the disease, CEA, CA 19-9 levels, and CEA/Ca 19-9 ratio were enrolled and compared statistically. A new cutoff value was calculated for the Ca19-9/CEA ratio. A Ca19-9/CEA ratio >29.77 showed 69.9% sensitivity and 70.9% specificity for the probability of the T3 and T4 stages. The cutoff value for the Ca19-9/CEA ratio was 27.18. This cutoff value had a sensitivity of 79.4% and a specificity of 80.3% for lymph node metastasis. Patients with a Ca19-9/CEA ratio below the cutoff value of 28.475 had a mean survival of 93.161 months and those with a value higher than the cutoff value had a mean survival of 28.541 months (P < .001). A simple combination of tumor markers was determined to have higher accuracy rates in predicting tumor prognosis and in determining mean survival, which are particularly needed in early stage cancers.

Analysis of Macular Microvasculature in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the retinal and choroidal microvascular blood flow in patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection using optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA). METHODS: Macular OCTA parameters including vessel density (VD) of parafoveal superficial capillary plexus (SCP-VD) and deep capillary plexus (DCP-VD), foveal vessel density (FD), foveal avascular zone area, and flow area of choriocapillaris were analyzed in 42 HIV-positive patients, and compared with 42 healthy controls. RESULTS: The mean SCP-VD, DCP-VD and FD were significantly lower in HIV-positive group compared with controls (p < .001, p = .014, p = .026; respectively). Reduced SCP-VD was associated with higher HIV RNA plasma level (r = -0.400, p = .021) and lower CD4 + T cell count (r = 0.314, p = .046) in HIV-positive patients. CONCLUSIONS: Macular microvascular blood flow is affected by HIV infection. OCTA can detect microvascular flow abnormalities in retinal capillary plexus in HIV-positive patients.

Previously operated recurrent pilonidal sinus treated with crystallized phenol: Twenty-year experience in a cohort study.

Objectives: Postoperative recurrent pilonidal sinus disease is troublesome, and its treatment is a challenge. In this study, it was aimed to present the long-term efficacy of crystallized phenol treatment on postoperative recurrent pilonidal sinus disease through our results collected within the last 20 years. Material and Methods: Two hundred and twenty-seven patients who had been previously operated on and suffered from recurrent pilonidal sinus disease were enrolled. The operation was applied in our outpatient clinic under local anesthesia. Demographic data of the patients, number of crystallized phenol treatment, duration of follow-up and recurrence numbers were prospectively recorded. Treatment success and factors affecting recurrence were examined. Results: Our success rate was found as 71.5%. This success rate belongs to the group of patients who never quit treatment and complied with the treatment. The patients were followed up for a mean 45.8 months. Of the post-crystallized phenol treatment recurrences, 72.4% took place within the first five years, while 97.4% did so within the first 10 years. Mean number of crystallized phenol applications was 2.6. The longer the duration of the disease before treatment, the more recurrence was observed after treatment (p= 0.02). There was no correlation between the number of previous operations and recurrence after treatment. As the number of sinus openings increased, so did the number of applications (p= 0.001). Conclusion: Crystallized phenol treatment yields promising long-term results in recurrent pilonidal sinus disease as well and may be recommended as the first choice in recurrent pilonidal sinus disease treatment since it is an effective non-operative treatment modality.

Successful use of minimal invasive debridement plus negative pressure wound therapy under skin flap and axillary region for refractory postmastectomy seroma: A STROBE-compliant retrospective study.

Seroma is the most common wound complication due to dead space remaining after mastectomy and axillary dissection. Seroma formation, which causes pain and tension, together with the limitations of shoulder and arm movements, can cause wound healing problems that can progress to wound dehiscence and flap necrosis. The aim of our study was to investigate the effects of continuous drainage and negative pressure wound therapy (NPWT) in breast cancer patients with refractory postmastectomy seroma. This retrospectively designed study was conducted with 27 patients who were referred to our center between 2018 and 2021 due to refractory seroma after mastectomy. The inclusion criteria of the study were the cases who were planned minimally invasive debridement and NPWT due to having refractory seroma formation with at least 200 cc and having interventions more than 1 month after modified radical mastectomy (MRM), despite conventional treatment methods. All patients' demographics, disease stage, history of possible neoadjuvant therapy, comorbidities, body mass index (BMI), number of wound dressings with NPWT, and total amount of NPWT accumulation were enrolled and compared statistically. Twenty-seven patients included in the study underwent continuous drainage after debridement, and 5 (3-9) dressings were treated with NPWT. None of the patients experienced complications after debridement and NPWT administration. In refractory seroma cases seen after postmastectomy, NPWT especially for the management of debridement and dead space can be evaluated as an appropriate treatment method in patients with high flow rate seroma.

Pay for performance system in Turkey and the world; a global overview.

Objectives: This study aimed to compare the pay for performance system applied nationally in Turkey and in other countries around the world and to reveal the effects of the system applied in our country on the general surgery. Material and Methods: Current literature and countries' programs on the implementation of the pay for performance system were recorded. The results of the Turkish Surgical Association's performance and Healthcare Implementation Communique (HIC) commission studies were evaluated in light of the literature. Results: Many countries have implemented performance systems on a limited scale to improve quality, speed up the diagnosis, treatment, and control of certain diseases, and they have generally applied it as a financial promotion by receiving the support of health insurance companies and nongovernmental organizations. It turns out that surgeons in our country feel that they are being wronged because of the injustice in the current system because the property of their works is not appreciated and they cannot get the reward for the work they do. This is also the reason for the reluctance of medical school graduates to choose general surgery. Conclusion: Authorities should pay attention to the opinions of associations and experts in the related field when creating lists of interventional procedures related to surgery. Equal pay should be given to equal work nationally, and surgeons should be encouraged by incentives to perform detailed, qualified surgeries. There is a possibility that the staff positions opened for general surgery, as well as, all surgical branches will remain empty in the near future.

Are YouTube Videos a Reliable Source for Obtaining Information About Colorectal Cancer Screening?

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to assess the content, quality, and reliability of YouTube videos on colorectal cancer screening. Colorectal cancer is the third most common cause of death worldwide. METHODS: A basic search was conducted on the YouTubeTM website on November 19, 2020, using the English keywords "colorectal cancer screening," without using any filter. The videos were categorized into five groups according to the source and then each video was evaluated by three physicians. The videos were compared in terms of the quality of the information, and their reliability and comprehensiveness, according to the sources. RESULTS: Of the 137 videos included in the study, 74 (54%) were categorized in the useful information group and 63 (46%) in the misleading information group. It was found that most (47.3%) of the videos in the useful information group were uploaded by academic-based sources. Conversely, most (46%) of the videos in the misleading information group were uploaded by for-profit companies, private hospitals, and medical advertisements. An analysis of the video features according to the upload source revealed that the total views (p=0.023), likes (p=0.004), and viewer engagement with the video (p=0.026) were higher in the public spotlight videos group. Conclusionsː The quality of public spotlight videos with high viewing rates and audience interaction should be increased to inform the public. In addition, there is a need for videos containing comprehensive and accurate information to be uploaded to YouTube, which is an important source of information today, by universities, health organizations, and doctors who do not make a profit (financially) from the results.

Comparison of intravitreal injections of Ranibizumab and Aflibercept in neovascular age related macular degeneration.

Clinical relevance: Pivotal studies are based on strict treatment regimens of vascular endothelial growth factor blocking drugs in neovascular age-related macular degeneration. However, looser regimens with poorer results have been reported in real-world studies with various outcomes. This results in a search of more precise data to rely on in the management of patients with neovascular age-related macular degeneration.Background: The aim of this study is to analyse the real-world outcome of vascular endothelial growth factor blocking agents in neovascular age-related macular degeneration.Methods: This is a retrospective comparative study of treatment-naïve patients who received intravitreal aflibercept or ranibizumab administration for neovascular age-related macular degeneration for at least 12 months on an as needed regimen following a loading phase of three-monthly injections. Full eye examination and optical coherence tomography scans were provided at all visits. The drugs were compared on the basis of visual acuity, central macular thickness, and subfoveal choroidal thickness. The baseline optical coherence tomography features were analysed seeking a correlation with the outcome.Results: One hundred and forty-one eyes were enrolled. The mean age was 71.7 ± 8.5 years. Sixty-eight (48.2%) patients received aflibercept and 73 (51.8%) received ranibizumab injections. The mean number of injections was 6.5 ± 2.5. The mean number of injections were also similar between groups (6.4 ± 2.5 vs. 6.5 ± 2.6, respectively, p = 0.783). At one year, both drugs caused significant increase in visual acuity and decrease in central macular thickness and subfoveal choroidal thickness.Conclusion: In a real-world setting, aflibercept and ranibizumab yielded similar results at one year in the management of neovascular age-related macular degeneration.

The diagnostic value of modified systemic inflammation score in predicting post-operative outcomes of cutaneous melanoma patients who underwent isolated limb perfusion.

BACKGROUND: In-transit metastasis is considered a locoregional disease in cutaneous melanoma (CM) patients. Isolated limb perfusion (ILP) is among the treatment options in selected cases. The aim of this study was to determine the success of pre- and post-perfusion mSIS values in predicting the potential complications and the prognosis of the disease by investigating the early and long-term results of mSIS values calculated before and after ILP in CM cases with in-transit metastases. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Patients who underwent ILP within the period from 2014 to 2020 in our department were retrospectively scanned. A total of 20 patients were found to undergo ILP. The scores obtained from modified inflammation score (mSIS) were formulated according to albumin (Alb) and lymphocyte to monocyte ratio (LMR) scores. RESULTS: The mean follow-up time was 20.47 months. Complications requiring surgical intervention developed in three patients. According to the Wieberdink local toxicity classification, the majority (70%) of the patients were found to be grade II. Based on pre-perfusion mSIS values, 8 patients were classified as mSIS 0 while six patients were classified as mSIS 1 and 2. Based on post-perfusion mSIS values, 14 patients and one patient were classified as mSIS 2 (70%) and mSIS 0, respectively. Accordingly, univariate analysis showed that mSIS 1 and mSIS 2 were negative prognostic factors for mean survival in the pre-perfusion period (HR 0.162, 95% CI 0.036-0.729; p = 0.018 and HR: 0.223, 95% CI 0.049-1.019; p = 0.053) whereas albumin (Alb) and lymphocyte to monocyte ratio (LMR) were not independent prognostic factors for mean survival. CONCLUSION: The mSIS values calculated in the pre-perfusion period can give an opinion about the OS of the patients whereas post-perfusion mSIS values may predict potential surgical complications and local toxicities.

Microstructural changes after half-dose photodynamic therapy in patients with chronic central serous chorioretinopathy.

BACKGROUND: To evaluate the retinal and choroidal microstructural changes at fovea after half-dose photodynamic therapy (PDT) in patients with chronic central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC), using optical coherence tomography (OCT). METHODS: The study included 35 eyes with unilateral chronic CSC treated with half-dose PDT. The foveal outer nuclear layer (ONL) and subfoveal choroidal thickness (SFCT) in the affected eyes were compared with baseline measurements at month 1, 3, and 6 after half-dose PDT, and those of the healthy contralateral eyes. RESULTS: The mean baseline ONL thickness of the affected eyes was thinner compared to unaffected fellow eyes (66.9 ± 16.5 µm vs 111.5 ± 11.6 µm, p<0.001), and increased significantly to 68.6 ± 17.0 µm at month 3 and 68.9 ± 17.3 µm at month 6 after treatment (p = 0.025 and p = 0.014 respectively). The mean baseline SFCT of the affected eyes was thicker compared to unaffected fellow eyes (399.9 ± 87.0 µm vs 338.2 ± 75.4 µm, p<0.001), and decreased significantly after treatment at month 1, 3, and 6 (374.0 ± 84.8 µm, 369.7 ± 81.8 µm, 367.3 ± 80.8 µm respectively, p<0.001 for all). The responder group (n = 26), in which subretinal fluid was completely resorbed, showed a significant increase in ONL thickness and decrease in SFCT after treatment, whereas in the non-responder group (n = 9) ONL thickness and SFCT did not differ after treatment. CONCLUSIONS: In CSC patients, significant changes are observed in foveal ONL thickness and SFCT after half-dose PDT. ONL thickness and SFCT are suggested to be considered in the OCT examinations of CSC patients.

Outcome of 532 nm Nd:YAG laser photocoagulation in retinopathy of prematurity from a referral center.

Clinical relevance: Retinopathy of prematurity is a preventable blinding disorder worldwide. Laser photocoagulation is said to be the gold standard care of treatment. However, various factors are known to affect the outcome.Background: The purpose of this study was to analyse the risk factors in patients with laser treatment requiring retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) and the outcome of 532 nm Nd:YAG laser photocoagulation (LP).Methods: Patients who underwent LP for ROP at a tertiary referral centre between January 2012 and January 2019 were enrolled. Those who were born and followed-up at the institution of the authors were in Group 1 and those who were born and followed-up elsewhere and referred to the authors for treatment were in Group 2. The clinical features, gestational ages, birth weights, and data regarding the treatment were retrospectively reviewed. The need for pars plana vitrectomy was taken as a poor outcome.Results: The mean gestational age and birth rate was 26.7 ± 1.9 weeks and 927.2 ± 263.5 grams, respectively, in Group 1 (57 infants, 111 eyes); and 28.5 ± 2.5 weeks and 1174.8 ± 385 grams, respectively, in Group 2 (66 infants, 131eyes) (p < 0.001 for both). The extent of the disease (p < 0.001), the zone of the disease (p = 0.002), and the timing of LP (p < 0.001) were significantly different between groups. In the whole cohort, the zone (p = 0.006) and stage (p < 0.001) of the disease, aggressive posterior disease (p = 0,009), and tunica vasculosa lentis were found to significantly interfere with the outcome.Conclusion: Eyes with more severe disease undergoing timely treatment and eyes with less severe disease undergoing delayed management had similar prognosis. A favourable outcome was obtained with 532 nm green laser in ROP.

Clinical features of childhood uveitis at a tertiary referral center in Southern Turkey.

PURPOSE: To report the epidemiology, etiology, ocular characteristics, management, and visual outcomes of pediatric uveitis patients in Southern Turkey. METHODS: The clinical records of pediatric patients with a diagnosis of uveitis under the age of 16 years and followed up longer than 6 months were analyzed retrospectively. RESULTS: The study included 102 patients and 173 affected eyes. The mean age at presentation was 11.4 ± 3.7 years. Uveitis was predominantly bilateral (69.6%), anterior (45.1%), and chronic (58.8%). The leading diagnoses were idiopathic uveitis (38.2%), pars planitis (19.6%), and juvenile idiopathic arthritis-associated uveitis (14.7%). Infectious uveitis accounted for 12.7%, and toxoplasmosis was the most common cause (10.8%). At least one complication was observed in 76.3% of the eyes, and optic disk edema (37%) was the most frequent. Corticosteroids were used in 97.1% and systemic immunomodulatory agents in 49% of the patients. Ocular surgery was performed in 17.3% of the eyes, and cataract extraction was the most common (8.7%). The mean BCVA was 0.39 ± 0.66 LogMAR at baseline and 0.25 ± 0.53 LogMAR at the last recorded visit. CONCLUSION: Pediatric uveitis is a challenging disease that requires meticulous management. Anterior uveitis is the most frequent form. Despite a changing trend for an increase in diagnostic variety, idiopathic cases still constitute the majority. A significant number of patients receive systemic therapy, develop complications, and require surgical intervention. Early diagnosis and appropriate treatment might improve visual outcomes and reduce the risk of visual loss.

The effect of epiretinal membrane surgery on macular microvasculature: an optical coherence tomography angiography study.

PURPOSE: To investigate both the possible effects of both idiopathic epiretinal membrane (IERM) itself and surgery on macular microvascular structure using optical coherence tomography angiography (OCT-A) and to determine the associations with structural and visual outcomes. METHODS: Twenty-four eyes of 24 patients with IERM and 24 eyes of 12 healthy controls were included. Vascular parameters, including the superficial capillary plexus (SCP) and deep capillary plexus (DCP) were evaluated by OCT-A prior to and 6 months after ERM removal. The foveal avascular zone (FAZ, mm2) area, parafoveal vascular density (VD, %) and flow area (mm2) measurements were used to evaluate the macular vascular integrity. RESULTS: The mean preoperative vascular density (VD) of both plexuses was lower in eyes with IERM than in healthy eyes (both p = 0.0001). The mean preoperative flow area of the DCP in eyes with IERM was significantly lower than that in the control eyes (p = 0.016). There was no significant difference in the VD or flow area in either superficial or deep capillary plexuses as a result of surgery (SCP; p = 0.957, p = 0.97, DCP; p = 0.861, p = 0.6, respectively). Both the parafoveal DCP-VD and flow area in DCP were negatively correlated with best-corrected visual acuity (logMAR) at 6 months postoperatively (r = -0.46, p = 0.03; r = -0.52, p = 0.01, respectively). CONCLUSION: Epiretinal membranes may cause dynamic microvascular changes at the macula. However, the effect of surgery on microvasculature may be more limited than that on anatomical and visual recovery. OCT-A may serve as a useful tool in understanding the pathophysiological basis of diseases.

Evaluation of different classification criteria in children with Behcet disease: results from a single referral center.

OBJECTIVES: Behcet Disease (BD) is a systemic vasculitis, first described with a triad of oral aphthous ulcers, genital ulcers, and uveitis. The authors aimed to share the clinical properties and utilities of three distinct classification criteria for BD in this study. METHODS: This case-control study was conducted in pediatric BD patients, diagnosed between January 2012 and July 2019. The control group included 53 children with other rheumatic disorders. Sensitivity and specificity for International Study Group (ISG), International Criteria for BD (ICBD), and pediatric criteria for BD (PEDBD) criteria were tested. RESULTS: The mean age at symptom onset and diagnosis of the 16 BD patients (6 females, 10 males) were 11.2 ± 3.6 and 13 ± 3.1 years, respectively. The sensitivity and specificity of ISG criteria were 87.5% and 100%. Furthermore, ICBD criteria had a sensitivity and specificity of 93.7% and 98.1%, whereas the authors found sensitivity and specificity as 93.7% and 96.2% for PEDBD. CONCLUSION: ICBD and PEDBD reached higher sensitivity for pediatric BD diagnosis and ICBD had the highest specificity. The authors speculate that the utilization of ICBD may provide early diagnosis of BD in childhood, prevent related morbidities and misdiagnosis.