Actualización en el diagnóstico y manejo de la Infección por Clostridioides difficile / Update in diagnosis and management of Clostridioides difficile

El Clostridioides difficile (C. difficile) es una de las principales causas de infección asociada a la atención de salud con una elevada morbimortalidad, sobre todo en adultos mayores hospitalizados. El aumento en el uso de antibióticos ha ido de la mano con el incremento en el número de casos y de una mayor virulencia. Su presentación clínica va desde portadores asintomáticos hasta megacolon tóxico, escenarios que deben ser considerados al momento de realizar el estudio con exámenes de deposiciones (glutamato deshidrogenasa, toxinas A y B y técnicas de amplificación ácidos nucleares). Se han incorporado al arsenal terapéutico, con mayor nivel de evidencia, la fidaxomicina, trasplante microbiota fecal y recientemente nuevas terapias como anticuerpos monoclonales. Sin embargo, la gravedad de la infección, comorbilidad del paciente, presencia factores de recurrencia, el acceso y el costo económico de cada una de las opciones terapéuticas deben ser considerados. El objetivo de esta revisión es actualizar el manejo propuesto por las Sociedades Chilenas de Gastroenterología e Infectología publicadas el 2016 incorporando las últimas recomendaciones con respecto a prevención, diagnóstico y tratamiento de la infección por C. difficile.

Clostridioides difficile (C. difficile) is one of the leading causes of infection associated with health care with high morbidity and mortality, especially among hospitalized older adults. The increase in the use of antibiotics has been associated with a higher number of cases and greater virulence. Its clinical presentation ranges from asymptomatic carriers to toxic megacolon. Studies with stool tests (glutamate dehydrogenase, toxins A and B, and nuclear acid amplification techniques) should be considered in these cases. Fidaxomicin, fecal microbiota transplant, and new therapies such as monoclonal antibodies have been incorporated into the therapeutic arsenal, with a higher level of evidence. Nevertheless, the severity, patient comorbidity, recurrence risk factors, and the economic cost of each therapeutic option must be considered. This review aims to update the last guidelines proposed by the Chilean Societies of Gastroenterology and Infectious Diseases published in 2016, providing the latest recommendations regarding prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of C. difficile infection.

[Update in diagnosis and management of Clostridioides difficile]. / Actualización en el diagnóstico y manejo de la Infección por Clostridioides difficile.

Clostridioides difficile (C. difficile) is one of the leading causes of infection associated with health care with high morbidity and mortality, especially among hospitalized older adults. The increase in the use of antibiotics has been associated with a higher number of cases and greater virulence. Its clinical presentation ranges from asymptomatic carriers to toxic megacolon. Studies with stool tests (glutamate dehydrogenase, toxins A and B, and nuclear acid amplification techniques) should be considered in these cases. Fidaxomicin, fecal microbiota transplant, and new therapies such as monoclonal antibodies have been incorporated into the therapeutic arsenal, with a higher level of evidence. Nevertheless, the severity, patient comorbidity, recurrence risk factors, and the economic cost of each therapeutic option must be considered. This review aims to update the last guidelines proposed by the Chilean Societies of Gastroenterology and Infectious Diseases published in 2016, providing the latest recommendations regarding prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of C. difficile infection.

Trasplante de microbiota fecal por colonoscopía en una mujer embarazada con infección recurrente por Clostridioides difficile / Fecal microbiota transplantation through colonoscopy for Clostridioides difficile recurrent infection in a pregnant woman

El diagnóstico de la infección por Clostridioides dfficile (ICD) ha aumentado en el embarazo y periparto. Cambios fisiológicos e inmunológicos normales durante el embarazo pueden incrementar el riesgo de ICD. Mujeres embarazadas con ICD tienen una mayor frecuencia de fracaso al tratamiento y una significativa morbilidad y mortalidad. El trasplante de microbiota fecal (TMF) se ha convertido en el tratamiento estándar de la ICD recurrente y refractaria. Sin embargo, existen escasos datos sobre sus resultados en mujeres embarazadas. Presentamos el caso de una mujer embarazada que se sometió con éxito a un TMF para el tratamiento de una ICD recurrente.

The diagnosis of Clostridioides dfficile infection (CDI) in pregnant and peripartum women has increased. In this scenario, there are higher rates of treatment failure and a significant maternal morbidity and mortality. Fecal microbiota transplant (FMT) has become the gold standard for the treatment of recurrent and refractory CDI however, there are few data on its results in pregnant patients. This case showed that FMT could be a therapeutic strategy in pregnant women with recurrent CDI.

Rural and urban disparities in anemia among Peruvian children aged 6-59 months: a multivariate decomposition and spatial analysis.

INTRODUCTION: Anemia is a global public health issue that affects mainly children aged less than 5 years. In Peru, despite the reduction in the prevalence of anemia between 2010 and 2018, anemia remains a major concern, especially in high-risk zones such as rural areas. Several sociodemographic factors have been associated with anemia in children; however, components contributing to the urban-rural gap have not been previously assessed. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the determinants of the difference in anemia prevalence between urban and rural areas, and its spatial distribution in Peruvian children aged 6-59 months. METHODS: A secondary data analysis was conducted using the 2019 Peruvian Demographic Health Survey. The study population included 18 846 children aged 6-59 months. A multivariate decomposition analysis for non-linear response model was performed to identify the factors contributing to the gap in the prevalence of anemia across urban and rural areas. Global Moran´s I autocorrelation, Ordinary Kriging interpolation and Bernoulli-based purely spatial scan statistics were employed to assess the spatial pattern of anemia. RESULTS: Nationwide, the prevalence of anemia in Peru was 29.47% (95%CI 28.63-30.33). In rural areas, it was 38.25%, and in urban areas 26.39%. The decomposition analysis revealed that 88.61% of the difference in the prevalence of anemia between urban and rural areas was attributed to the difference in the respondents' characteristics. Wealth index, mother´s education, mother´s employment status, number of living children and mother´s age were key determinants contributing to the rural-urban gap. Spatial heterogeneity of anemia prevalence in childhood was observed at both inter- and intradepartmental level. The SaTScan spatial analysis identified six significant cluster areas with high prevalence of anemia in childhood. CONCLUSION: A considerable gap of anemia prevalence between urban and rural areas was found. Targeted interventions are necessary to reduce geographic disparities.

Validation of the COVID-19 Fear Scale modified for application during the perinatal period.

PURPOSE: The COVID-19 Fear Scale (FCV-19S) allows screening in general population; however, there is no specific instrument in our population for screening in the perinatal period that considers fear related with COVID-19 and offspring well-being. We aimed to validate the FCV-19S modified for application during the perinatal period. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Analytical, cross-sectional design. After signing consent, women 18-45 years were included. Internal consistency was calculated with Cronbach's alpha, external validity using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), factorial analysis and intraclass correlation coefficient for re-test. RESULTS: The sample included 178 women, mean age 31.04 ± 5.9. We obtained internal consistency with Cronbach's alpha = 0.873 (95%CI, 0.842-0.899). Spearman's Rho coefficient was 0.207 (p= .013). All the elements were statistically significant for the polychoric correlation (p<.001). Reliability test-retest with intraclass correlation was 0.873. CONCLUSIONS: The version of FCV-19S modified with eight items is a valid measurement instrument for application during the perinatal period, showing adequate internal consistency and external validity with HADS as measure of concurrence to identify anxiety related with COVID-19 during the perinatal period.

Prevalence and incidence of diabetic peripheral neuropathy in Latin America and the Caribbean: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

AIMS: The objective of this systematic review and meta-analysis is to estimate the prevalence and incidence of diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC). MATERIALS AND METHODS: We searched MEDLINE, SCOPUS, Web of Science, EMBASE and LILACS databases of published observational studies in LAC up to December 2020. Meta-analyses of proportions were performed using random-effects models using Stata Program 15.1. Heterogeneity was evaluated through sensitivity, subgroup, and meta-regression analyses. Evidence certainty was performed with the GRADE approach. RESULTS: Twenty-nine studies from eight countries were included. The estimated prevalence of DPN was 46.5% (95%CI: 38.0-55.0) with a significant heterogeneity (I2 = 98.2%; p<0.01). Only two studies reported incidence, and the pooled effect size was 13.7% (95%CI: 10.6-17.2). We found an increasing trend of cumulative DPN prevalence over time. The main sources of heterogeneity associated with higher prevalence were diagnosis criteria, higher A1c (%), and inadequate sample size. We judge the included evidence as very low certainty. CONCLUSION: The overall prevalence of DPN is high in LAC with significant heterogeneity between and within countries that could be explained by population type and methodological aspects. Significant gaps (e.g., under-representation of most countries, lack of incidence studies, and heterogenous case definition) were identified. Standardized and population-based studies of DPN in LAC are needed.

Fear of COVID-19 scale: validation in Spanish in the Mexican general population.

INTRODUCTION: The fear of COVID-19 scale (FCV-19S) is used to screen for symptoms of anxiety and depression related to COVID-19 in the general population; it consists of seven questions with Likert-type answers (1-5). Our objective was to validate FCV-19S Spanish version in the Mexican general population. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Analytical, cross-sectional design. Three-hundred and six subjects from the general population were included during 2020 after having signed informed consent. Barlett and Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) sphericity tests were applied. Reliability was calculated with Cronbach's alpha, and external validity, using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale and Pearson's correlation coefficient for retest. RESULTS: The general population sample included 306 participants; 64.4 % were women (n = 197), mean age was 32 years (18-68). We obtained a KMO = 0.848, internal consistency with Cronbach's alpha = 0.870 (95% CI: 0.848-0.891), a rho coefficient of 0.508 (p < 0.001) and external validity of 0.151 (p = 0.008). Confirmatory analysis showed: χ2 = 22.802 (df = 13) with CMIN-DF = 1.900 (p ≤ 0.001), GFI = 0.972, CFI = 0.901, RMSEA = 0.062 (90% CI: 0.019-0.100) and TLI = 0.827. CONCLUSIONS: According to our findings, the scale shows adequate psychometric properties: reliability, internal consistency, correlation with subsequent measurements and convergence validity, for initial screening of the Mexican general population.

INTRODUCCIÓN: La Escala de temor a la COVID-19 (FCV-19S) se usa en el tamizaje de síntomas de ansiedad y depresión relacionados con la COVID-19 en población general; consta de siete preguntas con respuestas tipo Likert (1-5). Nuestro objetivo fue validar la versión del FCV-19S en la población general mexicana. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Diseño transversal analítico. Se incluyeron 306 sujetos de la población general durante 2020 con firma previa de consentimiento informado. Se aplicaron pruebas de esfericidad de Barlett y Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO). Se calculó la confiabilidad con el alfa de Cronbach, la validez externa utilizando la Escala hospitalaria de ansiedad y depresión y el coeficiente de correlación de Pearson para retest. RESULTADOS: La muestra de la población general incluyó a 306 participantes, el 64.4% mujeres (n = 197), edad media 32 años (18-68). Obtuvimos un KMO = 0.848, consistencia interna con alfa de Cronbach = 0.870 (IC 95%: 0.848-0.891), coeficiente rho de 0.508 (p < 0.001) y validez externa de 0.151 (p = 0.008). El análisis confirmatorio mostró: χ2 = 22.802 (df = 13) con CMIN-DF= 1.900, p ≤ 0.001, GFI = 0.972, CFI = 0.901, RMSEA = 0.062 (IC 90%: 0.019-0.100) y TLI = 0.827. CONCLUSIONES: La FCV-19S demuestra propiedades psicométricas adecuadas (confiabilidad, consistencia interna, correlación con mediciones subsecuentes y validez de convergencia) para su aplicación en la población general mexicana.

The Chemical-Mineralogical Characterization of Recycled Concrete Aggregates from Different Sources and Their Potential Reactions in Asphalt Mixtures.

The incorporation of a recycled concrete aggregate (RCA) as a replacement of natural aggregates (NA) in road construction has been the subject of recent research. This tendency promotes sustainability, but its use depends mainly on the final product's properties, such as chemical stability. This study evaluates the physical and chemical properties of RCAs from two different sources in comparison with the performance of NA. One RCA was obtained from the demolition of a building (recycled concrete aggregate of a building-RCAB) and another RCA from the rehabilitation of a Portland cement concrete pavement (recycled concrete aggregate from a pavement-RCAP). Characterization techniques such as X-ray fluorescence (XRF), X-ray diffraction (XRD), UV spectroscopy, and atomic absorption spectrometry were used to evaluate the RCAs' coarse fractions for chemical potential effects on asphalt mixtures. NA was replaced with RCA at 15%, 30%, and 45% for each size of the coarse fractions (retained 19.0, 12.5, 9.5, and 4.75 sieves in mm). The mineralogical characterization results indicated the presence of quartz (SiO2) and calcite (CaCO3) as the most significant constituents of the aggregates. XFR showed that RCAs have lower levels of CaO and Al2O3 concerning NA. Potential reactions in asphalt mixtures by nitration, sulfonation, amination of organic compounds, and reactions by alkaline activation in the aggregates were discarded due to the minimum concentration of components such as NO2, (-SO3H), (-SO2Cl), and (Na) in the aggregates. Finally, this research concludes that studied RCAs might be used as replacements of coarse aggregate in asphalt mixtures since chemical properties do not affect the overall chemical stability of the asphalt mixture.

La brucelosis en el diagnóstico diferencial de las meningitis asépticas: a propósito de un caso / Aseptic meningitis caused by brucellosis. Report of one case

Aseptic meningitis represents a diagnostic challenge for the clinician. Cytological and chemical parameters are key in the differential diagnosis. Hypoglycorrhachia is a strong predictor of a bacterial origin for aseptic meningitis. We report a 44-year-old male with a history of recurrent febrile headaches admitted with fever and delirium. The initial cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis showed low glucose levels. Magnetic resonance imaging did not show abnormalities. The patient was discharged but was admitted again three weeks later with fever, headache and a stiff neck. The CSF was inflammatory with low glucose levels. Serology for brucellosis was positive. The patient was treated with ceftriaxone and rifampicin with a good clinical response.

[Aseptic meningitis caused by brucellosis. Report of one case]. / La brucelosis en el diagnóstico diferencial de las meningitis asépticas: a propósito de un caso.

Aseptic meningitis represents a diagnostic challenge for the clinician. Cytological and chemical parameters are key in the differential diagnosis. Hypoglycorrhachia is a strong predictor of a bacterial origin for aseptic meningitis. We report a 44-year-old male with a history of recurrent febrile headaches admitted with fever and delirium. The initial cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis showed low glucose levels. Magnetic resonance imaging did not show abnormalities. The patient was discharged but was admitted again three weeks later with fever, headache and a stiff neck. The CSF was inflammatory with low glucose levels. Serology for brucellosis was positive. The patient was treated with ceftriaxone and rifampicin with a good clinical response.

[Transplantation of fecal matter in octogenarian patients with recurrent Clostridioides difficile infection]. / Trasplante de materia fecal en pacientes octogenarios con infección recurrente por Clostridioides difficile.

Clostridioides (formerly Clostridium) difficile infection has become a major health problem due to the increase in its incidence, severity, and recurrence. In this last scenario, age over 65 has been associated with a more unfavorable evolution. Risk factors such as the presence of altered immunity, comorbidities, malnutrition, polypharmacy, and changes in the intestinal microbiota would explain this higher risk in this group of patients. On the other hand, fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) is an effective strategy in the treatment of recurrent Clostridioides difficile infection when standard therapy fails. Recently published guidelines suggest that this strategy can be used from the second recurrence. However, few studies have evaluated the results of the FMT in patients over 65 years old, and for our knowledge, there is limited national experience in this group of patients. We present two cases of TMF in octogenarian patients with a recurrent infection due to Clostridioides difficile, with satisfactory recovery at the long term.

Trasplante de materia fecal en pacientes octogenarios con infección recurrente por Clostridioides difficile / Transplantation of fecal matter in octogenarian patients with recurrent Clostridioides difficile infection

Resumen La infección por Clostridioides (previamente Clostridium) difficile se ha convertido en un problema de salud importante debido al aumento en su incidencia, gravedad y recurrencia. En este último escenario, una edad mayor de 65 años ha sido asociada a una evolución más desfavorable. Factores de riesgo como la presencia de una inmunidad alterada, co-morbilidades, malnutrición, polifarmacia y cambios en la microbiota intestinal explicarían este mayor riesgo a mayor edad. El trasplante de microbiota fecal (TMF) es una estrategia efectiva en el tratamiento de la infección recurrente por Clostridioides difficile cuando la terapia estándar fracasa. Guías publicadas recientemente sugieren que esta estrategia puede ser utilizada a partir de la segunda recurrencia. Sin embargo, escasos estudios han evaluado los resultados del TMF en pacientes mayores de 65 años y para nuestro conocimiento existe una escasa experiencia nacional en este grupo de pacientes. Presentamos dos casos de TMF en pacientes octogenarios con una infección recurrente por Clostridioides difficile, con una evolución satisfactoria a largo plazo.

Clostridioides (formerly Clostridium) difficile infection has become a major health problem due to the increase in its incidence, severity, and recurrence. In this last scenario, age over 65 has been associated with a more unfavorable evolution. Risk factors such as the presence of altered immunity, comorbidities, malnutrition, polypharmacy, and changes in the intestinal microbiota would explain this higher risk in this group of patients. On the other hand, fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) is an effective strategy in the treatment of recurrent Clostridioides difficile infection when standard therapy fails. Recently published guidelines suggest that this strategy can be used from the second recurrence. However, few studies have evaluated the results of the FMT in patients over 65 years old, and for our knowledge, there is limited national experience in this group of patients. We present two cases of TMF in octogenarian patients with a recurrent infection due to Clostridioides difficile, with satisfactory recovery at the long term.

[Fecal microbiota transplantation through colonoscopy for Clostridium difficile recurrent infection. Report of eight cases]. / Experiencia del trasplante de microbiota fecal a través de colonoscopía en el tratamiento de la infección por Clostridium difficile recurrente.

BACKGROUND: Most cases of Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) respond to a standard course of antibiotics, however recurrent CDI is becoming common and alternative therapeutic strategies are needed. In this scenario, fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) has been suggested. AIM: To describe the efficacy and safety of FMT for the treatment of recurrent CDI. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Review of medical records of all patients with recurrent CDI treated with FMT between April 2013 and April 2017. Demographic and clinical data were abstracted including details of treatment prior to FMT, rate of FMT treatment success and clinical course during follow-up period. Telephone surveys were conducted to determine patient satisfaction. RESULTS: Eight patients aged 19 to 82 years (six women) underwent FMT. They experienced a median of four previous episodes of CDI (range 3-8). The mean duration of CDI was 18 days (range 3-36) before FMT. All procedures were performed by colonoscopy. Effectiveness with one session of FMT was 100%. During the follow-up period (median 24 months, range 7-55), two patients developed CDI, one of them after using antibiotics. Adverse events were reported in three patients. Two had bloating and one patient with Crohn's disease and a history of bacteremia had an episode of Escherichia coli bacteremia. All patients would use FMT again if necessary. CONCLUSIONS: FMT through colonoscopy appears to be a safe, effective and long-lasting therapy in cases of recurrent CDI.

Experiencia del trasplante de microbiota fecal a través de colonoscopía en el tratamiento de la infección por Clostridium difficile recurrente / Fecal microbiota transplantation through colonoscopy for Clostridium difficile recurrent infection: report of eight cases

Background: Most cases of Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) respond to a standard course of antibiotics, however recurrent CDI is becoming common and alternative therapeutic strategies are needed. In this scenario, fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) has been suggested. Aim: To describe the efficacy and safety of FMT for the treatment of recurrent CDI. Patients and Methods: Review of medical records of all patients with recurrent CDI treated with FMT between April 2013 and April 2017. Demographic and clinical data were abstracted including details of treatment prior to FMT, rate of FMT treatment success and clinical course during follow-up period. Telephone surveys were conducted to determine patient satisfaction. Results: Eight patients aged 19 to 82 years (six women) underwent FMT. They experienced a median of four previous episodes of CDI (range 3-8). The mean duration of CDI was 18 days (range 3-36) before FMT. All procedures were performed by colonoscopy. Effectiveness with one session of FMT was 100%. During the follow-up period (median 24 months, range 7-55), two patients developed CDI, one of them after using antibiotics. Adverse events were reported in three patients. Two had bloating and one patient with Crohn's disease and a history of bacteremia had an episode of Escherichia coli bacteremia. All patients would use FMT again if necessary. Conclusions: FMT through colonoscopy appears to be a safe, effective and long-lasting therapy in cases of recurrent CDI.

[Outbreak due to Serratia marcescens associated with intrinsic contamination of aqueous chlorhexidine]. / Brote de infección nosocomial por Serratia marcescens asociado a contaminación intrínseca de clorhexidina acuosa.

Serratia marcescens is a widely distributed gram-negative rod, often associated to nosocomial infections. Some outbreaks linked to contaminated antiseptic solutions have been reported. In this study we report a nosocomial outbreak of surgical site infection and catheter insertion site infection due to S. marcescens. 33 patients with positive cultures were studied after an index case was identified. Epidemiological, microbiological and molecular analysis demostrated an intrinsic contamination of alcohol free chlorhexidine solution as causal factor. Positive cultures were associated with 13 clinical infections, 9 colonized patients, 6 pseudobacteremia episodes and 5 patients without documented exposure. Hospital and national recall of contaminated chlorhexidine solution was performed after this study. Intrinsic contamination of antiseptic solutions is an infrequent cause of nosocomial infections with major epidemiological relevance.

Brote de infección nosocomial por Serratia marcescens asociado a contaminación intrínseca de clorhexidina acuosa / Outbreak due to Serratia marcescens associated with intrinsic contamination of aqueous chlorhexidine

Serratia marcescens is a widely distributed gram-negative rod, often associated to nosocomial infections. Some outbreaks linked to contaminated antiseptic solutions have been reported. In this study we report a nosocomial outbreak of surgical site infection and catheter insertion site infection due to S. marcescens. 33 patients with positive cultures were studied after an index case was identified. Epidemiological, microbiological and molecular analysis demostrated an intrinsic contamination of alcohol free chlorhexidine solution as causal factor. Positive cultures were associated with 13 clinical infections, 9 colonized patients, 6 pseudobacteremia episodes and 5 patients without documented exposure. Hospital and national recall of contaminated chlorhexidine solution was performed after this study. Intrinsic contamination of antiseptic solutions is an infrequent cause of nosocomial infections with major epidemiological relevance.

Serratia marcescens es un bacilo gramnegativo de amplia distribución, frecuentemente asociado a infecciones nosocomiales. Se han descrito brotes asociados a la contaminación de diversas soluciones antisépticas. Describimos a continuación un brote de infección de sitio operatorio (ISO) y de infección de sitio de inserción de catéter vascular (ISC) por S. marcescens. A raíz de un caso índice se estudió un total de 33 pacientes con cultivo positivo para S. marcescens. El análisis epidemiológico, microbiológico y molecular logró demostrar la contaminación intrínseca de un lote de clorhexidina acuosa, como fuente común de exposición. Las muestras positivas correspondieron a 13 infecciones clínicas, nueve colonizaciones, seis pseudo-bacteriemias y cinco pacientes sin exposición demostrada. Los resultados de este estudio determinaron el retiro del producto de la institución y posteriormente a nivel nacional. La contaminación intrínseca de antisépticos es una causa poco frecuente de brotes de infecciones nosocomiales cuya identificación posee un gran impacto epidemiológico.

[Fecal microbiota transplantation: first case report in Chile and review]. / Trasplante de microbiota fecal: primer caso reportado en Chile y revisión de la literatura.

Clostridium difficile (CD) infection is increasing in frequency and severity in in-hospital and outpatient clinical settings, with a recurrence that can reach 30% after first episode. The recurrences are usually treated with longer courses of metronidazole or vancomycin. Other treatments have been used, such as probiotics, fidaxomicin, rifaximin, immunoglobulins and monoclonal antibodies against toxins A and B. Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) has emerged as a promising strategy in this group of patients, with effectiveness greater than 90%. We present the first case reported in Chile of this therapeutic strategy in a patient with Crohn's disease and recurrent CD infection who presented after the fecal transplantation an Escherichia coli bacteremia, suggesting the need for caution in the use of this strategy. 10 months after the FMT the patient presented a new episode of E. coli bacteremia and two episodes of diarrhea due to CD infection, treated both of them with vancomycin with good clinical response.

Trasplante de microbiota fecal: primer caso reportado en Chile y revisión de la literatura / Fecal microbiota transplantation: first case report in Chile and review

Clostridium difficile (CD) infection is increasing in frequency and severity in in-hospital and outpatient clinical settings, with a recurrence that can reach 30% after first episode. The recurrences are usually treated with longer courses of metronidazole or vancomycin. Other treatments have been used, such as probiotics, fidaxomicin, rifaximin, immunoglobulins and monoclonal antibodies against toxins A and B. Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) has emerged as a promising strategy in this group of patients, with effectiveness greater than 90%. We present the first case reported in Chile of this therapeutic strategy in a patient with Crohn's disease and recurrent CD infection who presented after the fecal transplantation an Escherichia coli bacteremia, suggesting the need for caution in the use of this strategy. 10 months after the FMT the patient presented a new episode of E. coli bacteremia and two episodes of diarrhea due to CD infection, treated both of them with vancomycin with good clinical response.

La infección por Clostridium difficile (CD) está aumentando en frecuencia y gravedad tanto a nivel intrahospitalario como ambulatorio, con una recurrencia que puede alcanzar hasta 30% después de un primer episodio. Los cuadros recurrentes son generalmente tratados con cursos prolongados de metronidazol y/o vancomicina. Otras terapias han sido sugeridas como el uso de probióticos, fidaxomicina, rifaximina, inmunoglobulina y anticuerpos monoclonales para toxina A y B. El trasplante de microbiota fecal (TMF) ha emergido como una estrategia promisoria en este grupo de pacientes con una efectividad mayor a 90%. Presentamos el primer caso reportado en Chile de esta estrategia terapéutica en un paciente con enfermedad de Crohn y CD recurrente, quien presentó una bacteriemia por Escherichia coli post-TMF, sugiriendo la necesidad de tener precaución con el uso de esta estrategia. El paciente presentó a los 10 meses post-TMF un nuevo episodio de bacteriemia por E. coli y dos episodios de diarrea por CD siendo tratados ambos cuadros con vancomicina con buena respuesta clínica.