Voluntary vs forced physical activity, which is more effective in reducing body weight gain from sucrose consumption?

ABSTRACT The organoleptic characteristics of sucrose encourage its consumption in excessive amounts that result in increased body weight and possible involvement of other health indicators. In contrast, physical activity reduces body weight and promotes health and well-being, however the question remains as to what type of physical activity is the most effective to achieve those goals. The objective of the current study was to compare the effect of voluntary (VA) vs forced physical activity (FA) on body weight in organisms that consume sucrose daily. Twenty, three-month-old Wistar female rats were assigned either VA or FA; both groups were exposed to beverages with 8% sucrose concentration. The results showed that consuming sucrose daily increased body weight, despite being an active organism. However, this increase was by 11% in the VA group and 8.4% among the FA group. Therefore, although neither type of physical activity proposed in this study was effective to reduce body weight, FA influenced body weight gain less. Another interesting result was that VA registered a greater effect by reducing the consumption of sucrose. In conclusion, performing physical activity delays, but does not reverse, body weight gain from sucrose consumption.

RESUMEN Las características organolépticas de la sacarosa incentivan su consumo en cantidades excesivas que tienen como resultado el incremento del peso corporal y la posible afectación de otros indicadores de salud. En contraparte, la realización de actividad física reduce el peso corporal y favorece la salud y bienestar, pero ¿cuál es la manera más efectiva de realizar actividad física para lograr esos objetivos? Se planteó como objetivo comparar el efecto de la actividad física voluntaria (AV) contra el de la actividad física forzada (AF) sobre el peso corporal en organismos que consumen diariamente sacarosa. Se utilizaron veinte ratas hembras de la cepa Wistar de tres meses de edad, agrupadas en: (1) actividad voluntaria; (2) actividad forzada. Ambos expuestos a una bebida al 8% de concentración de sacarosa. Los resultados mostraron que consumir sacarosa diariamente incrementa el peso corporal, a pesar de ser un organismo activo. Sin embargo, este aumento fue en un 11% en AV y del 8.4% en AF. Por lo que, si bien ningún tipo de actividad física propuesto en este estudio fue efectivo para reducir el peso corporal, realizar actividad física de forma forzada influye en que la ganancia de el peso corporal sea menor. Otro resultado de interés, fue que realizar actividad física voluntaria registró un mayor efecto al reducir el consumo de sacarosa. En conclusión, realizar actividad fisica retrasa, pero no revierte la ganancia de peso corporal ante el consumo de sacarosa.

Raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.), a Promising Alternative in the Treatment of Hyperglycemia and Dyslipidemias.

Raspberry production and consumption have increased in recent years due to its polyphenol content such as anthocyanins and ketones, bioactive compounds that have been studied to reduce blood glucose levels and stabilize the blood lipid profile. The objective of this study was to systematically recover and review scientific evidence regarding the consumption of raspberry or its bioactive compounds and the action mechanisms involved in the hypoglycemic and lipid-lowering effects they present. Original articles from in vitro and in vivo enzyme inhibition studies, animal models, and human clinical studies were compiled in PubMed, Web of Science, and Science Direct databases. Studies showed satisfactory results regarding blood glucose level reduction after consumption of frozen or lyophilized raspberry, infusion of raspberry leaves, seed oil, as well as compounds, extracted from the fruit by inhibiting enzymes such as α-glucosidase and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) and other mechanisms that increase insulin production and insulin sensitivity. However, regarding the lipid-lowering effect, the results were heterogeneous, mainly in terms of stabilization in triglyceride levels. However, a reduction in cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein levels is reported, as well as an increase in high-density lipoproteins. According to the results, raspberry can be included in the nonpharmacological treatment of hyperglycemia and dyslipidemias; however, further research is considered necessary.

Dysfunctional Patterns of Food Intake by Anxiety during Isolation by COVID-19 in Chile, Colombia and Mexico.

The aim of this research was to compare food intake dysfunctional patterns score with the subjective perception of anxiety and sociodemographic characteristics of the participants in isolation by COVID-19 from Chile, Colombia, and Mexico. A cross-sectional research was carried out, with a virtual questionnaire of subjective perception of anxiety and the questionnaire of three 18-item feeding factors. 958 people of both sexes participated (F = 83%, M = 17%), mainly in the 18 to 35 age range. Dysfunctional eating patterns presented high scores in people who perceived anxiety, as well as in participants from Chile. Additionally, it was found that women present greater cognitive restriction and emotional intake, and college students showed greater disinhibition. In conclusion, the scores of the three dysfunctional eating patterns were higher in people with subjective perception of anxiety during social isolation due to COVID-19, and there were also differences according to country, sex, and educational level.

El objetivo de esta investigación fue comparar el puntaje de los patrones disfuncionales de la ingesta con la percepción subjetiva de la ansiedad y características sociodemográficas de los participantes en aislamiento por COVID-19 de Chile, Colombia y México. Se realizó una investigación de tipo transversal, con un cuestionario virtual de percepción subjetiva de la ansiedad y el cuestionario de tres factores de alimentación 18-items. Participaron 958 personas de ambos sexos (F = 83%, M = 17%), principalmente en el rango de edad de 18 35 años. Los patrones disfuncionales de la ingesta presentaron puntajes altos en personas que percibieron ansiedad y en participantes de Chile. Adicionalmente, se encontró que las mujeres presentan mayor restricción cognitiva e ingesta emocional y los estudiantes universitarios mostraron mayor desinhibición. En conclusión, los puntajes de los tres patrones disfuncionales de la ingesta fueron más altos en las personas con percepción subjetiva de ansiedad durante el aislamiento social por COVID-19 y así mismo se presentaron diferencias de acuerdo al país, sexo y nivel educativo.

Light-dark cycle inversion effect on food intake and body weight in rats.

INTRODUCTION: Background: most organisms inhabiting this planet have rhythmic functions in cycles that approximate 24 hours as a result of evolutionary adaptation. Disruption of these rhythms causes disruption in many bodily functions, including energy expenditure and consumption, and lipid and glucose metabolism, in addition to altering several biochemical parameters. Objective: the aim of this study was to determine the effect of altering the light-dark cycle on diurnal and nocturnal food consumption and body weight in rats. Material and methods: three experiments were carried out with an experimental group and a control group in each one. The groups included six males with an age of four months at the beginning of the experiment. Each experiment was 30 days long, starting with a baseline of 10 days and then inverting the light-dark cycle for another 20 days. In the first experiment the inversion took place at the end of the baseline period; in the second, the inversion was performed on days 10 and 20; in the third experiment inversions occurred every five days following the initial 10 days of baseline. Results: our results show a lower body weight gain in the experimental groups when compared to the control groups. Conclusions: significant differences in total consumption of food were not found, but were seen in the patterns of day and night consumption, along with a tendency to develop alterations characteristic of metabolic syndrome, which increased with the frequency of light-dark cycle inversion.

INTRODUCCIÓN: Introducción: la mayoría de los organismos que habitan este planeta tienen funciones rítmicas que siguen ciclos cercanos a las 24 horas, resultado de la adaptación evolutiva. La alteración de estos ritmos provoca disrupción en funciones como el gasto y el consumo de energía, y el metabolismo de los lípidos y la glucosa, además de alterar varios parámetros bioquímicos. Objetivo: el objetivo de este trabajo fue determinar el efecto de la alteración del ciclo luz-oscuridad sobre el consumo diurno y nocturno de alimento y el peso corporal en ratas. Material y métodos: se llevaron a cabo tres experimentos con un grupo experimental y uno de control en cada uno de ellos. Los grupos estuvieron compuestos de seis machos de cuatro meses de edad cada uno. Cada experimento tuvo una duración de 30 días, comenzando con una línea base de 10 días y realizando inversiones del ciclo luz-oscuridad durante los otros 20 días. En el primer experimento se realizó una inversión al término de la línea base; en el experimento dos se realizó en los días 10 y 20; en el tercero, las inversiones se realizaron cada cinco días, tras los 10 días de la línea base. Resultados: los resultados muestran una ganancia de peso corporal menor en los grupos experimentales en relación con los grupos de control. Conclusión: no se encontró ninguna diferencia significativa en el consumo de alimento total pero sí en los patrones de consumo diurno y nocturno, que se intensificaron con el aumento de la frecuencia de la inversión del ciclo luz-oscuridad.

Effect of the fatty acid composition of meals on postprandial energy expenditure: a systematic review.

OBJECTIVE: The energy imbalance produced by an increase in caloric intake and/or decrease in energy expenditure induces obesity. However, the fatty acid composition of a diet can affect the metabolism in different ways, having a role in the development of obesity. AIM: To determine the effect of different fatty acids types and composition on Diet-Induced Thermogenesis (DIT) and postprandial energy expenditure in humans. METHODS: A search in the PubMed and Web of Science databases, yielded a total of 269 potential articles as a first result; 254 were excluded according to the criteria. RESULTS: Fifteen articles were used for this systematic review. The studies analyzed report different effects of the fatty acids of the treatment on the diet-induced thermogenesis. Evidence indicates that the consumption of polyunsaturated fatty acids causes a greater DIT than saturated fatty acids. Also, the consumption of medium-chain fatty acids compared to long-chain fatty acids has been shown to increase DIT. Likewise, the use of certain oils has shown positive effects on postprandial energy expenditure, as is the case of olive oil, compared to rapeseed oil. CONCLUSIONS: The use of specific types of fatty acids in the everyday diet can increase postprandial energy expenditure in humans. Nevertheless, longer-term studies are required.

Effect of the fatty acid composition of meals on postprandial energy expenditure: a systematic review

SUMMARY The energy imbalance produced by an increase in caloric intake and/or decrease in energy expenditure induces obesity. However, the fatty acid composition of a diet can affect the metabolism in different ways, having a role in the development of obesity. AIM To determine the effect of different fatty acids types and composition on Diet-Induced Thermogenesis (DIT) and postprandial energy expenditure in humans. METHODS A search in the PubMed and Web of Science databases, yielded a total of 269 potential articles as a first result; 254 were excluded according to the criteria. RESULTS Fifteen articles were used for this systematic review. The studies analyzed report different effects of the fatty acids of the treatment on the diet-induced thermogenesis. Evidence indicates that the consumption of polyunsaturated fatty acids causes a greater DIT than saturated fatty acids. Also, the consumption of medium-chain fatty acids compared to long-chain fatty acids has been shown to increase DIT. Likewise, the use of certain oils has shown positive effects on postprandial energy expenditure, as is the case of olive oil, compared to rapeseed oil. CONCLUSIONS The use of specific types of fatty acids in the everyday diet can increase postprandial energy expenditure in humans. Nevertheless, longer-term studies are required.

RESUMO O desequilíbrio energético produzido pelo aumento da ingestão calórica e/ou diminuição do gasto energético provoca obesidade. Sem embargo, a composição de ácidos graxos da dieta pode afetar diferencialmente o metabolismo, tendo um papel no desenvolvimento da obesidade. OBJETIVO Determinar os efeitos de diferentes tipos de ácidos graxos e sua composição na termogênese induzida por dieta e no gasto energético pós-prandial em humanos. MÉTODOS Uma busca nas bases de dados da PubMed e da Web of Science gerou um total de 269 artigos potenciais como primeiro resultado; 254 foram excluídos de acordo com os critérios. RESULTADOS Quinze artigos foram utilizados para esta revisão sistemática. Os estudos analisados informam os efeitos diferenciais dos ácidos graxos no tratamento da termogênese induzida pela dieta. As evidências indicam que o consumo dos ácidos graxos poli-insaturados ocasiona maior DIT que os ácidos graxos saturados. Além disso, demonstra-se que o consumo dos ácidos graxos da cadeia média, em comparação com os ácidos graxos da cadeia longa, aumenta o DIT. Do mesmo modo, o uso de certos azeites demonstra os efeitos positivos sobre o gasto de energia pós-prandial, como é o caso do azeite de oliva, em comparação com o azeite de colza. CONCLUSÃO O uso de tipos específicos de ácidos graxos na dieta habitual pode aumentar o gasto de energia pós-prandial nos seres humanos. Sem embargo, é necessária maior investigação no longo prazo.

[Effect of feeding frequency and schedules on diet induced thermogenesis in humans, a systematic review]. / Efecto de la frecuencia y horario de alimentación sobre la termogénesis inducida por la dieta en humanos, una revisión sistemática.

Total energy expenditure (TEE) has three components: basal expenditure, physical activity expenditure, and diet-induced thermogenesis (DIT). This last component, although represents 10% of TEE, if is altered, could have a long-term effect on body weight. Different factors have been shown to influence DIT, including diet composition. However, other factors such as feeding frequency and schedules have been studied for their role in altering DIT. This systematic review explores the research regarding the frequency and timing of feeding and its effect on DIT in humans. A search was made in the PubMed and Web of Science databases, which gave a total of 542 potential articles; 528 were excluded and 14 articles were used for this systematic review in accordance with the inclusion criteria. Although the results are still incipient, the effect of the circadian rhythms that influence the increase of the DIT in response to the morning meal when comparing it with night, as well as the increase in the DIT after the implementation of regular feeding frequencies and decreased DIT after the variable feeding frequencies, stand out. Finally, a tendency to increase in the DIT when the interprandial periods are equal to or greater than two hours and a decrease when these periods are less than two hours were also observed. These results point to a research field with therapeutic potential in the prevention and control of overweight and obesity.

El gasto energético total (GET) tiene tres componentes: el gasto basal, el gasto por actividad física (GAF) y la termogénesis inducida por la dieta (TID). Este último, aunque representa alrededor del 10% del GET, al ser alterado, podría tener efectos a largo plazo sobre el peso corporal. Diferentes factores han mostrado influir sobre la TID, entre ellos la composición de la dieta. Sin embargo, otros factores como la frecuencia y los horarios de alimentación han sido investigados por su papel en la alteración de la TID. Esta revisión sistemática analiza las investigaciones respecto a la frecuencia y los horarios de alimentación y su efecto sobre la TID en humanos. Se realizó una búsqueda en las bases de datos PubMed y Web of Science, que dio como resultado un total de 542 artículos potenciales. De ellos, se excluyeron 528 en concordancia con los criterios de inclusión, utilizando 14 artículos para esta revisión sistemática. Aunque los resultados son aún incipientes, destacan el efecto de los ritmos circadianos con un incremento de la TID en respuesta a las ingestas matutinas en comparación con las nocturnas, un incremento en la TID posterior a la implementación de frecuencias regulares de alimentación y disminución de la TID posterior a las frecuencias variables. Por último, se observó una tendencia a incremento en la TID cuando los periodos interprandiales son iguales o mayores a dos horas y a disminución cuando son menores. Estos resultados señalan un área de investigación con potencial terapéutico en la prevención y el control del sobrepeso y la obesidad.

Effects of green tea and its epigallocatechin (EGCG) content on body weight and fat mass in humans: a systematic review / Efectos del té verde y su contenido de galato de epigalocatequina (EGCG) sobre el peso corporal y la masa grasa en humanos. Una revisión sistemática.

The prevalence and incidence of overweight and obesity worldwide continues to increase, as well as diseases related to these conditions. This is attributed to an increase in energy intake and a decrease in energy expenditure. Consumption of green tea has been linked to a reduction in body fat and body weight. However, research on green tea has been very diverse. This review assesses the investigations that have been made with green tea and its epigallocatechin gallato (EGCG) content, evaluating its effect on body fat and body weight in humans. A search was made in the PubMed and Web of the Science databases that gave a first total result of 424 potential articles; 409 were excluded and 15 articles were used for this systematic review. Research has been very varied, however, daily consumption of green tea with doses of EGCG between 100 and 460 mg/day has shown greater effectiveness on body fat and body weight reduction in intervention periods of 12 weeks or more. In addition, the use of caffeine doses between 80 and 300 mg/day has been shown to be an important factor for this effects, when the participants did not have a high caffeine intake (> 300 mg/day) prior to the intervention.

La prevalencia e incidencia del sobrepeso y la obesidad continúan en aumento a nivel mundial, así como las enfermedades relacionadas con estas condiciones. Ello se atribuye a un incremento en la ingesta de energía y una disminución en el gasto de la misma. El consumo de té verde se ha relacionado con una reducción en la grasa y el peso corporal. Sin embargo, las investigaciones realizadas con el té verde han sido muy diversas. Esta revisión sistemática explora las investigaciones que se han realizado con té verde y su contenido de galato de epigalocatequina (EGCG) evaluando su efecto sobre la grasa y el peso corporal en humanos. Se realizó una búsqueda en las bases de datos PubMed y Web of Science que dio como primer resultado un total de 424 artículos potenciales. Fueron excluidos 409, por lo que se utilizaron 15 artículos para esta revisión sistemática. Las investigaciones han sido muy diversas; sin embargo, el consumo diario de té verde con dosis de EGCG entre los 100 y los 460 mg/día ha mostrado mayor efectividad sobre la reducción de masa grasa y peso corporal en periodos de intervención de 12 semanas o más. Además, la utilización de dosis de cafeína entre 80 y 300 mg/día ha mostrado ser un factor de importancia para los efectos obtenidos, siempre y cuando los participantes no tuviesen previo a la intervención una ingesta habitual de cafeína alta (> 300 mg/día).

Effect of early exposure to sucralose on fluid intake in rats / Efecto de la exposición temprana a la sucralosa sobre el consumo de líquidos en ratas

Experimental evidence has demonstrated the effect of exposure history on feeding behavior in organisms. However, it is reported that sucralose is not adequately consumed by the rats. The aim of this study was to evaluate effect of early exposure to sucralose in subsequent fluid intake in Wistar rats. Twenty rats were assigned into two groups, A and S. The S group was exposed to sucralose from nursing, since her mother drank a solution with sucralose during this stage. Group A was exposed to water. At 90 days of age both groups received a solution with sucralose for 10 days, followed by 10 days in which they returned to initial conditions (A, water and S, sucralose). Later both groups received water for 10 days, ending the experiment with a return to initial conditions for 10 days. The results showed a differential effect in sucralose and water consumption with respect to sex. In particular females consumed more sucralose than males. However, experimental group exposed to it early sucralose showed a higher consumption compared with the group exposed to water. These results showed that exposure to sucralose flavor during lactation influences the fluids habitually consumed by females, also showed differential effects with respect to sex. Animals exposed to sucralose from nursing showed an increase in sucralose consumption after water intake. This evidence demonstrates the role that early exposure to specific flavors in the pattern of consumption in adulthood. Additionally, it is possible to point out the importance of learning at an early age as a tool to prevent the development of food pathologies.

La evidencia experimental ha demostrado el efecto de la historia de exposición sobre el comportamiento de alimentación en los organismos. Sin embargo, se ha reportado que la sucralosa no es consumida por las ratas. El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar el efecto de la exposición temprana a la sucralosa en el consumo de líquidos de ratas de la cepa Wistar. Veinte ratas de la cepa Wistar se dividieron en dos grupos: A y S. El grupo S, estuvo expuesto a la sucralosa desde la lactancia, ya que su madre tomó una solución con sucralosa en esa etapa. El grupo A estuvo expuesto a agua. A los 90 días de edad ambos grupos recibieron como bebida una solución con sucralosa por 10 días, seguido de 10 días en los que retornaron a condiciones iniciales (A, agua y S, sucralosa). Posteriormente recibieron como bebida agua por 10 días, finalizando el experimento con un retorno a condiciones iniciales por 10 días. Los resultados mostraron un efecto diferencial en el consumo de sucralosa y agua con respecto al género. En particular, las hembras consumieron más sucralosa que los machos. Sin embargo, el grupo experimental expuesto a la sucralosa mostró un consumo más alto en comparación con el grupo expuesto al agua. Estos resultados mostraron que la exposición al sabor de la sucralosa desde la lactancia, influyó en el consumo habitual de líquidos en las hembras. Los animales expuestos a la sucralosa desde la lactancia mostraron un aumento en el consumo de sucralosa después de la ingesta de agua. Esta evidencia demuestra el papel que tiene la exposición temprana a sabores específicos en los patrones de consumo en la edad adulta. Además, es posible señalar la importancia del aprendizaje a una edad temprana como una herramienta para prevenir el desarrollo de patologías alimentarias.