Atmosphere-dependent combustion of Ganoderma lucidum biomass toward its enhanced transformability into green energy.

Globally, the circular efficiency of biomass resources has become a priority due to the depletion and negative environmental impacts of fossil fuels. This study aimed to quantify the atmosphere-dependent combustion of Ganoderma lucidum (GL) biomass and its thermodynamic and kinetic parameters toward enhancing its circularity and transformability characteristics. The GL combustion occurred in the three stages of moisture removal, volatile release, and coke combustion. Combustion performance characteristics were more favorable in the N2/O2 atmosphere than in the CO2/O2 atmosphere under the same heating rates. The rising heating rate facilitated the release of volatiles. According to the model-free methods of Ozawa-Flynn-Wall and Kissinger-Akahira-Sunose, the activation energies essential for the primary reaction were 283.09 kJ/mol and 288.28 kJ/mol in the N2/O2 atmosphere and 233.09 kJ/mol and 235.64 kJ/mol in the CO2/O2 atmosphere. The gaseous products of the GL combustion included CH4, H2O, C = O, CO, CO2, NH3, C = C, and C-O(H). Ash prepared in both atmospheres exhibited a tendency for slag formation, with oxy-fuel combustion lowering its risk. This study thus provides a theoretical and practical basis for transforming GL residues into a sustainable energy source.

Microplastics as emerging contaminants in textile dyeing sludge: Their impacts on co-combustion/pyrolysis products, residual metals, and temperature dependency of emissions.

As emerging contaminants in textile dyeing sludge (TDS), the presence and types of microplastics (MPs) inevitably influence the combustion and pyrolysis of TDS. Their effects on the co-combustion/pyrolysis emissions and residual metals of TDS remain poorly understood. This study aimed to quantify the impacts of polyethylene (PE) and polypropylene (PP) on the transports and transformations of gaseous emissions and residual metals generated during the TDS combustion and pyrolysis in the air, oxy-fuel, and nitrogen atmospheres. Thermal degradation of the MPs in TDS occurred between 242-600 °C. MPs decomposed and interacted with the organic components of TDS to the extent that they increased the release of VOCs, dominated by oxygenated VOCs and hydrocarbons under the incineration and pyrolysis conditions, respectively. The presence of PE exerted a limited impact on the concentration and chemical form of metals, while PP reduced the residual amount of most metals due to the decomposition of mineral additives. Also, PP (with CaCO3 filler) reduced the acid-extractable content of cadmium, copper, and manganese in the bottom slag or coke but increased that of chromium. This study provides actionable insights into optimizing gas emissions, energy recovery, and ash reuse, thus reinforcing the pollution control strategies for both the MPs and TDS.

Actionable insights into hazard mitigation of typical 3D printing waste via pyrolysis.

3D printing waste (3DPW) contains hazardous substances, such as photosensitizers and pigments, and may cause environmental pollution when improperly disposed of. Pyrolysis treatment can reduce hazards and turn waste into useful resources. This study coupled thermogravimetric (TG), TG-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, and rapid pyrolysis gas chromatography/mass spectrometry analysis to evaluate the pyrolytic reaction mechanisms, products, and possible decomposition pathways of the three typical 3DPW of photosensitive resin waste (PRW), polyamide waste (PAW), and polycaprolactone waste (PCLW). The main degradation stages of the typical 3DPW occurred at 320-580 °C. The most appropriate reaction mechanisms of PRW, PAW and PCLW were D1, A1.2 and A1.5, respectively. The main pyrolysis processes were the decomposition of the complex organic polymers of PRW, the breaking of the NH-CH2 bond and dehydration of -CO-NH- of PAW, and the breaking and reorganization of the molecular chains of PCLW, mainly resulting in toluene (C7H8), undecylenitrile (C11H21N), tetrahydrofuran (C4H8O), respectively. Unlike the slow pyrolysis, the rapid pyrolysis produced volatiles consisting mainly of phenol, 4,4'-(1-methylethylidene)bis- (C15H16O2) for PRW; 1,10-dicyanodecane (C12H20N2) for PAW; and ɛ-caprolactone (C6H10O2) for PCLW. These pyrolysis products hold great potential for applications. The findings of the study offer actionable insights into the hazard reduction and resource recovery of 3D printing waste.

Optimizing co-combustion synergy of soil remediation biomass and pulverized coal toward energetic and gas-to-ash pollution controls.

The co-combustion synergy of post-phytoremediation biomass may be optimized to cultivate a variety of benefits from reducing dependence on fossil fuels to stabilizing heavy metals in a small quantity of ash. This study characterized the thermo-kinetic parameters, gas-to-ash products, and energetically and environmentally optimal conditions for the co-combustions of aboveground (PG-A) and belowground (PG-B) biomass of Pfaffia glomerata (PG) with pulverized coal (PC). The mono-combustions of PG-A and PG-B involved the decompositions of cellulose and hemicellulose in the range of 162-400 °C and of lignin in the range of 400-600 °C. PG improved the combustion performance of PC, with the blends of 30 % PG-A and 70 % (PAC37) and 10 % PG-B and 90 % PC (PBC19) exhibiting the strongest synergy. Both PG-A and PG-B interacted with PC in the range of 160-440 °C, while PC positively affected PG in the range of 440-600 °C. PC decreased the apparent activation energy (Eα) of PG, with PBC19 having the lowest Eα value (107.85 kJ/mol). The reaction order models (Fn) best elucidated the co-combustion mechanisms of the main stages. Adding >50 % PC reduced the alkali metal content of PG, prevented the slagging and fouling depositions, and mitigated the Cd and Zn leaching toxicity. The functional groups, volatiles, and N- and S-containing gases fell with PAC37 and PBC19, while CO2 emission rose. Energetically and environmentally multiple objectives for the operational conditions were optimized via artificial neural networks. Our study presents controls over the co-circularity and co-combustion of the soil remediation plant and coal.

Performance and mechanism of bamboo residues pyrolysis: Gas emissions, by-products, and reaction kinetics.

The performances and reaction kinetics of the bamboo shoot leaves (BSL) pyrolysis were characterized integrating thermogravimetry, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry analyses. The high volatiles and low ash, N, and S contents of BSL rendered its pyrolysis suitable for bio-oil generation. The main mass loss of BSL pyrolysis occurred in the devolatilization stage between 200 and 550 °C. The peak temperatures of pseudo-hemicellulose, cellulose and lignin pyrolysis in BSL were 248.04, 322.65 and 383.51 °C, respectively, while their average activation energies estimated by Starink method were 144.29, 175.79 and 243.02 kJ/mol, respectively. The one-dimensional diffusion mechanism (f (α) = 1/(2α)) best elucidated the hemicellulose reaction. The cellulose (f (α) = 0.74 (1 - α)[-ln (1 - α)]-13/37) and lignin (f (α) = 0.35 (1 - α)[-ln (1 - α)]-13/7) reactions were best described by the nucleation mechanisms. The estimated kinetic triplets accurately predicted the pyrolysis process. 619.3 °C and 5 °C/min were determined as the optimal pyrolytic temperature and heating rate. The C-containing gases were dominant among the non-condensable gases evolved from the pyrolysis. The NOx precursors (NH3 and HCN) were found more important than NO emission in pollution control. 2,3-dihydrobenzofuran, (1-methylcyclopropyl) methanol, heptanal, acetic acid, and furfurals were the main pyrolytic by-products. BSL-derived biochar is a relatively pure carbon-rich material with extremely low N and S content. The BSL pyrolysis yielded a promising performance, as well as value-added by-products to be utilized in the fields of bioenergy, fragrance, and pharmaceuticals.

Dynamic pyrolytic reaction mechanisms, pathways, and products of medical masks and infusion tubes.

Given the COVID-19 epidemic, the quantity of hazardous medical wastes has risen unprecedentedly. This study characterized and verified the pyrolysis mechanisms and volatiles products of medical mask belts (MB), mask faces (MF), and infusion tubes (IT) via thermogravimetric, infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry analyses. Iso-conversional methods were employed to estimate activation energy, while the best-fit artificial neural network was adopted for the multi-objective optimization. MB and MF started their thermal weight losses at 375.8 °C and 414.7 °C, respectively, while IT started to degrade at 227.3 °C. The average activation energies were estimated at 171.77, 232.79, 105.14, and 205.76 kJ/mol for MB, MF, and the first and second IT stages, respectively. Nucleation growth for MF and MB and geometrical contraction for IT best described the pyrolysis behaviors. Their main gaseous products were classified, with a further proposal of their initial cracking mechanisms and secondary reaction pathways.

Bottom slag-to-flue gas controls on S and Cl from co-combustion of textile dyeing sludge and waste biochar: Their interactions with temperature, atmosphere, and blend ratio.

S and Cl distribution patterns and their evolution pathways were quantified during the co-combustions of textile dyeing sludge (TDS) and waste biochar (BC). S in the flue gas rose from 10.60% at 700 °C to 45.09% at 1000 °C for the mono-combustion of TDS in the air atmosphere. At 1000 °C, S in the bottom slag and flue gas grew by 2.65% and fell by 2.11%, respectively, for the TDS mono-combustion in the 30%O2/70%CO2 atmosphere. The 40% BC addition increased the S retention in the bottom slag by 30.39% and decreased its release to the flue gas by 34.50% by changing the evolution of CaSO4 and enabling more K to fix S as K2SO4. The decomposition of inorganic Cl was the main source of the Cl-containing gases. The 20%O2/80%CO2 atmosphere (36.29%) and 40% BC addition (27.26%) had higher Cl in the bottom slag than did TDS mono-combusted at 1000 °C (25.60%) by inhibiting the decomposition of organic Cl. Our study provides insights into the co-combustion of TDS and BC and controls on S and Cl for a cleaner production. Future research remains to conducted to verify scale-up experiments.

Transport dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 under outdoor conditions.

This study aimed at estimating the transport dynamics of a single severe acute respiratory syndrome corona-virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)-laden droplet of 1 to 500 µm in diameter at a wind speed from 1 to 4 m/s. Motion dynamics of SARS-CoV-2-laden respiratory droplets under calm or turbulent air conditions were quantified using a combined model. Dalton's law was implemented to estimate their evaporation. One-factor-at-a-time procedure was applied for the sensitivity analysis of model of deposition velocity. The transport distance of the single virus ranged from 167 to 1120 m as a function of the droplet size, wind speed, and falling time. The evaporation times of the droplets ≤ 3 and ≤ 14 µm in diameter were shorter than their settling times from 1.7 m in height at midnight and midday, respectively. Such droplets remained in the air for about 5 min as the droplet nuclei with SARS-CoV-2. The minimum transport distance of the respiratory droplets of 1-15 µm varied between 8.99 and 142 m at a wind speed range of 1-4 m/s, based on their deposition velocity. With their short transport distance, the larger droplet (30 to 500 µm) was not suspended in the air even under the windy conditions. The deposition velocity was found most sensitive to the droplet diameter. The droplets < 15 µm in diameter completely evaporated at midday and the droplet nuclei with the single virus can travel a minimum distance of 500 m under a horizontal wind speed of 3 m/s.

Oxy-fuel co-combustion dynamics of phytoremediation biomass and textile dyeing sludge: Gas-to-ash pollution abatement.

The environmental pressures of major wastes in the circular economies can be abated leveraging the complementarity and optimal conditions of their co-combustion. The oxy-fuel co-combustion of phytoremediation biomass of Sedum alfredii Hance (SAH) and textile dyeing sludge (TDS) may be a promising choice for sustainable CO2 capture and a waste-to-energy conversion. This study characterized and quantified their co-combustion performances, kinetics, and interactions as a function of blend ratio, atmosphere type, and temperature. With a focus on the characteristic elements of SAH (Ca, K, Zn, and Cd) and TDS (Al and S), changes in the mineral phases and ash melting and slagging trends of K2O-Al2O3-SiO2 and CaO-Al2O3-SiO2 systems were quantified. The Zn and Cd residual rates of the co-combustion of 75% SAH and 25% TDS rose by 58.52% and 5.93%, respectively, in the oxy-fuel atmosphere at the 30% oxygen concentration, relative to the mono-combustion of SAH in the air atmosphere. The co-combustion in the oxy-fuel atmosphere at the 20% oxygen concentration delayed the release peaks of SO2, C2S, and H2S, while the Ca-rich SAH captured S in TDS through the formation of CaSO4. Our findings provide new and practical insights into the oxy-fuel co-combustion toward the enhanced co-circularity.

Efficiency, by-product valorization, and pollution control of co-pyrolysis of textile dyeing sludge and waste solid adsorbents: Their atmosphere, temperature, and blend ratio dependencies.

This study aimed to quantify the co-pyrolytic synergistic effects of textile dyeing sludge (TDS) and waste biochar (WBC) for an optimal utilization of secondary resources and to mitigate environmental pollution and waste volume. TDS and WBC had a strong synergistic effect between 800 and 900 °C in the CO2-assisted atmosphere. With the increased TDS fraction, NH3 emission fell significantly regardless of the atmosphere type. The CO2 atmosphere changed S in TDS char and released SO2 in the range of 800-1000 °C. With the temperature rise, an unstable N structure turned into a more stable heterocyclic N structure in the CO2 and N2 atmospheres. Regardless of the atmosphere type and temperature, the C-containing functional groups in co-pyrolytic biochar existed mainly as C-C/C-H. In the CO2 atmosphere, inorganic S, aliphatic S, and thiophene S in the co-pyrolytic biochar disappeared and became more stable sulfones. The co-pyrolysis inhibited the formation of S-containing compounds. The retention ability of the co-pyrolytic biochar peaked for most of the heavy metals in the N2 atmosphere but was better for Pb and Zn in the CO2 than N2 atmosphere. Simultaneous optimization showed the co-pyrolysis of 10% TDS and 90% WBC at above 950 °C in the N2-CO2 or CO2 atmosphere as the optimal operational settings combined.

Torrefaction, temperature, and heating rate dependencies of pyrolysis of coffee grounds: Its performances, bio-oils, and emissions.

The torrefaction pretreatment is of great significance to the efficient conversion of biomass residues into bioenergy. In this study, the effects of the three torrefaction temperatures (200, 250, and 300 °C) on the pyrolysis performance and products of coffee grounds (CG) were quantified. The torrefaction treatment increased the initial devolatilization and maximum peak temperatures of the CG pyrolysis. Activation energy of CG250 was lower than that of CG and more conducive to the pyrolysis. Torrefaction altered the distributions of the pyrolytic products and promoted the generation of C=C. Torrefaction changed the composition ratio of the pyrolytic bio-oils although cyanoacetic acid and 2-butene still dominated the bio-oils. The joint optimization pointed to pyrolysis temperature > 600 °C and torrefaction temperature ≤ 270 °C as the optimal conditions. Our experimental results also verified that torrefaction of CG may be more suitable at 200 and 250 °C than 300 °C.

Co-combustion, life-cycle circularity, and artificial intelligence-based multi-objective optimization of two plastics and textile dyeing sludge.

Given the globally abundant availability of waste plastics and the negative environmental impacts of textile dyeing sludge (TDS), their co-combustion can effectively enhance the circular economies, energy recovery, and environmental pollution control. The (co-)combustion performances, gas emissions, and ashes of TDS and two plastics of polypropylene (PP) and polyethylene (PE) were quantified and characterized. The increased blend ratio of PP and PE improved the ignition, burnout, and comprehensive combustion indices. The two plastics interacted with TDS significantly in the range of 200-600 â„ƒ. TDS pre-ignited the combustion of the plastics which in turn promoted the combustion of TDS. The co-combustions released more CO2 but less CH4, C-H, and CO as CO2 was less persistent than the others in the atmosphere. The Ca-based minerals in the plastics enhanced S-fixation and reduced SO2 emission. The activation energy of the co-combustion fell from 126.78 to 111.85 kJ/mol and 133.71-79.91 kJ/mol when the PE and PP additions rose from 10% to 50%, respectively. The co-combustion reaction mechanism was best described by the model of f(α) = (1-α)n. The reaction order was reduced with the additions of the plastics. The co-combustion operation interactions were optimized via an artificial neural network so as to jointly meet the multiple objectives of maximum energy production and minimum emissions.

A model for indoor motion dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 as a function of respiratory droplet size and evaporation.

A simplified model has been devised to estimate the falling dynamics of severe acute respiratory syndrome corona-virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)-laden droplets in an indoor environment. Our estimations were compared to existing literature data. The spread of SARS-CoV-2 is closely coupled to its falling dynamics as a function of respiratory droplet diameter (1 to 2000 µm) of an infected person and droplet evaporation. The falling time of SARS-CoV-2 with a respiratory droplet diameter of about 300 µm from a height of 1.7 m remained almost the same among the Newtonian lift equation, Stokes's law, and our simplified model derived from them so as to account for its evaporation. The evaporative demand peaked at midday which was ten times that at midnight. The evaporating droplets [Formula: see text] 6 µm lost their water content rapidly, making their lifetimes in the air shorter than their falling times. The droplets [Formula: see text] 6 µm were able to evaporate completely and remained in the air for about 5 min as droplet nuclei with SARS-CoV-2.

Co-pyrolysis performances, synergistic mechanisms, and products of textile dyeing sludge and medical plastic wastes.

This study aimed to quantify the co-pyrolysis of textile dyeing sludge (TDS) and the two medical plastic wastes of syringes (SY) and medical bottles (MB) in terms of their performances, synergistic mechanisms, and products. The pyrolysis of polyolefin plastics with its high calorific value and low ash content can offset the poor mono-pyrolytic performance of TDS. The synergistic mechanisms occurred mainly in the range of 400-550 °C. The addition of 10% SY or MB achieved the best co-pyrolysis performance with the lowest activation energy. The co-pyrolysis increased the contents of CH4 and CH but reduced CO2 emission. The co-pyrolysis released more fatty hydrocarbons, alcohols, and cyclic hydrocarbon during but reduced the yields of ethers and furans, through the synergistic mechanisms. The addition of the polyolefin plastics made the micro surface particles of chars smaller and looser. Our results can benefit energy utilization, pollution control, and optimal operational conditions for the industrial thermochemical conversions of hazardous wastes.

Emission-to-ash detoxification mechanisms of co-combustion of spent pot lining and pulverized coal.

In response to the global initiative for greenhouse gas emission reduction, the co-combustion of coal and spent pot lining (SPL) may cost-effectively minimize waste streams and environmental risks. This study aimed to quantify the emission-to-ash detoxification mechanisms of the co-combustion of SPL and pulverized coal (PC) and their kinetics, gas emission, fluorine-leaching toxicity, mineral phases, and migrations. The main reaction covered the ranges of 335-540 °C and 540-870 °C while the interactions occurred at 360-780 °C. The apparent activation energy minimized (66.99 kJ/mol) with 90% PC addition. The rising PC fraction weakened the peak intensity of NaF and strengthened that of Ca2F, NaAlSiO4, and NaAlSi2O6. The addition of PC enhanced the combustion efficiency of SPL and raised the melting temperature by capturing Na. PC exhibited a positive effect on solidifying water-soluble fluorine and stabilizing alkali and alkaline earth metals. The leaching fluorine concentrations of the co-combustion ashes were lower than did SPL mono-combustion. The main gases emitted were HF, NH3, NOx, CO, and CO2. HF was largely released at above 800 °C. Multivariate Gaussian process model-based optimization of the operational conditions also verified the gas emissions results. Our study synchronizes the utilization and detoxification of SPL though co-combustion and provides insights into an eco-friendlier life-cycle control on the waste-to-energy conversion.

Ash-to-emission pollution controls on co-combustion of textile dyeing sludge and waste tea.

Given the globally increased waste stream of textile dyeing sludge (TDS), its co-combustion with agricultural residues appears as an environmentally and economically viable solution in a circular economy. This study aimed to quantify the migrations and chemical speciations of heavy metals in the bottom ashes and gas emissions of the co-combustion of TDS and waste tea (WT). The addition of WT increased the fixation rate of As from 66.70 to 83.33% and promoted the chemical speciation of As and Cd from the acid extractable state to the residue one. With the temperature rise to 1000 °C, the fixation rates of As, Cd, and Pb in the bottom ashes fell to 27.73, 8.38, and 15.40%, respectively. The chemical speciation perniciousness of Zn, Cu, Ni, Mn, Cr, Cd, and Pb declined with the increased temperature. The ash composition changed with the new appearances of NaAlSi3O8, CaFe2O4, NaFe(SO4)2, and MgCrO4 at 1000 °C. The addition of WT increased CO2 and NOx but decreased SO2 emissions in the range of 680-1000 °C. ANN-based joint optimization indicated that the co-combustion emitted SO2 slightly less than did the TDS combustion. These results contribute to a better understanding of ash-to-emission pollution control for the co-combustion of TDS and WT.

Multiple drivers, interaction effects, and trade-offs of efficient and cleaner combustion of torrefied water hyacinth.

Developing cleaner and affordable alternatives to the sole reliance on fossil fuels has intensified efforts to improve the thermochemical conversion property of the second-generation lignocellulosic biomass. This study aimed to explore the effects of the two torrefaction temperatures (200 and 300 °C), the two reaction atmospheres (N2/O2 and CO2/O2), and the three heating rates (5, 10, and 15 °C/min) on the combustion regime of water hyacinth (WH). Decomposition behaviors, reaction kinetics, thermodynamics, and mechanisms, evolved emissions and functional groups, and fuel microstructure properties were quantified. The deoxygenation and dehydration reactions acted as the main drivers of the torrefaction process, with the peak degree of deoxygenation of 86.21% for WH torrefied at 300 °C (WH300). WH300 significantly reduced the quantity of oxygen-containing functional groups and altered the fuel microstructure properties. The order of the decomposition rates of the pseudo-components were hemicellulose > cellulose > lignin for both WH and WH torrefied at 200 °C (WH200) and cellulose > lignin > hemicellulose for WH300. The average activation energy fell from 197.71 to 195.71 kJ/mol for WH, 287.90 to 195.97 kJ/mol for WH200, and 226.92 to 184.94 kJ/mol for WH300 when the atmosphere changed from N2/O2 to CO2/O2. The heating rate exerted a stronger control on their combustion behaviors than did the reaction atmosphere. CO2, NO, and NO2 emissions dropped by 46.0, 53.1, and 65.9% for WH200 and 29.6, 42.8, and 62.5% for WH300, respectively, when compared to WH. 473.7 °C, 5 °C/min, and the CO2/O2 atmosphere were the optimal settings for the maximized combustion efficiency. 717.1 °C was determined as the optimal setting for the minimized combustion emissions. Our study can yield new insights into the large-scale and cleaner combustion of the torrefied water hyacinth.

Optimizing environmental pollution controls in response to textile dyeing sludge, incineration temperature, CaO conditioner, and ash minerals.

The dynamics of heavy metal speciation and flue gas emissions during the incineration of textile dyeing sludge (TDS) were quantified as a function of four addition levels of CaO, incineration temperature, and ash minerals using thermogravimetric analysis and experimental tube furnace. The TDS incineration was most improved with the addition of 10% CaO. The increased fractions of CaO coupled with the ash minerals changed the retention behaviors of eight heavy metals. The CaO addition increased the Cu, Zn, As, and Pb retentions, did not significantly change Cr, Mn, and Cd, but decreased the Ni retention. The CaO addition enhanced the speciation stability of Cu and transferred the Cr, Cd, and As speciations to the mobile fractions. The increased temperature weakened the Zn and Pb retentions and the speciation stabilities of As and Pb and turned the Cr, Mn, Ni, Cu, Zn, and Cd speciations into the stable fractions. The CaO addition inhibited HCN, NO, NO2, COS, SO2, CS2, and SO3 emissions from the TDS incineration. Neural network-based multi-response optimization was implemented to determine the optimal operational temperature for the TDS incineration and the reduction of the 12 gas emissions. The range of 640-755 °C with(out) 5% CaO appeared to be most beneficial in terms of both environmental quality and economic efficiency.

Coupled mechanisms of reaction kinetics, gas emissions, and ash mineral transformations during combustion of AlCl3-conditioned textile dyeing sludge.

Though commonly used in the dewatering of textile dyeing sludge (TDS) before its incineration, chemical conditioning has yet to be evaluated in terms of its impact on the reaction mechanisms, emissions, and ash minerals. This study combined experiments and equilibrium simulations to disentangle the interaction mechanism among the combustion behaviors, gas emissions, ash minerals of TDS conditioned with(out) three blend ratios of the AlCl3 conditioner. The use of the AlCl3 conditioner slightly improved the performance of the combustion stage of volatiles and chars. No significant effect of AlCl3 conditioner was detected on the kinetic mechanism of its main combustion stage best elucidated by the nth-order and diffusion models. SO2 was the main evolved gas whose reduction between 600 and 800 °C was attributed to its increased retention rate by CaO from the decomposition of CaCO3. Aluminum compounds acted as a stimulator in SO2 emission between 800 and 1000 °C since the formation of calcium aluminosilicates. At above 1060 °C, CaSO4 decomposed rapidly, thus almost completely releasing inorganic S. This study supplies new insights into pollution `controls on the combustion of TDS conditioned with Al salt coagulant.

Comparative (co-)pyrolytic performances and by-products of textile dyeing sludge and cattle manure: Deeper insights from Py-GC/MS, TG-FTIR, 2D-COS and PCA analyses.

Not only does pyrolysis recover energy and value-added by-products but also reduces waste stream volume. The low volatiles and high ash contents of textile dyeing sludge (TDS) limit its mono-pyrolysis performance. This study aimed to conduct an in-depth analysis of its co-pyrolytic performance with cattle manure (CM). The co-pyrolysis enhanced the volatiles emission from the early devolatilization stage whose reaction mechanism shifted from a diffusion model to a reaction-order model. The further cracking of macromolecular materials was mainly elucidated by the reaction-order model. The temperature dependency of the co-pyrolytic gases was of the following order: aliphatic hydrocarbons > CO2 > alcohols, phenols, ethers, aldehydes, ketones, and carboxylic acids. The main co-pyrolytic volatile products were coumaran and 4-vinylguaiacol. The relative content of guaiacol-type components could be enhanced by co-pyrolysis and lowering the operational temperature to 450 °C. The interaction of co-pyrolysis enriched the char aromaticity. Our findings provide practical insights into the control and application opportunities and limitations on the high value-added energy and products from the co-pyrolysis of TDS and CM.