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1.
Immunity ; 57(10): 2433-2452.e7, 2024 Oct 08.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39305904

RESUMO

Existing antibodies (Abs) have varied effects on humoral immunity during subsequent infections. Here, we leveraged in vivo systems that allow precise control of antigen-specific Abs and B cells to examine the impact of Ab dose, affinity, and specificity in directing B cell activation and differentiation. Abs competing with the B cell receptor (BCR) epitope showed affinity-dependent suppression. By contrast, Abs targeting a complementary epitope, not overlapping with the BCR, shifted B cell differentiation toward Ab-secreting cells. Such Abs allowed for potent germinal center (GC) responses to otherwise poorly immunogenic sites by promoting antigen capture and presentation by low-affinity B cells. These mechanisms jointly diversified the B cell repertoire by facilitating the recruitment of high- and low-affinity B cells into Ab-secreting cell, GC, and memory B cell fates. Incorporation of small amounts of monoclonal Abs into protein- or mRNA-based vaccines enhanced immunogenicity and facilitated sustained immune responses, with implications for vaccine design and our understanding of protective immunity.


Assuntos
Linfócitos B , Centro Germinativo , Receptores de Antígenos de Linfócitos B , Animais , Camundongos , Receptores de Antígenos de Linfócitos B/imunologia , Centro Germinativo/imunologia , Linfócitos B/imunologia , Vacinas/imunologia , Ativação Linfocitária/imunologia , Diferenciação Celular/imunologia , Epitopos/imunologia , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Epitopos de Linfócito B/imunologia , Imunogenicidade da Vacina , Anticorpos Monoclonais/imunologia , Imunidade Humoral/imunologia , Afinidade de Anticorpos/imunologia , Células B de Memória/imunologia
2.
J Hepatol ; 81(5): 794-805, 2024 Nov.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38815932

RESUMO

BACKGROUND & AIMS: New antiviral approaches that target multiple aspects of the HBV replication cycle to improve rates of functional cure are urgently required. HBV RNA represents a novel therapeutic target. Here, we programmed CRISPR-Cas13b endonuclease to specifically target the HBV pregenomic RNA and viral mRNAs in a novel approach to reduce HBV replication and protein expression. METHODS: Cas13b CRISPR RNAs (crRNAs) were designed to target multiple regions of HBV pregenomic RNA. Mammalian cells transfected with replication competent wild-type HBV DNA of different genotypes, a HBV-expressing stable cell line, a HBV infection model and a hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg)-expressing stable cell line were transfected with PspCas13b-BFP (blue fluorescent protein) and crRNA plasmids, and the impact on HBV replication and protein expression was measured. Wild-type HBV DNA, PspCas13b-BFP and crRNA plasmids were simultaneously hydrodynamically injected into mice, and serum HBsAg was measured. PspCas13b mRNA and crRNA were also delivered to a HBsAg-expressing stable cell line via lipid nanoparticles and the impact on secreted HBsAg determined. RESULTS: Our HBV-targeting crRNAs strongly suppressed HBV replication and protein expression in mammalian cells by up to 96% (p <0.0001). HBV protein expression was also reduced in a HBV-expressing stable cell line and in the HBV infection model. CRISPR-Cas13b crRNAs reduced HBsAg expression by 50% (p <0.0001) in vivo. Lipid nanoparticle-encapsulated PspCas13b mRNA reduced secreted HBsAg by 87% (p = 0.0168) in a HBsAg-expressing stable cell line. CONCLUSIONS: Together, these results show that CRISPR-Cas13b can be programmed to specifically target and degrade HBV RNAs to reduce HBV replication and protein expression, demonstrating its potential as a novel therapeutic option for chronic HBV infection. IMPACT AND IMPLICATIONS: Owing to the limitations of current antiviral therapies for hepatitis B, there is an urgent need for new treatments that target multiple aspects of the HBV replication cycle to improve rates of functional cure. Here, we present CRISPR-Cas13b as a novel strategy to target HBV replication and protein expression, paving the way for its development as a potential new treatment option for patients living with chronic hepatitis B.


Assuntos
Sistemas CRISPR-Cas , Vírus da Hepatite B , Replicação Viral , Vírus da Hepatite B/genética , Vírus da Hepatite B/fisiologia , Replicação Viral/genética , Humanos , Animais , Camundongos , Hepatite B/virologia , Hepatite B/genética , RNA Viral/genética , Antígenos de Superfície da Hepatite B/genética , Antígenos de Superfície da Hepatite B/metabolismo , Regulação Viral da Expressão Gênica
3.
EBioMedicine ; 98: 104878, 2023 Dec.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38016322

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: SARS-CoV-2 booster vaccination should ideally enhance protection against variants and minimise immune imprinting. This Phase I trial evaluated two vaccines targeting SARS-CoV-2 beta-variant receptor-binding domain (RBD): a recombinant dimeric RBD-human IgG1 Fc-fusion protein, and an mRNA encoding a membrane-anchored RBD. METHODS: 76 healthy adults aged 18-64 y, previously triple vaccinated with licensed SARS-CoV-2 vaccines, were randomised to receive a 4th dose of either an adjuvanted (MF59®, CSL Seqirus) protein vaccine (5, 15 or 45 µg, N = 32), mRNA vaccine (10, 20, or 50 µg, N = 32), or placebo (saline, N = 12) at least 90 days after a 3rd boost vaccination or SARS-CoV-2 infection. Bleeds occurred on days 1 (prior to vaccination), 8, and 29. CLINICALTRIALS: govNCT05272605. FINDINGS: No vaccine-related serious or medically-attended adverse events occurred. The protein vaccine reactogenicity was mild, whereas the mRNA vaccine was moderately reactogenic at higher dose levels. Best anti-RBD antibody responses resulted from the higher doses of each vaccine. A similar pattern was seen with live virus neutralisation and surrogate, and pseudovirus neutralisation assays. Breadth of immune response was demonstrated against BA.5 and more recent omicron subvariants (XBB, XBB.1.5 and BQ.1.1). Binding antibody titres for both vaccines were comparable to those of a licensed bivalent mRNA vaccine. Both vaccines enhanced CD4+ and CD8+ T cell activation. INTERPRETATION: There were no safety concerns and the reactogenicity profile was mild and similar to licensed SARS-CoV-2 vaccines. Both vaccines showed strong immune boosting against beta, ancestral and omicron strains. FUNDING: Australian Government Medical Research Future Fund, and philanthropies Jack Ma Foundation and IFM investors.


Assuntos
Vacinas contra COVID-19 , COVID-19 , Adulto , Humanos , Anticorpos Neutralizantes , Anticorpos Antivirais , Austrália , COVID-19/prevenção & controle , Vacinas contra COVID-19/efeitos adversos , Vacinas de mRNA , SARS-CoV-2 , Adolescente , Adulto Jovem , Pessoa de Meia-Idade
4.
Sci Transl Med ; 15(693): eadf1147, 2023 04 26.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37099632

RESUMO

Beta-adrenergic blockade has been associated with improved cancer survival in patients with triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), but the mechanisms of these effects remain unclear. In clinical epidemiological analyses, we identified a relationship between beta-blocker use and anthracycline chemotherapy in protecting against TNBC progression, disease recurrence, and mortality. We recapitulated the effect of beta-blockade on anthracycline efficacy in xenograft mouse models of TNBC. In metastatic 4T1.2 and MDA-MB-231 mouse models of TNBC, beta-blockade improved the efficacy of the anthracycline doxorubicin by reducing metastatic development. We found that anthracycline chemotherapy alone, in the absence of beta-blockade, increased sympathetic nerve fiber activity and norepinephrine concentration in mammary tumors through the induction of nerve growth factor (NGF) by tumor cells. Moreover, using preclinical models and clinical samples, we found that anthracycline chemotherapy up-regulated ß2-adrenoceptor expression and amplified receptor signaling in tumor cells. Neurotoxin inhibition of sympathetic neural signaling in mammary tumors using 6-hydroxydopamine or genetic deletion of NGF or ß2-adrenoceptor in tumor cells enhanced the therapeutic effect of anthracycline chemotherapy by reducing metastasis in xenograft mouse models. These findings reveal a neuromodulatory effect of anthracycline chemotherapy that undermines its potential therapeutic impact, which can be overcome by inhibiting ß2-adrenergic signaling in the tumor microenvironment. Supplementing anthracycline chemotherapy with adjunctive ß2-adrenergic antagonists represents a potential therapeutic strategy for enhancing the clinical management of TNBC.


Assuntos
Antraciclinas , Neoplasias de Mama Triplo Negativas , Humanos , Animais , Camundongos , Antraciclinas/farmacologia , Antraciclinas/uso terapêutico , Neoplasias de Mama Triplo Negativas/genética , Fator de Crescimento Neural/uso terapêutico , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Recidiva Local de Neoplasia/tratamento farmacológico , Receptores Adrenérgicos/uso terapêutico , Microambiente Tumoral
5.
Mol Pharmacol ; 101(4): 246-256, 2022 04.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35125345

RESUMO

Specialized proresolving mediators (SPMs) and their cognate G protein-coupled receptors are implicated in autoimmune disorders, including chronic inflammation, rheumatoid arthritis, systemic scleroderma, and lupus erythematosus. To date, six G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) have been paired with numerous endogenous and synthetic ligands. However, the function and downstream signaling of these receptors remains unclear. To address this knowledge gap, we systematically expressed each receptor in a human embryonic kindney 293 (HEK293)-Flp-In-CD8a-FLAG cell system. Each receptor was pharmacologically characterized with both synthetic and putative endogenous ligands across different signaling assays, covering both G protein-dependent (Gs, Gi, and Gq) and independent mechanisms (ß-arrestin2 recruitment). Three orphan GPCRs previously identified as SPM receptors (GPR 18, GPR32 and GPR37) failed to express in HEK 293 cells. Although we were unsuccessful in identifying an endogenous ligand for formyl peptide receptor 2 (FPR2)/lipoxin A4 receptor (ALX), with only a modest response to N-formylmethionine-leucyl-phenylalanine (fMLP), we did reveal clear signaling bias away from extracelluar signal-related kinase (ERK) 1/2 phosphorylation for the clinically tested agonist N-(2-{[4-(1,1-difluoroethyl)-1,3-oxazol-2-yl]methyl}-2H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)-2-methyl-5-(3-methylphenyl)-1,3-oxazole-4-carboxamide (ACT-389949), adding further evidence for its poor efficacy in two phase I studies. We also identified neuroprotectin D1 as a new leukotriene B4 receptor 1 (BLT1) agonist, implying an alternative target for the neuroprotective effects of the ligand. We confirmed activity for resolvin E1 (RvE1) at BLT1 but failed to observe any response at the chemerin1 receptor. This study provides some much-needed clarity around published receptor-ligand pairings but indicates that the expression and function of these SPM GPCRs remains very much context-dependent. In addition, the identification of signaling bias at FPR2/ALX may assist in guiding design of new FPR2/ALX agonists for the treatment of autoimmune disorders. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: To our knowledge, this is the first study to comprehensibly show how several natural mediators and synthetic ligands signal through three specialized proresolving mediator GPCRs using multiple ligands from different classes across four-six endpoint signaling assays. This study discovers new ligand pairings, refutes others, reveals poly-pharmacology, and identifies biased agonism in formyl peptide receptor 2/lipoxin A4 receptor pharmacology. This study highlights the potential of these receptors in treating specific autoimmune diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis, systemic scleroderma, and systemic lupus erythematosus.


Assuntos
Artrite Reumatoide , Doenças Autoimunes , Escleroderma Sistêmico , Células HEK293 , Humanos , Ligantes , Receptores de Formil Peptídeo/metabolismo , Receptores de Lipoxinas/metabolismo
6.
Int J Mol Sci ; 22(7)2021 Mar 24.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33804953

RESUMO

Adenoviruses contain dsDNA covalently linked to a terminal protein (TP) at the 5'end. TP plays a pivotal role in replication and long-lasting infectivity. TP has been reported to contain a nuclear localisation signal (NLS) that facilitates its import into the nucleus. We studied the potential NLS motifs within TP using molecular and cellular biology techniques to identify the motifs needed for optimum nuclear import. We used confocal imaging microscopy to monitor the localisation and nuclear association of GFP fusion proteins. We identified two nuclear localisation signals, PV(R)6VP and MRRRR, that are essential for fully efficient TP nuclear entry in transfected cells. To study TP-host interactions further, we expressed TP in Escherichia coli (E. coli). Nuclear uptake of purified protein was determined in digitonin-permeabilised cells. The data confirmed that nuclear uptake of TP requires active transport using energy and shuttling factors. This mechanism of nuclear transport was confirmed when expressed TP was microinjected into living cells. Finally, we uncovered the nature of TP binding to host nuclear shuttling proteins, revealing selective binding to Imp ß, and a complex of Imp α/ß but not Imp α alone. TP translocation to the nucleus could be inhibited using selective inhibitors of importins. Our results show that the bipartite NLS is required for fully efficient TP entry into the nucleus and suggest that this translocation can be carried out by binding to Imp ß or Imp α/ß. This work forms the biochemical foundation for future work determining the involvement of TP in nuclear delivery of adenovirus DNA.


Assuntos
Adenoviridae/fisiologia , Núcleo Celular/metabolismo , Sinais de Localização Nuclear/genética , Proteínas Virais/química , Transporte Ativo do Núcleo Celular , Citosol/metabolismo , DNA/química , Escherichia coli/metabolismo , Genoma Viral , Proteínas de Fluorescência Verde/metabolismo , Células HEK293 , Células HeLa , Humanos , Microscopia Confocal , Ligação Proteica , alfa Carioferinas/metabolismo , beta Carioferinas/metabolismo
7.
Front Cell Neurosci ; 9: 104, 2015.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-25873861

RESUMO

PITX3 expression is confined to adult midbrain dopaminergic (mDA) neurons. In this study we describe the generation and basic functional characteristics of mDA neurons derived from a human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC) line expressing eGFP under the control of the PITX3 promoter. Flow cytometry showed that eGFP was evident in 15% of the neuron population at day 12 of differentiation and this level was maintained until at least day 80. From days 20 to 80 of differentiation intracellular chloride decreased and throughout this period around ∼20% of PITX3(eGFP/w) neurons exhibited spontaneous Ca(2+) transients (from 3.3 ± 0.3 to 5.0 ± 0.1 min(-1), respectively). These neurons also responded to any of ATP, glutamate, acetylcholine, or noradrenaline with elevations of intracellular calcium. As neuronal cultures matured more dopamine was released and single PITX3(eGFP/w) neurons began to respond to more than one neurotransmitter. MPP(+) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF), but not prostaglandin E2, caused death of the ∼50% of PITX3(eGFP/w) neurons (day 80). Tracking eGFP using time lapse confocal microscopy over 24 h demonstrated significant TNF-mediated neurite retraction over time. This work now shows that these PITX3(eGFP/w) neurons are amenable to flow cytometry, release dopamine and respond to multiple neurotransmitters with elevations of intracellular calcium, we believe that they represent a versatile system for neuropharmacological and neurotoxicological studies.

8.
J Vis Exp ; (90): e51764, 2014 Aug 23.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-25177806

RESUMO

One major limitation with current human embryonic stem cell (ESC) differentiation protocols is the generation of heterogeneous cell populations. These cultures contain the cells of interest, but are also contaminated with undifferentiated ESCs, non-neural derivatives and other neuronal subtypes. This limits their use in in vitro and in vivo applications, such as in vitro modeling for drug discovery or cell replacement therapy. To help overcome this, reporter cell lines, which offer a means to visualize, track and isolate cells of interest, can be engineered. However, to achieve this in human embryonic stem cells via conventional homologous recombination is extremely inefficient. This protocol describes targeting of the Pituitary homeobox 3 (PITX3) locus in human embryonic stem cells using custom designed zinc-finger nucleases, which introduce site-specific double-strand DNA breaks, together with a PITX3-EGFP-specific DNA donor vector. Following the generation of the PITX3 reporter cell line, it can then be differentiated using published protocols for use in studies such as in vitro Parkinson's disease modeling or cell replacement therapy.


Assuntos
Desoxirribonucleases/metabolismo , Células-Tronco Embrionárias/fisiologia , Marcação de Genes/métodos , Dedos de Zinco , Animais , Rastreamento de Células , Quebras de DNA de Cadeia Dupla , Desoxirribonucleases/química , Eletroporação/métodos , Células-Tronco Embrionárias/citologia , Células-Tronco Embrionárias/metabolismo , Proteínas de Homeodomínio/genética , Humanos , Camundongos , Proteínas Recombinantes de Fusão/genética , Fatores de Transcrição/genética
9.
PLoS One ; 8(10): e78759, 2013.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-24194952

RESUMO

The identification of small molecules capable of directing pluripotent cell differentiation towards specific lineages is highly desirable to both reduce cost, and increase efficiency. Within neural progenitors, LIM homeobox transcription factor 1 alpha (Lmx1a) is required for proper development of roof plate and cortical hem structures of the forebrain, as well as the development of floor plate and midbrain dopaminergic neurons. In this study we generated homologous recombinant cell lines expressing either luciferase or ß-lactamase under the control of the Lmx1a promoter, and used these cell lines to investigate kinase-mediated regulation of Lmx1a activity during neuronal differentiation. A screen of 143 small molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitors yielded 16 compounds that positively or negatively modulated Lmx1a activity. Inhibition of EGF, VEGF and DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK) signaling significantly upregulated Lmx1a activity whereas MEK inhibition strongly downregulated its activity. Quantitative FACS analysis revealed that the DNA-PK inhibitor significantly increased the number of Lmx1a+ progenitors while subsequent qPCR showed an upregulation of Notch effectors, the basic helix-loop-helix genes, Hes5 and Hey1. FACS further revealed that DNA-PK-mediated regulation of Lmx1a+ cells is dependent on the rapamycin-sensitive complex, mTORC1. Interestingly, this DNA-PK inhibitor effect was preserved in a co-culture differentiation protocol. Terminal differentiation assays showed that DNA-PK inhibition shifted development of neurons from forebrain toward midbrain character as assessed by Pitx3/TH immunolabeling and corresponding upregulation of midbrain (En1), but not forebrain (FoxG1) transcripts. These studies show that Lmx1a signaling in mouse embryonic stem cells contributes to a molecular cascade establishing neuronal specification. The data presented here identifies a novel regulatory pathway where signaling from DNA-PK appears to suppress midbrain-specific Lmx1a expression.


Assuntos
Padronização Corporal/fisiologia , Diferenciação Celular/fisiologia , Proteína Quinase Ativada por DNA/metabolismo , Regulação da Expressão Gênica/fisiologia , Proteínas com Homeodomínio LIM/metabolismo , Mesencéfalo/embriologia , Células-Tronco Pluripotentes/fisiologia , Fatores de Transcrição/metabolismo , Análise de Variância , Animais , Western Blotting , Linhagem Celular , Linhagem da Célula/fisiologia , Citometria de Fluxo , Imuno-Histoquímica , Luciferases/metabolismo , Mesencéfalo/citologia , Mesencéfalo/metabolismo , Camundongos , Transdução de Sinais/fisiologia , Bibliotecas de Moléculas Pequenas , beta-Lactamases/metabolismo
10.
Stem Cells ; 30(7): 1349-61, 2012 Jul.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-22495882

RESUMO

LIM homeobox transcription factor 1 alpha (Lmx1a) is required for the development of midbrain dopaminergic neurons, roof plate formation, and cortical hem development. We generated a reporter embryonic stem cell (ESC) line for Lmx1a and used it to track differentiation and extract neural progenitors from differentiating mouse ESCs. Lmx1a(+) cells gave rise to functional cortical upper layer GABAergic neurons or dopaminergic neurons depending on the culture conditions used for differentiation. Under chemically defined neurobasal conditions, ESC differentiation resulted in widespread and transient expression of Lmx1a, without the addition of exogenous factors such as sonic hedgehog (Shh), Wnts, and/or bone morphogenic proteins (BMPs). Under neutral conditions, Lmx1a(+) cells express genes known to be downstream of Lmx1a and cortical hem markers Wnt3a and p73. The majority of these cells did not express the ventral midbrain dopaminergic marker Foxa2 or dorsal roof plate marker BMP-2. Lmx1a(+) -Foxa2(-) cells were primed to become SatB2(+) GABAergic neurons and appeared to be resistant to dopaminergic patterning cues. PA6 coculture produced a substantial population of Lmx1a(+) progenitors that also expressed Foxa2 and on further differentiation gave rise to dopaminergic neurons at high frequency. We conclude that Lmx1a is a useful marker for the extraction of progenitors of GABAergic or dopaminergic neurons. We caution against the assumption that it indicates dopaminergic commitment during in vitro differentiation of ESCs. Indeed, in monolayer culture under neurobasal conditions, with or without the addition of Shh and fibroblast growth factor 8 (FGF8), Lmx1a(+) cells were predominantly progenitors of forebrain GABAergic neurons. We obtained dopaminergic cells in large numbers only by coculture with PA6 cells.


Assuntos
Neurônios Dopaminérgicos/citologia , Neurônios Dopaminérgicos/metabolismo , Células-Tronco Embrionárias/citologia , Células-Tronco Embrionárias/metabolismo , Neurônios GABAérgicos/citologia , Neurônios GABAérgicos/metabolismo , Proteínas com Homeodomínio LIM/metabolismo , Fator de Transcrição MSX1/metabolismo , Fatores de Transcrição/metabolismo , Animais , Diferenciação Celular/fisiologia , Linhagem Celular , Citometria de Fluxo , Imuno-Histoquímica , Proteínas com Homeodomínio LIM/genética , Fator de Transcrição MSX1/genética , Camundongos , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase , Fatores de Transcrição/genética
11.
Cell ; 129(6): 1097-110, 2007 Jun 15.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-17574023

RESUMO

Myeloproliferative syndromes (MPS) are a heterogeneous subclass of nonlymphoid hematopoietic neoplasms which are considered to be intrinsic to hematopoietic cells. The causes of MPS are largely unknown. Here, we demonstrate that mice deficient for retinoic acid receptor gamma (RARgamma), develop MPS induced solely by the RARgamma-deficient microenvironment. RARgamma(-/-) mice had significantly increased granulocyte/macrophage progenitors and granulocytes in bone marrow (BM), peripheral blood, and spleen. The MPS phenotype continued for the lifespan of the mice and was more pronounced in older mice. Unexpectedly, transplant studies revealed this disease was not intrinsic to the hematopoietic cells. BM from wild-type mice transplanted into mice with an RARgamma(-/-) microenvironment rapidly developed the MPS, which was partially caused by significantly elevated TNFalpha in RARgamma(-/-) mice. These data show that loss of RARgamma results in a nonhematopoietic cell-intrinsic MPS, revealing the capability of the microenvironment to be the sole cause of hematopoietic disorders.


Assuntos
Transtornos Mieloproliferativos/genética , Transtornos Mieloproliferativos/metabolismo , Receptores do Ácido Retinoico/genética , Receptores do Ácido Retinoico/fisiologia , Animais , Medula Óssea/metabolismo , Células da Medula Óssea/citologia , Transplante de Células , Granulócitos/citologia , Macrófagos/citologia , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Camundongos Transgênicos , Modelos Biológicos , Fenótipo , Transdução de Sinais , Células-Tronco/citologia , Receptor gama de Ácido Retinoico
12.
J Exp Med ; 203(5): 1283-93, 2006 May 15.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-16682494

RESUMO

Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) sustain lifelong production of all blood cell types through finely balanced divisions leading to self-renewal and differentiation. Although several genes influencing HSC self-renewal have been identified, to date no gene has been described that, when activated, enhances HSC self-renewal and, when inactivated [corrected] promotes HSC differentiation. We observe that the retinoic acid receptor (RAR)gamma is selectively expressed in primitive hematopoietic precursors and that the bone marrow of RARgamma knockout mice exhibit markedly reduced numbers of HSCs associated with increased numbers of more mature progenitor cells compared with wild-type mice. In contrast, RARalpha is widely expressed in hematopoietic cells, but RARalpha knockout mice do not exhibit any HSC or progenitor abnormalities. Primitive hematopoietic precursors overexpressing RARalpha differentiate predominantly to granulocytes in short-term culture, whereas those overexpressing RARgamma exhibit a much more undifferentiated phenotype. Furthermore, loss of RARgamma abrogated the potentiating effects of all-trans retinoic acid on the maintenance of HSCs in ex vivo culture. Finally, pharmacological activation of RARgamma ex vivo promotes HSC self-renewal, as demonstrated by serial transplant studies. We conclude that the RARs have distinct roles in hematopoiesis and that RARgamma is a critical physiological and pharmacological regulator of the balance between HSC self-renewal and differentiation.


Assuntos
Medula Óssea/fisiologia , Diferenciação Celular/fisiologia , Proliferação de Células , Hematopoese/fisiologia , Células-Tronco Hematopoéticas/metabolismo , Receptores do Ácido Retinoico/metabolismo , Animais , Antineoplásicos/farmacologia , Diferenciação Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Células Cultivadas , Regulação da Expressão Gênica/efeitos dos fármacos , Regulação da Expressão Gênica/fisiologia , Granulócitos/citologia , Granulócitos/fisiologia , Hematopoese/efeitos dos fármacos , Transplante de Células-Tronco Hematopoéticas , Células-Tronco Hematopoéticas/citologia , Camundongos , Receptores do Ácido Retinoico/genética , Tretinoína/farmacologia , Receptor gama de Ácido Retinoico
13.
Hum Mol Genet ; 11(15): 1719-30, 2002 Jul 15.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-12095914

RESUMO

The ability to transfer the dystrophin gene stably to the skeletal muscle of DMD patients is a major confounding issue in establishing an effective gene therapy for this disease. To overcome this problem, we have examined the ability of muscle fibres from mdx mice to act as in situ factories of retroviral vector production. Tibialis anterior (TA) muscles from 4-week-old mdx mice were injected with an adenoviral vector expressing LacZ within a retroviral expression cassette (AdLZIN). Retroviral vector production was induced by the inclusion of two additional adenoviral vectors expressing retroviral gag-pol (AdGagPol) and 10A1 env genes (Ad10A1). Upon introduction of infected muscles into cell culture, colonies of beta-galactosidase-expressing myotubes formed only in cultures where the muscle was injected with AdLZIN, AdGagPol and Ad10A1, but not from muscle injected with AdLZIN only. Muscles from mdx/nude mice producing retroviral vector displayed a 4.6-fold increase in beta-galactosidase-positive myofibres after 1 month, compared with contralateral muscle in the same animal injected with AdLZIN and AdGagPol only. By constructing a hybrid adeno-retroviral vector expressing a truncated micro-dystrophin construct (AdmicroDyIN), we were able to partially correct the mdx dystrophic phenotype. AdmicroDyIN-mediated expression of micro-dystrophin in mdx TA muscle restored the formation of the dystrophin-associated glycoprotein complex and significantly reduced the level of muscle degeneration over uninjected controls. By stimulating in situ production of retroviral vector expressing micro-dystrophin, we achieved 92%+/-6% transduction of myofibres in the TA muscle by 4 weeks. Strikingly, by 3 months post injection, micro-dystrophin was still expressed to high levels in nearly all the myofibres of the TA muscle. By comparison, there was a pronounced drop in the levels of micro-dystrophin expressed by muscles injected with AdmicroDyIN only. Finally, using a novel PCR approach, we detected reverse-transcribed, integrated proviral sequences in TA muscle genomic DNA by 4 weeks post injection, the levels of which were found to increase after 3 months.


Assuntos
Adenoviridae/genética , Distrofina/genética , Técnicas de Transferência de Genes , Vetores Genéticos , Distrofia Muscular de Duchenne/terapia , Retroviridae/genética , Animais , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Terapia Genética , Óperon Lac , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos mdx , Camundongos Transgênicos , Músculo Esquelético/metabolismo , Distrofia Muscular de Duchenne/fisiopatologia , Transdução Genética
14.
Hum Mol Genet ; 11(7): 733-41, 2002 Apr 01.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-11929846

RESUMO

Duchenne muscular dystrophy is a severe life-threatening X-linked recessive disorder, caused by mutations in the dystrophin gene, for which currently there is no effective treatment. Because of the large size of the dystrophin cDNA (14 kb) this precluded it from being used in early adenovirus- or retrovirus-based gene therapy vectors. However, some therapeutic success has been achieved in mdx mice using adenovirus- and retrovirus-mediated transfer of a 6.3 kb recombinant mini-dystrophin cDNA. Despite this, problems with immunogenicity and inefficient transduction of mature myofibres make these vectors less than ideal for gene transfer to skeletal muscle. Adeno-associated viral (AAV) vectors overcome many of the problems associated with other vector systems. However, AAV vectors can only accommodate <5 kb of foreign DNA. For this reason we have produced a micro-dystrophin cDNA gene construct that is <3.8 kb. This construct, driven by a CMV promoter, was introduced into the skeletal muscle of 12-day-old nude/mdx mice using an AAV vector, resulting in specific sarcolemmal expression of micro-dystrophin in >50% of myofibres up to 20 weeks of age, and effective restoration of the dystrophin-associated protein (DAP) complex components. Additionally, evaluation of central nucleation indicated a significant inhibition of degenerative dystrophic muscle pathology. We have therefore shown that the current micro-dystrophin gene delivered in vivo using an AAV vector is not only capable of restoring sarcolemmal DAP complexes, but can also ameliorate dystrophic pathology at the cellular level.


Assuntos
Dependovirus , Distrofina/genética , Vetores Genéticos , Fibras Musculares Esqueléticas/metabolismo , Sarcolema/metabolismo , Animais , Núcleo Celular/metabolismo , Distrofina/biossíntese , Técnicas de Transferência de Genes , Terapia Genética , Imuno-Histoquímica , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos mdx , Camundongos Nus , Fibras Musculares Esqueléticas/patologia , Distrofia Muscular de Duchenne/genética , Distrofia Muscular de Duchenne/metabolismo , Distrofia Muscular de Duchenne/patologia , Distrofia Muscular de Duchenne/terapia , Sarcolema/patologia
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