[Relationship between sleep duration and hypertension among elderly residents in 15 provinces of China in 2015].

OBJECTIVE: To explore the relationship between the duration of sleep and hypertension among residents aged 60 and above in 15 provinces of China. METHODS: Based on the China Health and Nutrition Survey in 2015, 4078 residents aged 60 and above who provided complete diagnostic information on sleep duration and blood pressure were selected as subjects by stratified multi-stage cluster random sampling. RESULTS: The average age of participants aged 60 and above in 15 provinces was 68.41 years old, with 1915 were male, 2163 were female, 1683 urban participants and 2464 rural participants. After adjusting for gender, age, education, and economic confounding factors, Model 2 found that subjects who slept less than 7 h/d and those who slept more than 8 h/d had an increased risk of developing hypertension compared with the recommended sleep duration, the ORs were 1.24(95%CI 1.03-1.51) and 1.38(95%CI 1.15-1.65). Adding the sitting time, smoking, drinking and obesity to the Model 2, compared with the recommended sleep duration, subjects who slept less than 7 h/d and those who slept more than 9 h/d had an increased risk of hypertension. The ORs values were 1.27(95%CI 1.04-1.56) and 1.40(95%CI 1.16-1.70). CONCLUSION: The proportion of the elder aged 60 and older who sleep less than 7 h/d or more than 9 h/d has increased hypertension.

[Application of different spatial interpolation methods in sodium intake estimation].

OBJECTIVE: The spatial interpolation method was used to estimate the intake of sodium in the areas without dietary sodium intake data. METHODS: The data of dietary sodium consumption in this study are from the 2010-2012 China National Nutrition and Health Surveillance(CNNHS), the CNNHS was carried out on stratified multistage systematic clustered random sampling method with proportional to the population to form a representative sample of China as a whole, including 150 survey site. Dietary data was collected through face-to-face interview, based on a combination of three consecutive days of 24-h recalls combined with a household food weighting method, a total of 48 826 participants aged 20 years old and more were recruited in this study. The average sodium intake among 150 survey sites were calculated according to data of the CNNHS 2010-2012. The accuracy of spatial analysis techniques, such as Inverse Distance Weight, Ordinary Kriging, Cooperative Kriging method and Regression Kriging Interpolation method, was compared in the estimation of dietary sodium intake. The spatial analysis method with the highest accuracy was used to estimate the daily dietary sodium intake of each district and county in China, and then the dietary sodium intake of each province was calculated according to the population weight. RESULTS: The average sodium intake among Chinese adults was 5. 18 g, among which the average intake of men is 5. 33 g and that of women was 5. 03 g. Comparing the accuracy of four spatial analysis method in estimating dietary sodium intake, it was found that the Regression Kriging Interpolation method was superior to the other three methods, with root mean square error and mean absolute error of 0. 54 and 0. 44. The Regression Kriging Interpolation method was used to estimate the dietary sodium intake in different regions of China, the estimated national dietary sodium intake by population weighted calculation was 5. 17 g/d, the estimated national dietary sodium intake was 5. 33 g/d for men and 5. 01 g/d for women. The difference rate between the measured and estimated dietary sodium intake for all age groups was not more than 10%. Shandong Province, Tianjin City and Hebei Province had the highest sodium intake, which was 5. 98 g/d, 5. 83 g/d and 5. 82 g/d, respectively. Guizhou Province had the lowest sodium intake, with an estimated intake value of 4. 27 g/d. CONCLUSION: The spatial interpolation method can be used to estimate the intake of sodium, and the accuracy of Regression Kriging Interpolation method is higher than other spatial interpolation method.

Relationship of Sodium Intake with Overweight/Obesity among Chinese Children and Adolescents: Data from the CNNHS 2010-2012.

This study aims to examine association between sodium intake and overweight/obesity among Chinese children and adolescents. Data were obtained from China National Nutrition and Health Surveillance (CNNHS), 2010-2012. All participants recruited in this study aged 7-18 years old and provided complete dietary data on three-day consecutive 24 h dietary recalls combining with the household weighing method. Body Mass Index (BMI) was used to define overweight/obesity, and waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) was used to define abdominal obesity. Sodium intake showed association with risk of overweight/obesity assessed by BMI in the highest tertile group with OR of 1.48 (95%CI 1.13-1.94) and 1.89 (95%CI 1.33-2.67) for WHtR. After adjusted for gender, age, household income, area, energy, carbohydrates, protein, fat, saturated fatty acids, and fiber intake, the relationship between sodium intake and overweight/obesity and abdominal obesity are not changed. The same results were founded in subjects aged 10-18 years old. Our results reveal a positive association between sodium intake and overweight/obesity in Chinese children and adolescents, independent of energy consumption.

Maternal vitamin D deficiency during pregnancy and low birth weight: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVE: The object of the present study was to estimate the relationship between maternal vitamin D deficiency during pregnancy and low birth weight by systematically review prevalence studies. METHODS: We collected data from relevant studies published up to April 2019 using predefined inclusion/exclusion criteria. And all the studies were searched in PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science. RESULTS: A total of 16 studies met the criteria and were included in the meta-analysis. When compared with normal serum levels of vitamin D, the maternal vitamin D deficiency had an increased risk of low birth weight (OR = 2.39; 95%CI 1.25-4.57; p = .008), and same results were found in the comparison of the mean (the total mean birth weight decreased by 0.08 kg; 95%CI -0.10 to -0.06; p < .001). CONCLUSION: The evidence from this meta-analysis indicates a consistent association between vitamin D deficiency during pregnancy and an increased risk of low birth weight, and preventing maternal vitamin D deficiency may be an important public health strategy to help decrease the risk of low birth weight.

Dietary Sodium Intake and Food Sources Among Chinese Adults: Data from the CNNHS 2010-2012.

The present study was done to examine the status of dietary sodium intake and dietary sources of sodium among Chinese adults. Data were obtained from China National Nutrition and Health Surveillance (CNNHS) 2010-2012. All adults recruited in this study provided complete dietary data on three-day consecutive 24-h dietary recalls combining with the household weighing method. Sodium intake was adjusted for energy to 2000 kcal/day using the residual method. Average sodium intake was 5013 (95% Confidence Interval, CI: 4858, 5168) mg/day, and 92.6% of adults' sodium intake exceeded the standard in the Chinese proposed intake for preventing non-communicable chronic diseases (PI-NCD). The salt added to food was the main contributor to daily sodium intake, representing 69.2% of the total sodium consumption. The proportion of sodium from salt was different in some subgroups. The contribution ranged from 64.8% for those who came from urban areas aged 18-49 years old to 74.7% for those who came from rural areas with education levels of primary school or less, and sodium from soy sauce was the next highest contributor (8.2%). The proportion of the subjects with sodium intake contributed by flour products was higher in the north with 7.1% than the south with 1.4%. The average consumption of sodium among Chinese was more than the recommended amount, and salt was the main source of sodium.

Occupational exposure to silica and risk of heart disease: a systematic review with meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVE: To search for evidence of the relationship between occupational silica exposure and heart disease. DESIGN: A systematic review and meta-analysis. BACKGROUND: Growing evidence suggests a relationship between occupational silica exposure and heart disease; however, the link between them is less clear. DATA SOURCES: PubMed, ScienceDirect, Springer and EMBASE were searched for articles published between 1 January 1995 and 20 June 2019. Articles that investigated the effects of occupational silica exposure on the risk of heart disease were considered. STUDY SELECTION: We included cohort studies, including prospective, retrospective and retroprospective studies. DATA EXTRACTION AND SYNTHESIS: We extracted data using a piloted data collection form and conducted random-effects meta-analysis and exposure-response analysis. The meta-relative risk (meta-RR), a measure of the average ratio of heart disease rates in those with and without silica exposure, was used as an inverse variance-weighted average of relative risks from the individual studies. The Newcastle-Ottawa Quality Assessment Scale for cohort studies was used for study quality assessment. OUTCOME MEASURE: We calculated the risk of heart diseases such as pulmonary heart disease, ischaemic heart disease and others. RESULTS: Twenty cohort studies were included. The results suggest a significant increase in the risk of overall heart disease (meta-RR=1.08, 95% CI 1.03 to 1.13). Stronger evidence of association with pulmonary heart disease was found in the risk estimate of both categories of heart disease (meta-RR=1.24, 95% CI 1.08 to 1.43) and in the exposure-response analysis (meta-RR=1.39, 95% CI 1.19 to 1.62). Our subgroup analyses also revealed that the statistical heterogeneity among studies could be attributed mainly to the diversity in reference group, occupation and study quality score. CONCLUSIONS: Silica-exposed workers are at an increased risk for overall heart disease, especially pulmonary heart disease. Further research is needed to better clarify the relationship between occupational silica exposure and ischaemic heart disease. PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER: CRD42019124673.

Screen time and childhood overweight/obesity: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Controlling childhood overweight/obesity would help early prevention on children from getting chronic noncommunicable diseases, exposing to screen for long periods may increase the risk of overweight/obesity due to lack of physical activity and tend to intake too much energy, and the relationship between screen time and overweight/obesity is inconsistent. Thus, the object of the present study was to estimate the relationship between screen time and overweight/obesity in children (<18 years) by systematically review prevalence studies. METHODS: We collected data from relevant studies published up to May 2019 using predefined inclusion/exclusion criteria. And all the literatures were searched in PubMed, ScienceDirect, Embase, and Web of Science. RESULTS: A total of 16 studies met the criteria and were included in the meta-analysis. When compared with the screen time <2 hr/day, an increased overweight/obesity risk among children was shown in the screen time ≥2 hr/day (OR = 1.67; 95% CI [1.48, 1.88], P < .0001). The subgroup analysis showed a positive association between the different types of screen time and overweight/obesity among children. CONCLUSION: Based on our study, increasing screen time could be a risk factor for being overweight/obesity in children and adolescents.

[Interaction between alcohol-drinking and other factors of lifestyles on the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus].

OBJECTIVE: To explore the interaction between alcohol-drinking and other factors of lifestyles on the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus( T2 DM). METHODS: From June2015 to February 2016, 320 patients diagnosed with T2 DM in Huainan Eastern Hospital and 640 healthy cases at the same time in local medical examination center were randomlychosen to carry out the investigation, the differences between the two groups about demography, alcohol-drinking, smoking, physical activities and dietary habits were compared. Non-conditional logistic regression and generalized multifactor dimensionality reduction( GMDR) were used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: ( 1) Data from logistic regression analysis showed that after adjusting confounding factors, compared with Q1, the intake marks of grains( OR = 0. 310, 95% CI 0. 153-0. 628), vegetables-fruits( OR =0. 444, 95% CI 0. 245-0. 806), milk or dairy products( OR = 0. 510, 95% CI 0. 329-0. 790), beans( OR = 0. 434, 95% CI 0. 212-0. 901), red meat( OR = 0. 461, 95% CI0. 229-0. 926), western food( OR = 0. 223, 95% CI 0. 076-0. 652), sugary drinks( OR = 0. 150, 95% CI 0. 035-0. 643) were Q5 and the BMI less than 24. 0( OR =0. 189, 95% CI 0. 109-0. 329) were protective factors of T2 DM. However, frequent drinking( OR = 3. 936, 95% CI 1. 145-8. 734) and moderate physical activities which were equal to or more than five times per week( OR = 1. 558, 95% CI 1. 013-2. 876)were risk factors of T2 DM. There were multiplied interaction between frequent drinking and intake of grains( Q5)( OR = 0. 852, 95% CI 0. 765-0. 949) or vegetables-fruits( Q5)( OR = 0. 862, 95% CI 0. 757-0. 982) or adequate moderate physical activities( OR = 0. 613, 95% CI 0. 468-0. 803). There were additive interactions between frequent drinking and high intake of red meat or sugary drinks or adequate moderate physical activities. GMDR analysis showed that interaction among sugary drinks, red meat and frequent drinking on the risk of T2 DM may exist( P = 0. 001). CONCLUSION: Frequent drinking and some other controllable factors have combined effect to increase the risk of T2 DM.