The genus Gautieria (Gomphales) in Europe and the Mediterranean Basin: a morphological and phylogenetic taxonomic revision.

Type material and additional collections of 11 taxa of Gautieria described in Europe and North Africa have been studied, namely G. dubia, G. graveolens, G. morchelliformis var. globispora, G. morchelliformis var. magnicellaris, G. morchelliformis var. morchelliformis, G. morchelliformis var. stenospora, G. otthii, G. pseudovestita, G. retirugosa, G. trabutii and G. villosa. At the same time, morphological and genetic studies on recent and herbarium collections from several European countries have been carried out. This enabled clarification of sections within Gautieria and differentiation of 28 taxa, of which 21 are new to science. However, the deeper relationships and nomenclature changes related to the phylogenetic position of the genus Gautieria within Gomphaceae will not be addressed in this study because they would require a more complete molecular analysis together with that of related genera, e.g., Gomphus, Turbinellus, and the four subgenera of Ramaria. In addition, a lectotype for G. villosa var. villosa and reference specimens for G. graveolens and G. morchelliformis var. morchelliformis are selected, and the new combination G. morchelliformis var. dubia is proposed. Detailed descriptions, macro- and microphotographs and distribution maps of all taxa are provided, as well as extensive information on their ecology, chorology and phylogeny. A key is included to facilitate identification of taxa. Citation: Vidal JM, Cseh P, Merényi Z, et al. 2023. The genus Gautieria (Gomphales) in Europe and the Mediterranean Basin: a morphological and phylogenetic taxonomic revision. Persoonia 50: 48 -122. https://doi.org/10.3767/persoonia.2023.50.03.

Bipolar switching in chalcogenide phase change memory.

Phase change materials based on chalcogenides are key enabling technologies for optical storage, such as rewritable CD and DVD, and recently also electrical nonvolatile memory, named phase change memory (PCM). In a PCM, the amorphous or crystalline phase affects the material band structure, hence the device resistance. Although phase transformation is extremely fast and repeatable, the amorphous phase suffers structural relaxation and crystallization at relatively low temperatures, which may affect the temperature stability of PCM state. To improve the time/temperature stability of the PCM, novel operation modes of the device should be identified. Here, we present bipolar switching operation of PCM, which is interpreted by ion migration in the solid state induced by elevated temperature and electric field similar to the bipolar switching in metal oxides. The temperature stability of the high resistance state is demonstrated and explained based on the local depletion of chemical species from the electrode region.

Criopreservação do plasma rico em plaquetas de equinos / Equine platelet-rich plasma cryopreservation

Avaliou-se o congelamento do plasma rico em plaquetas (PRP) de equinos, a -196ºC em nitrogênio líquido, utilizando-se como crioprotetor o DMSO em duas concentrações (3% e 6%), e, como ponto final, a avaliação da morfologia e da agregometria plaquetária. Foram utilizadas 12 amostras de PRP em duas repetições. Previamente ao congelamento, as amostras foram submetidas a um resfriamento lento (-0,07ºC/minuto) até a temperatura final de 4-5ºC. A criopreservação do PRP equino, incluindo um resfriamento lento a 4-5ºC, previamente ao congelamento a -197ºC em nitrogênio líquido, foi similar para as concentrações do crioprotetor DMSO a 3% ou 6%, quando avaliado o percentual de ativação e de agregação plaquetária.

Equine platelet-rich plasma (PRP) frozen at -196°C in liquid nitrogen using DMSO as a cryoprotectant in two different concentrations (3% and 6%) was evaluated, using platelet morphology and aggregometry as the final parameters. Twelve PRP samples were used in two repetitions. The samples were submitted to slow cooling prior to frozen (-0.07°C/minute) until they reached the temperature of 4-5°C. Platelet cryopreserved in 3% or 6% DMSO, presented similar efficacy when the percentage of activation and platelet aggregation was evaluated.

Persistence assessment of cyclohexyl- and norbornyl-derived ketones and their degradation products in different OECD screening tests.

The persistence of synthetic cyclohexyl- and norbornyl-derived ketones was assessed by using OECD 301F and 301D biodegradation tests. While cyclohexyl-derived ketones either reached or came close to the pass level (60%) after 60 d, the corresponding norbornyl derivatives yielded significantly less biodegradation (<40%). By analyzing extracts at 60 d, the key degradation products of four norbornyl derivatives were identified. Consistently, 2-bicyclo[2.2.1]heptane carboxylic acid was found as a principal degradation product with minor quantities of bicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-2-one and 2-bicyclo[2.2.1]heptane acetic acid. When the three degradation products were re-synthesized and tested individually for biodegradability, the former two were found to be ultimately biodegradable after 60 d in OECD 301D tests, thus proving non-persistence. Similarly, 2-bicyclo[2.2.1]heptane acetic acid was found to be degraded significantly, albeit with long lag phases exceeding 60 d in the case of freshwater inoculum, then ultimately reaching the pass level. On the other hand, norbornyl ketones were still only partially biodegradable in the same test. We conclude that despite the potential for ultimate biodegradation of norbornyl-derived ketones, current screening tests yield an incomplete picture of their biodegradability, particularly when applying strict OECD criteria. The appearance of long lag phases when re-testing norbornyl ketone degradation products underlines the importance of extending tests to well beyond 28 and even 60 d in the case of freshwater inocula.

Curvas ângulo-tempo das articulações dos eqüinos marchadores / Joint angle-time curves of Brazilian gaited horses

Gráficos com demonstração das curvas ângulo-tempo das articulações dos membros dos eqüinos foram avaliados por meio da análise de imagens digitalizadas tomadas de 10 cavalos e 13 éguas da raça Mangalarga Marchador. Foram utilizados marcadores reflexivos adesivos colocados em 19 pontos articulares dos eqüinos, procedendo-se à filmagem com freqüência de 250 quadros por segundo e utilizando-se o aplicativo Simi-motion 3D 6.0 para digitalização e análise das imagens. A utilização dos marcadores reflexivos adesivos constituiu boa metodologia para análise dos movimentos dos segmentos ósseos dos eqüinos. Os resultados observados indicam haver, durante a locomoção dos eqüinos marchadores brasileiros, comportamento similar das articulações quando comparados com eqüinos de sela europeus, apresentando mesmo padrão das curvas de ângulo-tempo e não havendo grandes diferenças entre os pontos máximos de flexão e extensão.

Images of 10 horses and 13 mares of Mangalarga Marchador breed were taken and digitalized to analyze the joint angle-time curves. Reflexives and adhesives markers were glued on 19 articulations points of the hindlimbs and forelimbs of the horses. The images were taken at 250 frames per second and the digitalization and analysis were made using a Simi-motion 3D 6.0 software. The results demonstrated that the methodology using reflexives and adhesives markers was efficient to make analyses of the bone segment movements of the horses. This study concluded that the Brazilian gaited horses have a similar angle-joint curve as the European warmblood horses and there are no great differences of the maximum extension and flexion points.

Influência das pontas excessivas de esmalte dentário na digestibilidade e nutrientes de dietas de eqüinos / Influence of excessive enamel points on nutrients digestibility in diets of horses

Para avaliar a influência das pontas excessivas de esmalte dentário na digestibilidade dos nutrientes de dietas de eqüinos, utilizaram-se 13 animais alimentados com capim-elefante (Pennisetum purpureum) e ração comercial. Foram analisadas matéria seca, proteína bruta, energia bruta, fibra em detergente neutro, fibra em detergente ácido, hemicelulose e celulose nas fezes antes e duas semanas após o desgaste corretivo das pontas excessivas de esmalte. A digestibilidade aumentou (P<0,001) em todas as variáveis estudadas após o desgaste corretivo.

The influence of excessive enamel points on structural carbohydrates digestibility in horses was evaluated. Thirteen horses were fed on elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum) and concentrate. Dry matter, crude protein, gross energy, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, hemicellulose and cellulose were measured in the feces before and two weeks after floating of the excessive enamel points. The apparent digestibility of all nutrients was increased (P<0.001) after the treatment.

Avaliação da influência das pontas excessivas de esmalte dentário na digestabilidade dos carboidratos estruturais em equinos

O artigo não apresenta resumo.

Pharmacological studies on the new mucoactive agent (-)-6(S)-hydroxy-4(R)-(1-hydroxy-1-methylethyl)-1-cyclohexene-1-ethanol .

The pharmacological activity and acute toxicity of (-)-6(S)-hydroxy-4(R)-(1-hydroxy-1-methylethyl)-1-cyclohexene-1-ethanol (CO/1408, CAS 103079-06-7), a new mucoactive drug, were evaluated. After oral and intravenous administration CO/1408 increased the pulmonary secretion of fluorescein in rats, as an index of bronchosecretogogue activity. In addition, CO/1408 markedly increased the mucociliary transport rate. In in vitro study CO/1408 did not modify the viscosity of pig gastric mucin. Acute toxicity studies showed a very low toxicity after single dose indicating a high safety level for the doses used in this report. The results obtained point out the potential usefulness of CO/1408 to ameliorate the symptoms observed in some obstructive pulmonary diseases.