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1.
Exp Dermatol ; 32(7): 1174-1181, 2023 07.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37237288

RESUMO

Male pattern hair loss (MPHL), also referred to as male androgenetic alopecia (AGA) is the most common type of non-scarring progressive hair loss, with 80% of men suffering from this condition in their lifetime. In MPHL, the hair line recedes to a specific part of the scalp which cannot be accurately predicted. Hair is lost from the front, vertex, and the crown, yet temporal and occipital follicles remain. The visual effect of hair loss is due to hair follicle miniaturisation, where terminal hair follicles become dimensionally smaller. Miniaturisation is also characterised by a shortening of the growth phase of the hair cycle (anagen), and a prolongation of the dormant phase (kenogen). Together, these changes result in the production of thinner and shorter hair fibres, referred to as miniaturised or vellus hairs. It remains unclear why miniaturisation occurs in this specific pattern, with frontal follicles being susceptible while occipital follicles remain in a terminal state. One main factor we believe to be at play, which will be discussed in this viewpoint, is the developmental origin of the skin and hair follicle dermis on different regions of the scalp.


Assuntos
Alopecia , Cabelo , Masculino , Humanos , Alopecia/etiologia , Folículo Piloso , Couro Cabeludo , Pele
2.
J Invest Dermatol ; 141(7): 1633-1645.e13, 2021 07.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33493531

RESUMO

Hair follicles (HFs) are immersed within dermal white adipose tissue (dWAT), yet human adipocyte‒HF communication remains unexplored. Therefore, we investigated how perifollicular adipocytes affect the physiology of human anagen scalp HFs. Quantitative immunohistomorphometry, X-ray microcomputed tomography, and transmission electron microscopy showed that the number and size of perifollicular adipocytes declined during anagen‒catagen transition, whereas fluorescence-lifetime imaging revealed increased lipid oxidation in adipocytes surrounding the bulge and/or sub-bulge region. Ex vivo, dWAT tendentially promoted hair shaft production, and significantly stimulated hair matrix keratinocyte proliferation and HF pigmentation. Both dWAT pericytes and PREF1/DLK1+ adipocyte progenitors secreted HGF during human HF‒dWAT co-culture, for which the c-Met receptor was expressed in the hair matrix and dermal papilla. These effects were reproduced using recombinant HGF and abrogated by an HGF-neutralizing antibody. Laser-capture microdissection‒based microarray analysis of the hair matrix showed that dWAT-derived HGF upregulated keratin (K) genes (K27, K73, K75, K84, K86) and TCHH. Mechanistically, HGF stimulated Wnt/ß-catenin activity in the human hair matrix (increased AXIN2, LEF1) by upregulating WNT6 and WNT10B, and inhibiting SFRP1 in the dermal papilla. Our study demonstrates that dWAT regulates human hair growth and pigmentation through HGF secretion, and thus identifies dWAT and HGF as important novel molecular and cellular targets for therapeutic intervention in human hair growth and pigmentation disorders.


Assuntos
Cor de Cabelo , Folículo Piloso/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Fator de Crescimento de Hepatócito/metabolismo , Pigmentação , Gordura Subcutânea/metabolismo , Adipócitos/metabolismo , Células Cultivadas , Técnicas de Cocultura , Folículo Piloso/diagnóstico por imagem , Folículo Piloso/metabolismo , Humanos , Queratinócitos/fisiologia , Microdissecção e Captura a Laser , Cultura Primária de Células , Via de Sinalização Wnt , Microtomografia por Raio-X
3.
J Invest Dermatol ; 141(2): 334-344, 2021 02.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32682910

RESUMO

Chemotherapy-induced hair loss (alopecia) (CIA) remains a major unsolved problem in clinical oncology. CIA is often considered to be a consequence of the antimitotic and apoptosis-promoting properties of chemotherapy drugs acting on rapidly proliferating hair matrix keratinocytes. Here, we show that in a mouse model of CIA, the downregulation of Shh signaling in the hair matrix is a critical early event. Inhibition of Shh signaling recapitulated key morphological and functional features of CIA, whereas recombinant Shh protein partially rescued hair loss. Phosphoproteomics analysis revealed that activation of the MAPK pathway is a key upstream event, which can be further manipulated to rescue CIA. Finally, in organ-cultured human scalp hair follicles as well as in patients undergoing chemotherapy, reduced expression of SHH gene correlates with chemotherapy-induced hair follicle damage or the degree of CIA, respectively. Our work revealed that Shh signaling is an evolutionarily conserved key target in CIA pathobiology. Specifically targeting the intrafollicular MAPK-Shh axis may provide a promising strategy to manage CIA.


Assuntos
Alopecia/patologia , Antineoplásicos/efeitos adversos , Folículo Piloso/efeitos dos fármacos , Proteínas Hedgehog/metabolismo , Sistema de Sinalização das MAP Quinases/efeitos dos fármacos , Alopecia/induzido quimicamente , Animais , Células Cultivadas , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Regulação para Baixo/efeitos dos fármacos , Perfilação da Expressão Gênica , Folículo Piloso/patologia , Proteínas Hedgehog/análise , Humanos , Camundongos , Cultura Primária de Células , Proteômica , Couro Cabeludo/citologia , Couro Cabeludo/patologia
6.
Sci Rep ; 7(1): 15197, 2017 11 09.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29123134

RESUMO

Human scalp hair follicles (hHF) harbour several epithelial stem (eHFSC) and progenitor cell sub-populations organised into spatially distinct niches. However, the constitutive cell cycle activity of these niches remains to be characterized in situ. Therefore, the current study has studied these characteristics of keratin 15+ (K15), CD200+ or CD34+ cells within anagen VI hHFs by immunohistomorphometry, using Ki-67 and 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine (EdU). We quantitatively demonstrate in situ the relative cell cycle inactivity of the CD200+/K15+ bulge compared to other non-bulge CD34+ and K15+ progenitor compartments and found that in each recognized eHFSC/progenitor niche, proliferation associates negatively with eHFSC-marker expression. Furthermore, we also show how prostaglandin D2 (PGD2), which is upregulated in balding scalp, differentially impacts on the proliferation of distinct eHFSC populations. Namely, 24 h organ-cultured hHFs treated with PGD2 displayed reduced Ki-67 expression and EdU incorporation in bulge resident K15+ cells, but not in supra/proximal bulb outer root sheath K15+ progenitors. This study emphasises clear differences between the cell cycle behaviour of spatially distinct stem/progenitor cell niches in the hHF, and demonstrates a possible link between PGD2 and perturbed proliferation dynamics in epithelial stem cells.


Assuntos
Proliferação de Células/efeitos dos fármacos , Células Epiteliais/fisiologia , Folículo Piloso/citologia , Prostaglandina D2/metabolismo , Células-Tronco/fisiologia , Biomarcadores/análise , Células Cultivadas , Células Epiteliais/química , Células Epiteliais/efeitos dos fármacos , Humanos , Imuno-Histoquímica , Células-Tronco/química , Células-Tronco/efeitos dos fármacos
7.
J Invest Dermatol ; 137(2): 295-304, 2017 02.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-27702566

RESUMO

The in situ control of redox insult in human organs is of major clinical relevance, yet remains incompletely understood. Activation of nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2), the "master regulator" of genes controlling cellular redox homeostasis, is advocated as a therapeutic strategy for diseases with severely impaired redox balance. It remains to be shown whether this strategy is effective in human organs, rather than only in isolated human cell types. We have therefore explored the role of Nrf2 in a uniquely accessible human (mini-) organ: scalp hair follicles. Microarray and qRT-PCR analysis of human hair follicles after Nrf2 activation using sulforaphane identified the modulation of phase II metabolism, reactive oxygen species clearance, the pentose phosphate pathway, and glutathione homeostasis. Nrf2 knockdown (small interfering RNA) in cultured human hair follicles confirmed the regulation of key Nrf2 target genes (i.e., heme oxygenase-1, NAD(P)H dehydrogenase, quinone 1, glutathione reductase, glutamate-cysteine ligase catalytic subunit, ABCC1, peroxiredoxin 1). Importantly, Nrf2 activation significantly reduced reactive oxygen species levels and associated lipid peroxidation. Nrf2 preactivation reduced premature catagen and hair growth inhibition induced by oxidative stress (H2O2 or menadione), significantly ameliorated the H2O2-dependent increase in matrix keratinocyte apoptosis and reversed the reactive oxygen species-induced reduction in hair matrix proliferation. This study thus provides direct evidence for the crucial role of Nrf2 in protecting human organ function (i.e., scalp hair follicles) against redox insult.


Assuntos
Folículo Piloso/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Fator 2 Relacionado a NF-E2/fisiologia , Estresse Oxidativo , Adulto , Apoptose/efeitos dos fármacos , Heme Oxigenase-1/fisiologia , Humanos , Peróxido de Hidrogênio/farmacologia , Peroxidação de Lipídeos , Masculino , Espécies Reativas de Oxigênio/metabolismo
8.
PLoS One ; 10(3): e0121878, 2015.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-25822259

RESUMO

The human hair follicle (HF) exhibits peripheral clock activity, with knock-down of clock genes (BMAL1 and PER1) prolonging active hair growth (anagen) and increasing pigmentation. Similarly, thyroid hormones prolong anagen and stimulate pigmentation in cultured human HFs. In addition they are recognized as key regulators of the central clock that controls circadian rhythmicity. Therefore, we asked whether thyroxine (T4) also influences peripheral clock activity in the human HF. Over 24 hours we found a significant reduction in protein levels of BMAL1 and PER1, with their transcript levels also decreasing significantly. Furthermore, while all clock genes maintained their rhythmicity in both the control and T4 treated HFs, there was a significant reduction in the amplitude of BMAL1 and PER1 in T4 (100 nM) treated HFs. Accompanying this, cell-cycle progression marker Cyclin D1 was also assessed appearing to show an induced circadian rhythmicity by T4 however, this was not significant. Contrary to short term cultures, after 6 days, transcript and/or protein levels of all core clock genes (BMAL1, PER1, clock, CRY1, CRY2) were up-regulated in T4 treated HFs. BMAL1 and PER1 mRNA was also up-regulated in the HF bulge, the location of HF epithelial stem cells. Together this provides the first direct evidence that T4 modulates the expression of the peripheral molecular clock. Thus, patients with thyroid dysfunction may also show a disordered peripheral clock, which raises the possibility that short term, pulsatile treatment with T4 might permit one to modulate circadian activity in peripheral tissues as a target to treat clock-related disease.


Assuntos
Relógios Biológicos/fisiologia , Folículo Piloso/fisiologia , Tiroxina/fisiologia , Fatores de Transcrição ARNTL/genética , Fatores de Transcrição ARNTL/metabolismo , Relógios Biológicos/efeitos dos fármacos , Relógios Biológicos/genética , Proteínas CLOCK/genética , Proteínas CLOCK/metabolismo , Ciclina D1/genética , Ciclina D1/metabolismo , Folículo Piloso/efeitos dos fármacos , Humanos , Masculino , Técnicas de Cultura de Órgãos , Proteínas Circadianas Period/genética , Proteínas Circadianas Period/metabolismo , RNA Mensageiro/genética , RNA Mensageiro/metabolismo , Tiroxina/farmacologia , Regulação para Cima/efeitos dos fármacos
9.
J Invest Dermatol ; 135(5): 1244-1252, 2015 May.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-25647436

RESUMO

Dermal papilla cells (DPCs) taken from male androgenetic alopecia (AGA) patients undergo premature senescence in vitro in association with the expression of p16(INK4a), suggesting that DPCs from balding scalp are more sensitive to environmental stress than nonbalding cells. As one of the major triggers of senescence in vitro stems from the cell "culture shock" owing to oxidative stress, we have further investigated the effects of oxidative stress on balding and occipital scalp DPCs. Patient-matched DPCs from balding and occipital scalp were cultured at atmospheric (21%) or physiologically normal (2%) O2. At 21% O2, DPCs showed flattened morphology and a significant reduction in mobility, population doubling, increased levels of reactive oxygen species and senescence-associated ß-Gal activity, and increased expression of p16(INK4a) and pRB. Balding DPCs secreted higher levels of the negative hair growth regulators transforming growth factor beta 1 and 2 in response to H2O2 but not cell culture-associated oxidative stress. Balding DPCs had higher levels of catalase and total glutathione but appear to be less able to handle oxidative stress compared with occipital DPCs. These in vitro findings suggest that there may be a role for oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of AGA both in relation to cell senescence and migration but also secretion of known hair follicle inhibitory factors.


Assuntos
Alopecia/patologia , Alopecia/fisiopatologia , Senescência Celular/fisiologia , Derme/patologia , Derme/fisiopatologia , Estresse Oxidativo/fisiologia , Adulto , Alopecia/metabolismo , Biópsia por Agulha , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Catalase/metabolismo , Movimento Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Movimento Celular/fisiologia , Células Cultivadas , Senescência Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Inibidor p16 de Quinase Dependente de Ciclina/metabolismo , Derme/metabolismo , Glutationa/metabolismo , Humanos , Técnicas In Vitro , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Estresse Oxidativo/efeitos dos fármacos , Oxigênio/farmacologia , Espécies Reativas de Oxigênio/metabolismo , Couro Cabeludo/patologia
10.
J Invest Dermatol ; 135(4): 1053-1064, 2015 Apr.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-25310406

RESUMO

Although the regulation of pigmentation is well characterized, it remains unclear whether cell-autonomous controls regulate the cyclic on-off switching of pigmentation in the hair follicle (HF). As human HFs and epidermal melanocytes express clock genes and proteins, and given that core clock genes (PER1, BMAL1) modulate human HF cycling, we investigated whether peripheral clock activity influences human HF pigmentation. We found that silencing BMAL1 or PER1 in human HFs increased HF melanin content. Furthermore, tyrosinase expression and activity, as well as TYRP1 and TYRP2 mRNA levels, gp100 protein expression, melanocyte dendricity, and the number gp100+ HF melanocytes, were all significantly increased in BMAL1 and/or PER1-silenced HFs. BMAL1 or PER1 silencing also increased epidermal melanin content, gp100 protein expression, and tyrosinase activity in human skin. These effects reflect direct modulation of melanocytes, as BMAL1 and/or PER1 silencing in isolated melanocytes increased tyrosinase activity and TYRP1/2 expression. Mechanistically, BMAL1 knockdown reduces PER1 transcription, and PER1 silencing induces phosphorylation of the master regulator of melanogenesis, microphthalmia-associated transcription factor, thus stimulating human melanogenesis and melanocyte activity in situ and in vitro. Therefore, the molecular clock operates as a cell-autonomous modulator of human pigmentation and may be targeted for future therapeutic strategies.


Assuntos
Fatores de Transcrição ARNTL/metabolismo , Relógios Biológicos , Proteínas Circadianas Period/metabolismo , Pigmentação , Epiderme/metabolismo , Inativação Gênica , Folículo Piloso/metabolismo , Humanos , Queratinócitos/citologia , Melaninas/química , Melaninas/metabolismo , Melanócitos/citologia , Fator de Transcrição Associado à Microftalmia/metabolismo , Monofenol Mono-Oxigenase/metabolismo , Pele/metabolismo , Antígeno gp100 de Melanoma/metabolismo
11.
Scars Burn Heal ; 1: 2059513115607764, 2015.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29799573

RESUMO

Treating patients with burn alopecia or hair loss can often be a challenge to both the surgeon and the patient. As with other reconstructive procedures that are required in the post-burn phase, this is usually a multiple stage process often requiring surgery over several years. This is because graft take is not as reliable as in healthy non-scarred skin and may need repeating to achieve adequate density. Also, different areas of hair loss may need to be addressed in separate procedures. There are several limiting factors that will determine whether or not a patient is a candidate for hair restoration which includes but is not limited to the amount of hair loss and the availability of suitable donor hair. Here we discuss how the current surgical technique of hair transplant surgery by follicular unit extraction (FUE) or strip follicular unit transplant (FUT) has become the treatment of choice for alopecic areas that require a more refined aesthetic result. Eyebrow, eyelash, beard and scalp hair loss can all have a negative impact on a burn survivor's self-esteem and even if surgery is not a possibility, there are non-surgical options available for hair restoration and these are also discussed.

12.
J Invest Dermatol ; 134(3): 610-619, 2014 Mar.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-24005054

RESUMO

The hair follicle (HF) is a continuously remodeled mini organ that cycles between growth (anagen), regression (catagen), and relative quiescence (telogen). As the anagen-to-catagen transformation of microdissected human scalp HFs can be observed in organ culture, it permits the study of the unknown controls of autonomous, rhythmic tissue remodeling of the HF, which intersects developmental, chronobiological, and growth-regulatory mechanisms. The hypothesis that the peripheral clock system is involved in hair cycle control, i.e., the anagen-to-catagen transformation, was tested. Here we show that in the absence of central clock influences, isolated, organ-cultured human HFs show circadian changes in the gene and protein expression of core clock genes (CLOCK, BMAL1, and Period1) and clock-controlled genes (c-Myc, NR1D1, and CDKN1A), with Period1 expression being hair cycle dependent. Knockdown of either BMAL1 or Period1 in human anagen HFs significantly prolonged anagen. This provides evidence that peripheral core clock genes modulate human HF cycling and are an integral component of the human hair cycle clock. Specifically, our study identifies BMAL1 and Period1 as potential therapeutic targets for modulating human hair growth.


Assuntos
Fatores de Transcrição ARNTL/genética , Ritmo Circadiano/fisiologia , Folículo Piloso/fisiologia , Proteínas Circadianas Period/genética , Couro Cabeludo/fisiologia , Fatores de Transcrição ARNTL/metabolismo , Adulto , Idoso , Proteínas CLOCK/genética , Proteínas CLOCK/metabolismo , Inibidor de Quinase Dependente de Ciclina p21/genética , Inibidor de Quinase Dependente de Ciclina p21/metabolismo , Feminino , Regulação da Expressão Gênica/fisiologia , Inativação Gênica , Folículo Piloso/citologia , Folículo Piloso/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Humanos , Queratinócitos/citologia , Queratinócitos/fisiologia , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Membro 1 do Grupo D da Subfamília 1 de Receptores Nucleares/genética , Membro 1 do Grupo D da Subfamília 1 de Receptores Nucleares/metabolismo , Técnicas de Cultura de Órgãos , Proteínas Circadianas Period/metabolismo , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-myb/genética , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-myb/metabolismo , Couro Cabeludo/citologia , Couro Cabeludo/crescimento & desenvolvimento
13.
Facial Plast Surg Clin North Am ; 21(3): 431-6, 2013 Aug.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-24017984

RESUMO

Dense packing is the philosophy of fitting more than 30 to 35 follicular unit grafts per square centimeter in one operation. The aim is to produce a more even, consistent, and natural looking flow of hair after just one procedure. Although desirable in principle, not all patients are suitable candidates nor is it possible to achieve in certain patients (eg, coarse or curly hair). Patients who have sufficient donor availability, reasonably stable hair loss, and high hair-to-skin color ratios are the ideal candidates. The authors highlight their philosophies and strategies for dense packing.


Assuntos
Alopecia/cirurgia , Técnicas Cosméticas , Procedimentos Cirúrgicos Dermatológicos/métodos , Cabelo/transplante , Couro Cabeludo/cirurgia , Estética , Folículo Piloso/transplante , Humanos , Planejamento de Assistência ao Paciente , Seleção de Pacientes , Complicações Pós-Operatórias/diagnóstico , Complicações Pós-Operatórias/prevenção & controle , Cuidados Pré-Operatórios/métodos , Coleta de Tecidos e Órgãos/métodos , Transplante Autólogo/métodos , Resultado do Tratamento
14.
FASEB J ; 27(2): 557-67, 2013 Feb.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-23104985

RESUMO

Balding causes widespread psychological distress but is poorly controlled. The commonest treatment, minoxidil, was originally an antihypertensive drug that promoted unwanted hair. We hypothesized that another serendipitous discovery, increased eyelash growth side-effects of prostamide F(2α)-related eyedrops for glaucoma, may be relevant for scalp alopecias. Eyelash hairs and follicles are highly specialized and remain unaffected by androgens that inhibit scalp follicles and stimulate many others. Therefore, we investigated whether non-eyelash follicles could respond to bimatoprost, a prostamide F(2α) analog recently licensed for eyelash hypotrichosis. Bimatoprost, at pharmacologically selective concentrations, increased hair synthesis in scalp follicle organ culture and advanced mouse pelage hair regrowth in vivo compared to vehicle alone. A prostamide receptor antagonist blocked isolated follicle growth, confirming a direct, receptor-mediated mechanism within follicles; RT-PCR analysis identified 3 relevant receptor genes in scalp follicles in vivo. Receptors were located in the key follicle regulator, the dermal papilla, by analyzing individual follicular structures and immunohistochemistry. Thus, bimatoprost stimulates human scalp follicles in culture and rodent pelage follicles in vivo, mirroring eyelash behavior, and scalp follicles contain bimatoprost-sensitive prostamide receptors in vivo. This highlights a new follicular signaling system and confirms that bimatoprost offers a novel, low-risk therapeutic approach for scalp alopecias.


Assuntos
Alopecia/tratamento farmacológico , Amidas/uso terapêutico , Cloprostenol/análogos & derivados , Administração Tópica , Adulto , Alopecia/genética , Alopecia/metabolismo , Amidas/administração & dosagem , Animais , Anti-Hipertensivos/administração & dosagem , Anti-Hipertensivos/uso terapêutico , Sequência de Bases , Bimatoprost , Cloprostenol/administração & dosagem , Cloprostenol/uso terapêutico , Feminino , Glaucoma/tratamento farmacológico , Folículo Piloso/efeitos dos fármacos , Folículo Piloso/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Folículo Piloso/metabolismo , Humanos , Imuno-Histoquímica , Masculino , Camundongos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Técnicas de Cultura de Órgãos , RNA Mensageiro/genética , RNA Mensageiro/metabolismo , Receptores de Prostaglandina/antagonistas & inibidores , Receptores de Prostaglandina/efeitos dos fármacos , Receptores de Prostaglandina/genética , Receptores de Prostaglandina/metabolismo , Couro Cabeludo/efeitos dos fármacos , Couro Cabeludo/metabolismo , Adulto Jovem
16.
J Invest Dermatol ; 128(5): 1088-94, 2008 May.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-17989730

RESUMO

Androgenetic alopecia (AGA), a hereditary disorder that involves the progressive thinning of hair in a defined pattern, is driven by androgens. The hair follicle dermal papilla (DP) expresses androgen receptors (AR) and plays an important role in the control of normal hair growth. In AGA, it has been proposed that the inhibitory actions of androgens are mediated via the DP although the molecular nature of these interactions is poorly understood. To investigate mechanisms of AGA, we cultured DP cells (DPC) from balding and non-balding scalp and confirmed previous reports that balding DPC grow slower in vitro than non-balding DPC. Loss of proliferative capacity of balding DPC was associated with changes in cell morphology, expression of senescence-associated beta-galactosidase, as well as decreased expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen and Bmi-1; upregulation of p16(INK4a)/pRb and nuclear expression of markers of oxidative stress and DNA damage including heat shock protein-27, super oxide dismutase catalase, ataxia-telangiectasia-mutated kinase (ATM), and ATM- and Rad3-related protein. Premature senescence of balding DPC in vitro in association with expression of p16(INK4a)/pRB suggests that balding DPC are sensitive to environmental stress and identifies alternative pathways that could lead to novel therapeutic strategies for treatment of AGA.


Assuntos
Alopecia/metabolismo , Alopecia/patologia , Senescência Celular/fisiologia , Inibidor p16 de Quinase Dependente de Ciclina/metabolismo , Derme/patologia , Proteínas Mutadas de Ataxia Telangiectasia , Catalase/metabolismo , Proteínas de Ciclo Celular/metabolismo , Divisão Celular/fisiologia , Proteínas de Ligação a DNA/metabolismo , Derme/metabolismo , Proteínas de Choque Térmico HSP27 , Proteínas de Choque Térmico/metabolismo , Humanos , Técnicas In Vitro , Masculino , Chaperonas Moleculares , Proteínas de Neoplasias/metabolismo , Proteínas Nucleares/metabolismo , Estresse Oxidativo/fisiologia , Complexo Repressor Polycomb 1 , Proteínas Serina-Treonina Quinases/metabolismo , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas/metabolismo , Proteínas Repressoras/metabolismo , Proteína do Retinoblastoma/metabolismo , Superóxido Dismutase/metabolismo , Superóxido Dismutase-1 , Proteínas Supressoras de Tumor/metabolismo
17.
Dermatol Surg ; 32(1): 86-9, discussion 89-90, 2006 Jan.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-16393605

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Because hair restoration surgery (HRS) has changed so significantly, the International Society of Hair Restoration Surgery (ISHRS) presents the recently developed Core Curriculum for Hair Restoration Surgery (CCHRS). Physician competence in HRS demands a sound understanding of all of the alternate pathologic causes of hair loss, as well as their risks and treatments. OBJECTIVE: The CCHRS defines the knowledge, didactic information, medical insights, and surgical techniques that are essential to physician competence in the correct diagnoses and treatment of hair loss problems, in a manner consistent with patient safety and sound esthetic results. The ISHRS hopes that all existing surgical and dermatology training programs that teach HRS procedures will find the CCHRS useful in developing their curriculum relative to HRS and that this will facilitate the development of a new standard of training within the profession. METHODS: Developed and reviewed by a committee of experienced hair restoration surgeons. RESULTS: The CCHRS clearly defines the diagnosis and treatment of hair loss as a multidimensional specialty requiring knowledge of several medical disciplines, including genetics, endocrinology, dermatology, and surgery. CONCLUSION: The ISHRS believes that the CCHRS is an important contribution to physician education in HRS and that a clearly defined core curriculum will facilitate achieving contemporary results and higher patient satisfaction.


Assuntos
Alopecia/cirurgia , Currículo/normas , Dermatologia/educação , Folículo Piloso/transplante , Humanos
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