Yellow grease in sheep diets: intake and digestibility / [Óleo residual de fritura em dietas para ovinos: consumo e digestibilidade]

This study aimed to assess the effects of yellow grease supplementation on the intake, digestibility, and nitrogen balance in sheep. Twenty Santa Inês lambs with a mean age of 95 ± 10 d and body weight of 19.29 ± 3.17kg were evaluated in a completely randomized design. The diets were supplemented with oil at concentrations of 0, 20, 40, 60, and 80 gkg-1 of dry matter (DM) of the concentrate. The diets were based on roughage and concentrate (50:50). The experimental period lasted 19 d and included 14 adaptation days and five collection days for the total supplied diet, orts, feces, and urine. Supplementation with yellow grease had no significant effect on the intake of DM, crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), or non-fiber carbohydrates (NFC). However, the ether extract (EE) intake increased linearly with supplementation of yellow grease. Moreover, no effect was observed for DM, CP, NDF, and NFC digestibility and nitrogen balance. EE digestibility increased linearly with the yellow grease dietary supplementation. Thus, sheep dietary supplementation with yellow grease may be used at a level of up to 80 gkg-1 of DM of concentrate without impairing nutrient intake and digestibility.(AU)

Objetivou-se, com o estudo, avaliar os efeitos do óleo residual de fritura, em dietas para ovinos, sob o consumo, a digestibilidade e o balanço de nitrogênio. Foram utilizados 20 cordeiros Santa Inês, com idade de 95 ± 10 dias e peso corporal de 19,29 ± 3,17kg, em delineamento inteiramente ao acaso. As dietas continham óleo de fritura nas concentrações de 0; 20; 40; 60 e 80gkg-1 da matéria seca (MS) do concentrado. As dietas tinham relação volumoso:concentrado de 50:50. O período experimental foi de 19 dias, incluindo 14 dias em adaptação e cinco dias de coleta do fornecido, das sobras, das fezes e da urina. A suplementação com óleo de fritura não alterou o consumo de MS, proteína bruta (PB), matéria orgânica (MO), fibra em detergente neutro (FDN) e carboidratos não fibrosos (CNF). Entretanto, o consumo de extrato etéreo (EE) aumentou com a inclusão do óleo. Não foi observado efeito na digestibilidade da MS, da PB, da FDN, dos CNF e no balanço de nitrogênio. A digestibilidade do EE aumentou com a inclusão do óleo. Assim, a inclusão de óleo de fritura em dietas para ovinos pode ser utilizada em até 80gkg-1 da MS do concentrado, sem limitar ingestão e digestibilidade dos nutrientes.(AU)

Uso da somatotropina recombinante bovina em búfalas leiteiras II: metabolismos energético e mineral / Use of recombinant bovine somatotropin (rbST) in dairy buffaloes II: energy and mineral metabolism

Avaliou-se a influência da somatotropina recombinante bovina (rbST) sobre os metabolismos energético e mineral de búfalas entre 63e 154 dias em lactação. Foram utilizadas 22 búfalas, distribuídas em dois grupos experimentais: grupo rbST - aplicação de 500mg de rbST a cada 14 dias; grupo Controle - sem aplicação de rbST. A cada sete dias, foram coletadas amostras de sangue para a determinação do perfil bioquímico e mensuraram-se a produção de leite e o escore de condição corporal dos animais. As médias dos parâmetros estudados para os grupos rbST e Controle foram, respectivamente: produção de leite (PL): 6,44kg vs. 6,68kg; escore de condição corporal-ECC (1-5): 3,51 vs. 3,57; glicose: 70,58 vs. 64,81mg/dL (P = 0,0003); colesterol: 132,38 vs. 133,40mg/dL; triglicérides: 29,18 vs. 28,32mg/dL; proteína total: 8,57 vs. 8,75g/dL; albumina: 3,47 vs. 3,60g/dL; ureia: 32,46 vs. 33,86mg/dL; creatinina: 1,27 vs. 1,39mg/dL; cálcio:10,25 vs. 10,73mg/dL; fósforo:5,76 vs. 5,62mg/dL; e magnésio:3,70 vs. 3,70mg/dL. O uso de 500mg de rbSTinfluenciou o metabolismo da glicose, porém não modificou a PL, o ECC e os níveis dos demais parâmetros metabólicos estudados.(AU)

The aim was to evaluate the influence of recombinant bovine somatotropin (rbST) on the energy and mineral metabolism of buffaloes between 63 - 154 days in milk. Twenty-two buffaloes distributed in two experimental groups were used: Group rbST (n= 11) - application of 500mg of rbST every 14 days; Control Group (n= 11) - no rbST. Every seven days, blood samples were taken to determine the biochemical profile, and milk production and body condition score were measured. The averages of the variables for rbST and Control groups were, respectively: milk yield (MY) - 6.44kg vs. 6.68kg; body condition score (BCS) - 3.51 vs 3.57 (1-5); glucose - 70.58 vs. 64.81mg/dL (P = 0.0003); cholesterol - 132.38 vs. 133.40mg/dL; triglycerides -29.18 vs. 28.32mg/dL; total protein - 8.57 vs. 8.75g/dL; albumin - 3.47 vs 3.60g/dL; urea - 32.46 vs 33.86mg/dL; creatinine - 1.27 vs 1.39mg/dL; calcium - 10.25 vs. 10.73mg/dL; phosphorus - 5.76 vs 5.62mg/dL; and magnesium - 3.70 vs 3.70mg/dL. Use of 500mg rbST influenced glucose metabolism, but did not modify the MY, BCS and the levels of the other metabolic parameters studied.(AU)

Testicular thermoregulation, scrotal surface temperature patterns and semen quality of water buffalo bulls reared in a tropical climate.

This study evaluated the capacity of thermoregulation and its consequences on the scrotal surface temperature patterns and semen quality of buffalo bulls raised in a wet tropical climate. Eleven water buffaloes were evaluated in the rainiest, in the transitional and in the less rainy season. Air temperature and humidity were consistently high, but the animals did not show thermal stress in any season. The scrotal temperature gradient of buffalo bulls using infrared thermography was described, and three parallel and decreasing thermal bands were characterised. Sperm quality (n = 176 ejaculates) was maintained in normal parameters over the periods. Pearson's coefficients showed that sperm volume and progressive motility were negatively correlated with ocular globe, epididymal tail and minimum scrotal temperatures (p < .01). Sperm membrane integrity was negatively influenced by increases in epididymal tail and minimum scrotal temperatures (p < .01). Ocular globe temperature also showed positive correlation with rectal, spermatic cord, and epididymal tail temperatures (p < .01). Therefore, even under high temperature and humidity, the thermoregulatory system was effective in preventing heat stress and the normality of scrotal surface temperatures, spermatogenesis and sperm maturation were maintained.

Uso da somatotropina recombinante bovina em búfalas leiteiras I: produção e composição físico-química do leite / Use of recombinant bovine somatotropin (rbST) in dairy buffaloes I: production and physicochemical composition of milk

Objetivou-se avaliar a influência da somatotropina recombinante bovina (rbST) sobre a produção e os constituintes do leite de búfalas entre 63 e 154 dias em lactação. Foram utilizadas 22 búfalas, distribuídas em dois grupos experimentais: grupo rbST - aplicação de 500 mg de rbST a cada 14 dias; grupo controle - sem aplicação de rbST. A cada sete dias, foi aferida a produção de leite de todas as búfalas e coletada uma amostra para análise físico-química. As variáveis produtivas e as oriundas de análises laboratoriais foram avaliadas como medidas repetidas no tempo, utilizando-se o comando Repeated gerado pelo procedimento GLM do SAS. A média dos parâmetros estudados para os grupos rbST e controle foram, respectivamente: produção de leite - 6,54 vs. 6,68 kg; gordura - 6,31 vs. 6,34%; proteína 3,86 vs. 3,81%; lactose - 4,96 vs. 5,02%; sólidos totais - 16,05 vs. 16,03%; extrato seco desengordurado - 9,75 vs. 9,74%; contagem de células somáticas - 329,90 vs. 171,68 (x 1000/mL); e elecondutividade - 2,87 vs. 2,81mS/cm. A utilização de 500mg de rbST administrados quinzenalmente, entre 63 e 154 dias em lactação não alterou a produção de leite, a proporção dos constituintes e a CCS do leite de búfalas leiteiras.(AU)

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of recombinant bovine somatotropin (rbST) on milk yield and the proportion of buffalo milk components during lactation. Twenty-two buffaloes randomly distributed in two experimental groups were used: Group rbST - application of 500mg rbST every 14 days, between 63 and 154 days in milk (DIM); Control Group - without treatment. Weekly, the milk yield of buffaloes was measured and a sample was collected for physicochemical analysis. The response variables were evaluated as repeated measures, using the Repeated procedure through the GLM procedure of SAS. Means of each variable after rbST and Control were: Milk yield - 6,54 vs. 6,68 kg; Fat - 6,31 vs. 6,34%; Protein - 3,86 vs. 3,81%; Lactose - 4,96 vs. 5,02%; Milk solids - 16,05 vs. 16,03%; Defatted dry matter - 9,75 vs. 9,74%; Somatic Cells Count - 329,90 vs. 171,68 (x 1000/mL); and electrical conductivity- 2,87 vs. 2,81mS/cm. The use of 500mg of rbST administered every two weeks, between 63 and 154 DIM did not affect milk yield, proportion of milk constituents and SCC of dairy buffaloes.(AU)

Adição de óleo de palma na dieta sobre a lipidemia e a qualidade do sêmen de bubalinos (Bubalus bubalis) / Addition of palm oil to diet on serum lipid profile and seminal quality of buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis)

O estudo visou investigar o efeito da suplementação dietética com óleo de palma sobre o perfil sérico lipídico e as características seminais de touros bubalinos (Bubalus bubalis), bem como suas correlações. Doze touros foram alocados no Grupo CONT (n=5) ou Grupo ÓLEO (n=7) e receberam alimentação isoproteica composta por silagem de milho e concentrado (milho triturado, farelo de trigo e ureia), com proporção volumoso/concentrado de 50%, durante 130 dias (Períodos 1 e 2). Diferencialmente, óleo de palma foi adicionado ao concentrado (2% MS) do Grupo ÓLEO. Sêmen e sangue foram colhidos quinzenalmente. Houve aumento nas concentrações séricas de colesterol, HDL e lipídios totais nos animais do Grupo ÓLEO, enquanto o período influenciou nas taxas de colesterol, LDL, lipídios totais e VLDL (P<0,05). Houve decréscimo no turbilhonamento e discreta redução na integridade de membranas nos animais do Grupo ÓLEO (P<0,05). Correlações significativas foram encontradas entre triglicerídeos e defeitos menores (r=-0,412; P=0,006), LDL e defeitos totais (r=-0,333; P=0,030), lipídios totais e defeitos menores (r=-0.366; P= 0,017), lipídios totais e defeitos totais (r=-0.309; P= 0,046), e VLDL e viabilidade espermática (r=0,381; P=0,012), apontando efeitos positivos da maior lipidemia na morfologia e na viabilidade espermática. O uso de óleo de palma alterou o perfil lipídico sérico, mas não favoreceu per se os parâmetros seminais relacionados com o potencial de fertilidade dos touros.

The study aimed to investigate the effect of dietary supplementation with palm oil on serum lipid profile, the seminal characteristics of buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) and the correlations between them. Twelve bulls were divided into Group CONT (n = 5) or Group OIL (n = 7). Animals in both groups were fed with isoproteic diets composed of corn silage and concentrated (ground corn, wheat bran and urea), with 50% forage/concentrate ratio, during 130 days (Periods 1 and 2). Palm oil (2%DM) was added to diet offered to Group OIL. Semen and blood samples were collected every two weeks. Increased serum levels of cholesterol, HDL and total lipids were observed for Group OIL, while the period influenced on cholesterol, LDL, total lipids and VLDL (P<0,05). Treatment decreased gross motility (P<0.05) and slightly reduced sperm membrane integrity (P<0.05) in animals of Group OIL. There were significant correlations between triglycerides and minor defects (r=-0.412, P=0.006), LDL and total defects (r=-0.333, P=0.030), total lipids and minor defects (r=-0.366, P=0.017), VLDL and spermatic viability (r=0.381, P=0.012), and total lipids and totals defects (r=-0.309, P=0.046), highlighting positive effects of higher lipid serum levels on sperm morphology and viability. The incorporation of palm oil in the diet altered the serum lipid profile, but it showed no positive effect on seminal parameters related to the potential of bull fertility.

Functional mapping of the circuits involved in the expression of contextual fear responses in socially defeated animals.

In this study, we have aimed at outlining the neural systems underlying the expression of contextual fear to social defeat. First, we have developed an experimental procedure, where defeated animals could express, without the presence of a dominant aggressive male, robust and reliable conditioned fear responses to the context associated with social defeat. Next, by examining the pattern of Fos expression, we have been able to outline a brain circuit comprising septal and amygdalar sites, as well as downstream hypothalamic paths, putatively involved in the expression of contextual fear to social threat. Of particular relevance, we have found that exposure to a defeat-associated context results in a striking Fos up-regulation in the dorsomedial part of the dorsal premammillary nucleus (PMDdm). To further understand the role of the PMDdm in the circuit organizing conditioned fear to social threats, we have been able to observe that pharmacological blockade of the PMDdm reduced fear responses to a social defeat-associated context. Next, we observed that pharmacological blockade of the dorsomedial part of the periaqueductal gray, one of the main targets of the PMDdm, produced an even higher reduction of conditioned fear in defeated intruders, and appears as an important node for the expression of contextual defensive responses to social threats. The present results help to elucidate the basic organization of the neural circuits underlying contextual conditioned responses to social defeat, and reveal that they share at least part of the same circuit involved in innate responses to social defeat to an aggressive conspecific.

Carcass quality of buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) finished in silvopastoral system in the Eastern Amazon, Brazil / Qualidade da carcaça de búfalos (Bubalus bubalis) terminados em sistema silvipastoril na Amazônia Oriental, Brasil

The influence of the diet on the quality of buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) carcasses of crossbred Murrah and Mediterranean, concentrate fed on traditional (corn/soybean) or on agro-industrial residues (palm oil and coconut cakes) was studied. The animals were sacrificed in a slaughterhouse, and physical and physical-chemical analyses in the carcasses were carried out after 24 hours, and instrumental color and texture analyses of the Longissimus dorsi were carried out 48 hours after cooling. The animals supplemented with palm oil cake had better carcass conformation and fat trim, and differences (P<0.05) in the percentage of fat in the carcass fat thickness and coverage were observed.

Avaliou-se a influência da dieta sobre a qualidade de carcaça de búfalos mestiços das raças Murrah e Mediterrâneo, alimentados com concentrado tradicional - milho/soja - ou resíduos agroindustriais - tortas de coco e dendê. Os animais foram sacrificados em abatedouro comercial, e realizadas análises físicas e físico-químicas na carcaça, após 24 horas, e de cor e textura instrumentais no músculo Longissimus dorsi, após 48 horas de resfriamento. Os animais suplementados com a torta de dendê adquiriram melhor conformação de carcaça e acabamento de gordura, e observaram-se diferenças (P<0,05) no percentual de gordura na carcaça e na espessura de gordura de cobertura.

Effect of age and number of parturitions on uterine and ovarian variables in owl monkeys.

BACKGROUND: We aimed to evaluate the uterine and ovarian volumes of owl monkeys in different age groups with different numbers of live births and to analyze the interaction between both. METHODS: We performed pelvic ultrasound exams to compare the uterine measurements with weight, age (infant, juvenile, subadult, young adults, and adults) and the number of live births (nulliparous, primiparous, and multiparous) and to compare the ovarian measurements with weight and age. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: The uterine volume (UV) was directly proportional to the number of parturitions, which was the most important factor in the uterine growth of adult females (P < 0.05). The body weight and age of the animals showed a high positive correlation with UV (r = 0.5354, r = 0.6489, P < 0.01), respectively. The volume of the ovaries grew in proportion to the age of the females (P < 0.05). Puberty was the period of greatest uterine and ovarian growth.

Hematological, hepatic, and renal evaluation in Aotus azarai infulatus.

BACKGROUND: Knowing the physiological ranges of certain hematological and biochemical parameters is necessary for understanding the alterations caused by pathogenic agents and establishing differences between states of health and disease. Hematological evaluations and clinical chemistry were performed on livers and kidneys from owl monkeys with different sexes and age ranges. METHODS: Forty-one healthy owl monkeys were evaluated (26 males and 15 females) in three different age groups (AG1=3months to 1 year old; AG2=2-6years old; AG3=over 7years old). The animals received physical exams, abdominal ultrasounds, and clinical laboratory tests. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: Significant differences were observed in hematocrit and hemoglobin values between males and females. The levels of alkaline phosphatase in the tissues were significantly influenced by age. There was also a sex influence on blood urea nitrogen and creatinine levels. The results show that some hematological and clinical chemistry parameters in owl monkeys may be influenced by sex and age.