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3.
Am J Public Health ; 106(11): 1912-1917, 2016 11.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-27715303

RESUMO

The World Health Organization's (WHO's) leadership challenges can be traced to its first decades of existence. Central to its governance and practice is regionalization: the division of its member countries into regions, each representing 1 geographical or cultural area. The particular composition of each region has varied over time-reflecting political divisions and especially decolonization. Currently, the 194 member countries belong to 6 regions: the Americas (35 countries), Europe (53 countries), the Eastern Mediterranean (21 countries), South-East Asia (11 countries), the Western Pacific (27 countries), and Africa (47 countries). The regions have considerable autonomy with their own leadership, budget, and priorities. This regional organization has been controversial since its beginnings in the first days of WHO, when representatives of the European countries believed that each country should have a direct relationship with the headquarters in Geneva, Switzerland, whereas others (especially the United States) argued in favor of the regionalization plan. Over time, regional directors have inevitably challenged the WHO directors-general over their degree of autonomy, responsibilities and duties, budgets, and national composition; similar tensions have occurred within regions. This article traces the historical roots of these challenges.


Assuntos
Política , Organização Mundial da Saúde/história , Organização Mundial da Saúde/organização & administração , Países Desenvolvidos/história , Países em Desenvolvimento/história , Europa Oriental , Saúde Global , História do Século XX , Humanos , U.R.S.S. , Estados Unidos , Organização Mundial da Saúde/economia
4.
20.
Annu Rev Public Health ; 35: 385-98, 2014.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-24328986

RESUMO

Most public health practitioners know that public health has relied on biomedical advances and administrative improvements, but it is less commonly understood that social movements in health have also been sources of motivation for population health advances. This review considers the impacts of social movements focused on urban conditions and health, on the health of children, and on behavioral and substance-related determinants of health and illustrates how these movements have significantly influenced public health activities and programs. We hope this review will motivate public health workers to make common cause with social activists and to encourage social activists to ally with public health professionals.


Assuntos
Nível de Saúde , Política , Saúde Pública/história , Mudança Social/história , Criança , Comportamentos Relacionados com a Saúde , História do Século XIX , História do Século XX , História do Século XXI , Habitação , Humanos , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Substâncias/história , População Urbana
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