Tibiotalocalcaneal Arthrodesis: A Retrospective Comparison Between Nails and Lateral Locking Plate Complications.

Background: Tibiotalocalcaneal arthrodesis is a well-established procedure to treat some hindfoot diseases. Currently, the most used implants are retrograde intramedullary nails and locking plates combined with lag screws, but there are few articles comparing differences regarding the complications. Methods: We have retrospectively analyzed the medical records and the radiographs of patients older than 18 years who underwent this procedure in our service between 2005 and 2019 through retrograde intramedullary nails or lateral locking plates and compression screws with at least 12 months of follow-up and with no history of osteomyelitis in these bones. Results: We evaluated a total of 67 patients; of these, 48 received retrograde intramedullary nail implants and 19 received locking plates and compression screws. The overall mean age was 48 years; the median follow-up time was 64.3 months. The complication rate was 60.4% for the intramedullary nail procedure and 52.6% for the locking plate combined with compression screws procedure. Conclusion: No significant differences were found in the complication rates between the 2 implants. Level of Evidence: Level V, Case series.

Congenital Clubfoot - Is the Ponseti Method the Definitive Solution?

Congenital clubfoot is one of the most common deformities at birth. The inadequacy or absence of treatment causes serious limitations for people with this condition. The initial treatment using the Ponseti method ensures functional results superior to other treatment modalities previously proposed. However, recurrences and neglected feet are still a challenge today. An understanding of the pathophysiology of the disease, as well as of the anatomy and local biomechanics and a thorough clinical and radiological evaluation of patients are essential to understanding the limits of the method and choosing the best treatment.

Congenital Clubfoot - Is the Ponseti Method the Definitive Solution? / Pé torto congênito - O método Ponseti é a solução definitiva?

Abstract Congenital clubfoot is one of the most common deformities at birth. The inadequacy or absence of treatment causes serious limitations for people with this condition. The initial treatment using the Ponseti method ensures functional results superior to other treatment modalities previously proposed. However, recurrences and neglected feet are still a challenge today. An understanding of the pathophysiology of the disease, as well as of the anatomy and local biomechanics and a thorough clinical and radiological evaluation of patients are essential to understanding the limits of the method and choosing the best treatment.

Resumo O pé torto congênito é uma das deformidades mais comuns ao nascimento. A inadequação ou ausência do tratamento provoca sérias limitações aos portadores desta condição. O tratamento inicial pelo método Ponseti garante resultados funcionais superiores a outras modalidades de tratamento propostas anteriormente, porém as recidivas e os pés negligenciados ainda são um desafio na atualidade. O entendimento da fisiopatologia da doença, da anatomia e biomecânica local e uma minuciosa avaliação clínica e radiológica dos pacientes são imprescindíveis para entendermos o limite do método e escolhermos o melhor tratamento.

Common late complications of longitudinal forefoot amputations in neuropathic foot treatment.

OBJECTIVE: To describe and quantify the complications arising in consecutive neuropathic patients undergoing partial longitudinal amputations of the foot. METHOD: A retrospective study was conducted with data collected from the medical records of patients monitored at the Insensitive Foot Clinic of the Foot and Ankle Group of our institution who underwent partial amputation of foot rays from 2000 to 2016. RESULTS: A total of 28 patients met the inclusion criteria, with a total of 31 amputated/partially amputated feet. Of these, 18 (58.1%) feet were amputated/partially amputated due to diabetes, seven (22.6%) due to leprosy, two (6.5%) due to alcoholic neuropathy, two (6.5%) secondary to traumatic peripheral nerve injury, and two (6.5%) due to other causes. Fifth ray amputation was the most frequent type (n=12). The cause of amputation was the presence of an infected ulcer in 93.6% of the samples. At a mean follow-up time of 60 months, 13 (41.9%) feet required new amputations-five (38.5%) transtibial, five (38.5%) transmetatarsal, two (15.4%) of the toes, and one (7.7%) at Chopart's joint. Patients with diabetes had a 50.0% reamputation rate. Patients who initially underwent amputation of the fifth ray had a 58.3% reamputation rate. CONCLUSION: Partial longitudinal amputation of the foot in neuropathic patients exhibited a high reoperation rate, especially in patients with diabetes or in patients with initial amputation of the peripheral rays. Declaration of interest: The authors have no conflicts of interest.

Biomechanical evaluation in runners with Achilles tendinopathy.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the clinical characteristics, ground reaction force (GRF), and function of the plantar muscles and dorsiflexors of the ankle in runners with and without Achilles tendinopathy (AT) and in non-runners. METHODS: Seventy-two participants (42 men, 30 women; mean age: 37.3±9.9 years) were enrolled in this cross-sectional study and divided into three groups: AT group (ATG, n=24), healthy runners' group (HRG, n=24), and non-runners' group (NRG, n=24). Both ankles were evaluated in each group. The American Orthopedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) Ankle-Hindfoot Scale was used for clinical and functional evaluation. GRF was evaluated using force plates and muscle strength was evaluated using an isokinetic dynamometer. RESULTS: The AOFAS scores were lower in the ATG. The strike impulse was higher in the ATG than in the HRG and NRG. However, GRF was similar among the groups. The ATG exhibited lower total work at 120°/s speed than the HRG. The peak torque in concentric dorsiflexion was lower in the NRG than in the ATG and HRG. The peak torque and total work in concentric plantar flexion were lower in the NRG than in the ATG. The peak torque and total work in eccentric plantar flexion were lower in the NRG than in the ATG and HRG. CONCLUSION: Runners with AT showed higher strike impulse, lower muscle strength of the plantar flexors, and higher clinical and functional damage.

Biomechanical evaluation in runners with Achilles tendinopathy

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the clinical characteristics, ground reaction force (GRF), and function of the plantar muscles and dorsiflexors of the ankle in runners with and without Achilles tendinopathy (AT) and in non-runners. METHODS: Seventy-two participants (42 men, 30 women; mean age: 37.3±9.9 years) were enrolled in this cross-sectional study and divided into three groups: AT group (ATG, n=24), healthy runners' group (HRG, n=24), and non-runners' group (NRG, n=24). Both ankles were evaluated in each group. The American Orthopedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) Ankle-Hindfoot Scale was used for clinical and functional evaluation. GRF was evaluated using force plates and muscle strength was evaluated using an isokinetic dynamometer. RESULTS: The AOFAS scores were lower in the ATG. The strike impulse was higher in the ATG than in the HRG and NRG. However, GRF was similar among the groups. The ATG exhibited lower total work at 120°/s speed than the HRG. The peak torque in concentric dorsiflexion was lower in the NRG than in the ATG and HRG. The peak torque and total work in concentric plantar flexion were lower in the NRG than in the ATG. The peak torque and total work in eccentric plantar flexion were lower in the NRG than in the ATG and HRG. CONCLUSION: Runners with AT showed higher strike impulse, lower muscle strength of the plantar flexors, and higher clinical and functional damage.

HALLUX PROXIMAL PHALANX FRACTURE IN ADULTS: AN OVERLOOKED DIAGNOSIS.

OBJECTIVES: To describe the surgical treatment of fractures that involves the hallux interphalangeal joint, current indications and management options. METHODS: we performed a literature review of relevant clinical studies in multiple databases, including PubMed, MedLine and Scopus, from January 1989 to October 2020. RESULTS: There is consensus for surgical treatment of intra-articular fractures with a deviation greater than 2 mm, metadiaphyseal fractures with malrotation and/or malangulation, open fractures and unstable fractures. CONCLUSION: The use of more rigid implants allow alignment maintenance during healing process and lower risk of reduction loss. Valgus deformity and interphalangeal joint osteoarthritis are possible complications that must be avoided. Level of Evidence III, Systematic review of Level III studies.

OBJETIVOS: destacar o tratamento cirúrgico das fraturas que envolvem a articulação interfalangiana do hálux, suas indicações atuais e as opções de tratamento. MÉTODOS: Realizamos uma revisão da literatura de estudos clínicos relevantes em múltiplas bases de dados, incluindo PubMed, MedLine e Scopus, de janeiro de 1989 a outubro de 2020. RESULTADOS: Há consenso para o tratamento cirúrgico de fraturas intra-articulares com desvio superior a 2 mm, fraturas metadiafisárias com má rotação e/ou malangulação, fraturas expostas e fraturas instáveis. CONCLUSÃO: O uso de implantes mais rígidos permite a manutenção do alinhamento durante o processo de consolidação e menor risco de perda da redução. As complicações que devem ser evitadas são a deformidade em valgo e a osteoartrite da articulação interfalangeana. Nível de Evidência III, Revisão sistemática de Estudos de Nível III.

Weightbearing Forefoot Axial Radiography - Technical Description and Reproducibility Evaluation.

Objective The present study aims to describe a new weightbearing radiographic method to visualize the heads of the five metatarsals on the coronal plane, evaluating their accuracy through intraclass correlation coefficients. Methods The subjects were evaluated, with weightbearing, with the ankle at 20 degrees of plantar flexion and the metatarsophalangeal joints at 10 degrees of extension, positioned on a wooden device. Two independent foot and ankle surgeons evaluated the radiography, with one of them doing it twice, at different moments, achieving an inter and intraobserver correlation, with intraclass correlation coefficients. Results We radiographed 63 feet, achieving an interobserver correlation coefficient of the radiographic method for the metatarsal heads heights in the coronal plane of the 1 st , 2 nd , 3 rd , 4 th , and 5 th metatarsals of, respectively, 0.90, 0.85, 0.86, 0.83, 0.89. The intraobserver correlation coefficient were, respectively, 0.95, 0.93, 0.93, 0.86, 0.92. Conclusion Those correlations demonstrate that the method is accurate and can be used to investigate metatarsal head misalignments in this plane.

Weightbearing Forefoot Axial Radiography - Technical Description and Reproducibility Evaluation / Radiografia axial do antepé com carga - Descrição da técnica e avaliação da reprodutibilidade

Abstract Objective The present study aims to describe a new weightbearing radiographic method to visualize the heads of the five metatarsals on the coronal plane, evaluating their accuracy through intraclass correlation coefficients. Methods The subjects were evaluated, with weightbearing, with the ankle at 20 degrees of plantar flexion and the metatarsophalangeal joints at 10 degrees of extension, positioned on a wooden device. Two independent foot and ankle surgeons evaluated the radiography, with one of them doing it twice, at different moments, achieving an inter and intraobserver correlation, with intraclass correlation coefficients. Results We radiographed 63 feet, achieving an interobserver correlation coefficient of the radiographic method for the metatarsal heads heights in the coronal plane of the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, and 5th metatarsals of, respectively, 0.90, 0.85, 0.86, 0.83, 0.89. The intraobserver correlation coefficient were, respectively, 0.95, 0.93, 0.93, 0.86, 0.92. Conclusion Those correlations demonstrate that the method is accurate and can be used to investigate metatarsal head misalignments in this plane.

Resumo Objetivo Este estudo tem como objetivo descrever um novo método radiográfico com carga fisiológica para visualizar as cabeças dos cinco metatarsos no plano coronal. Métodos Os indivíduos foram radiograficamente avaliados com carga, com o tornozelo a 20º de flexão plantar e as articulações metatarsofalângicas a 10º de extensão, posicionadas em um dispositivo de madeira. As medidas foram aferidas por dois avaliadores independentes, sendo que um deles mediu em dois momentos distintos, obtendo a correlação inter e intraobservador, com o coeficiente de correlação intraclasses. Resultados Examinamos 63 pés, obtendo um coeficiente de correlação interobservador do método radiográfico para as alturas das cabeças dos metatarsos no plano coronal do 1º, 2º, 3º, 4º e 5º metatarsos de, respectivamente, 0,90, 0,85, 0,86, 0,83, 0,89. O coeficiente de correlação intraobservador foi, respectivamente, 0,95, 0,93, 0,93, 0,86, 0,92. Conclusão Essas correlações demonstram que o método é preciso e pode ser usado para investigar os desalinhamentos de cabeça dos metatarsos nesse plano.

Epidemiological study on calcaneus fractures in a tertiary hospital / Estudo epidemiológico das fraturas do calcâneo em um hospital terciário

ABSTRACT Objective: To analyze the epidemiology and characteristics of patients with calcaneus fractures. Methods: This is a retrospective revision of patients with calcaneus fractures hospitalized in the Institute of Orthopedics and Traumatology of this institution between 2006 and 2010. Data such as age, gender, laterality, trauma mechanism, type of fracture, associated injuries, compound fractures, and time from injury to surgery were analyzed. Results: The analysis of 52 patients showed that men were more commonly affected than women, at a ratio of 5.5:1. Bilateral fractures were observed in ten cases, resulting in a total of 62 calcaneus fractures. A fall from a height was the most frequent trauma mechanism (75%), followed by motorcycle accidents (11.5%) and automobile accidents (9.6%). The most frequent fractures were intra-articular, with 47 cases. Compound fractures were observed in 15 patients (28.9%). Non-surgical management was adopted for 11 patients while 41 patients underwent surgery. The mean time between trauma and the definitive treatment was 7.8 days (range: 0-21 days), and 58.5% of cases were treated within seven days. Conclusion: Patients with calcaneus fractures, most commonly young men, were admitted to a high complexity care hospital, victims of a fall from a height with associated injuries. The great severity of these fractures is characterized by the high prevalence of bilateral (19.2%) and compound fractures (28.9%) in this population group.

RESUMO Objetivo: Analisar a epidemiologia e as características das lesões e dos pacientes com fraturas do calcâneo. Métodos: Revisão retrospectiva dos pacientes com fraturas do calcâneo internados de 2006 a 2010, no Instituto de Ortopedia e Traumatologia dessa instituição. Foram analisados parâmetros como idade, gênero, lateralidade, mecanismo de trauma, tipo de fratura, lesões associadas, exposição e tempo decorrido até o tratamento cirúrgico. Resultados: Foram encontrados 52 pacientes com fratura do calcâneo, dez casos bilaterais (19,2%), total de 62 calcâneos fraturados, com predomínio do gênero masculino, na relação 5,5:1. A média de idade foi de 36,8 anos. O mecanismo de trauma mais frequente foi a queda de altura (75,0% dos casos), seguido por acidentes de motocicleta (11,5%) e acidentes de automóvel (9,6%). Fraturas intra-articulares foram mais frequentes, com 47 casos. Quinze pacientes apresentaram fraturas expostas (28,9%). Dos 52 pacientes com fratura do calcâneo, 11 foram tratados conservadoramente e 41, cirurgicamente. O tempo médio entre o trauma e o tratamento cirúrgico definitivo foi de 7,8 dias, variou de 0 a 21 dias, com a maioria dentro dos primeiros sete dias (58,5%). Conclusão: Pacientes com fraturas do calcâneo atendidos em um hospital voltado para o atendimento de alta complexidade foram na maioria jovens, do sexo masculino, que sofreram queda de altura e com algum tipo de lesão associada. Os índices elevados de bilateralidade (19,2%) e de exposição da fratura (28,9%) caracterizam a maior gravidade dessas fraturas nesse grupo populacional.

Epidemiological study on calcaneus fractures in a tertiary hospital.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the epidemiology and characteristics of patients with calcaneus fractures. METHODS: This is a retrospective revision of patients with calcaneus fractures hospitalized in the Institute of Orthopedics and Traumatology of this institution between 2006 and 2010. Data such as age, gender, laterality, trauma mechanism, type of fracture, associated injuries, compound fractures, and time from injury to surgery were analyzed. RESULTS: The analysis of 52 patients showed that men were more commonly affected than women, at a ratio of 5.5:1. Bilateral fractures were observed in ten cases, resulting in a total of 62 calcaneus fractures. A fall from a height was the most frequent trauma mechanism (75%), followed by motorcycle accidents (11.5%) and automobile accidents (9.6%). The most frequent fractures were intra-articular, with 47 cases. Compound fractures were observed in 15 patients (28.9%). Non-surgical management was adopted for 11 patients while 41 patients underwent surgery. The mean time between trauma and the definitive treatment was 7.8 days (range: 0-21 days), and 58.5% of cases were treated within seven days. CONCLUSION: Patients with calcaneus fractures, most commonly young men, were admitted to a high complexity care hospital, victims of a fall from a height with associated injuries. The great severity of these fractures is characterized by the high prevalence of bilateral (19.2%) and compound fractures (28.9%) in this population group.

OBJETIVO: Analisar a epidemiologia e as características das lesões e dos pacientes com fraturas do calcâneo. MÉTODOS: Revisão retrospectiva dos pacientes com fraturas do calcâneo internados de 2006 a 2010, no Instituto de Ortopedia e Traumatologia dessa instituição. Foram analisados parâmetros como idade, gênero, lateralidade, mecanismo de trauma, tipo de fratura, lesões associadas, exposição e tempo decorrido até o tratamento cirúrgico. RESULTADOS: Foram encontrados 52 pacientes com fratura do calcâneo, dez casos bilaterais (19,2%), total de 62 calcâneos fraturados, com predomínio do gênero masculino, na relação 5,5:1. A média de idade foi de 36,8 anos. O mecanismo de trauma mais frequente foi a queda de altura (75,0% dos casos), seguido por acidentes de motocicleta (11,5%) e acidentes de automóvel (9,6%). Fraturas intra-articulares foram mais frequentes, com 47 casos. Quinze pacientes apresentaram fraturas expostas (28,9%). Dos 52 pacientes com fratura do calcâneo, 11 foram tratados conservadoramente e 41, cirurgicamente. O tempo médio entre o trauma e o tratamento cirúrgico definitivo foi de 7,8 dias, variou de 0 a 21 dias, com a maioria dentro dos primeiros sete dias (58,5%). CONCLUSÃO: Pacientes com fraturas do calcâneo atendidos em um hospital voltado para o atendimento de alta complexidade foram na maioria jovens, do sexo masculino, que sofreram queda de altura e com algum tipo de lesão associada. Os índices elevados de bilateralidade (19,2%) e de exposição da fratura (28,9%) caracterizam a maior gravidade dessas fraturas nesse grupo populacional.

Talar Body Reconstruction for Nonunions and Malunions.

BACKGROUND: Talar body and neck nonunions and malunions may undergo a reconstructive surgery when joint cartilage is still viable, and no talar collapse or infection has occurred. This is a rare condition and the studies supporting the procedure have small number of cases. The objective of the present study is to report a case series of six patients who underwent talar reconstructions. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Six patients with talar malunions or nonunions who underwent surgical treatment were reviewed in this retrospective study. There were three nonunions and two malunions of the talar body and one malunion of the talar neck. Clinical evaluation included all the parameters used in the American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) hindfoot scale. Arthritic degeneration of the ankle joint was assessed according to a modified Bargon scale. RESULTS: The mean followup was 86 months (range 24-282 months). There were no cases of postoperative avascular necrosis of the talus. Four of the six patients in our series required a subtalar fusion as part of the reconstruction procedure. The average preoperative AOFAS hindfoot score was 34, and at the time of the last evaluation, it was 74. The mean preoperative score on the modified Bargon scale for the tibiotalar joint was 1.17. At the last followup, it rose to 1.33. Three different deformities of the talus were identified (a) flattening of the talus (b) extra-articular step and (c) intraarticular step. CONCLUSION: Reconstruction of talar nonunions and malunions improved function in selected patients with a low risk of complications. Three different anatomical patterns of talar nonunions and malunions were identified.

Novel animal model for Achilles tendinopathy: Controlled experimental study of serial injections of collagenase in rabbits.

Our goal was to develop a novel technique for inducing Achilles tendinopathy in animal models which more accurately represents the progressive histological and biomechanical characteristic of chronic Achilles tendinopathy in humans. In this animal research study, forty-five rabbits were randomly assigned to three groups and given bilateral Achilles injections. Low dose (LD group) (n = 18) underwent a novel technique with three low-dose (0.1mg) injections of collagenase that were separated by two weeks, the high dose group (HD) (n = 18) underwent traditional single high-dose (0.3mg) injections, and the third group were controls (n = 9). Six rabbits were sacrificed from each experimental group (LD and HD) at 10, 12 and 16 weeks. Control animals were sacrificed after 16 weeks. Histological and biomechanical properties were then compared in all three groups. At 10 weeks, Bonar score and tendon cross sectional area was highest in HD group, with impaired biomechanical properties compared to LD group. At 12 weeks, Bonar score was higher in LD group, with similar biomechanical findings when compared to HD group. After 16 weeks, Bonar score was significantly increased for both LD group (11,8±2,28) and HD group (5,6±2,51), when compared to controls (2±0,76). LD group showed more pronounced histological and biomechanical findings, including cross sectional area of the tendon, Young's modulus, yield stress and ultimate tensile strength. In conclusion, Achilles tendinopathy in animal models that were induced by serial injections of low-dose collagenase showed more pronounced histological and biomechanical findings after 16 weeks than traditional techniques, mimicking better the progressive and chronic characteristic of the tendinopathy in humans.

Increased cytokine levels and histological changes in cartilage, synovial cells and synovial fluid after malleolar fractures.

BACKGROUND: Malleolar fractures are among the most common fractures in the human skeleton with a high risk of later development of post-traumatic osteoarthritis (OA). The acute ankle injury initiates a sequence of events potentially leading to progressive articular surface damage resulting from inflammatory changes in cartilage, synovial tissue and synovial fluid. We hypothesised that in the acute phase of ankle fracture, these changes occur at the same time in the different tissues. METHODS: Specimens of chondral tissue, synovial tissue and synovial fluid were collected from 16 patients with acute articular ankle fracture (study group). Additional samples were obtained from five male fresh cadavers within 12 hours of death (control group). Chondral tissue was assessed for cellularity, irregularities and chondrocyte disarray. Synovial tissue was assessed for synovitis, proteoglycans and collagen deposition. Synovial fluid was assessed for cytokines IL-2, IL-6, IL-10, IL-17, IFN-γ and TGF-ß1. RESULTS: Chondral tissue showed discontinuity in the tidemark between cartilage and subchondral bone, chondrocyte disarray, increased cellularity (both at the cartilage surface and subchondral bone), articular surface irregularities and increased deposition of proteoglycans and collagen fibres. Synovial tissue showed a statistically significant difference between the study and control groups in the concentration per tissue area of both thin collagen fibres (p=0.0274) and thick collagen fibres (p<0.0001). Cytokine concentrations in synovial fluid samples were significantly higher in ankle fracture tissue compared with controls for IL-2 (p=0.0002), IL-6 (p<0.0001), IL-10 (p=0.002) and IL-17 (p<0.0001). No statistically significant differences were observed for IFN-γ (p=0.06303) and TGF-ß1 (p=0.8832). CONCLUSION: We observed a pattern of simultaneous and interrelated pathological changes in cartilage, subchondral bone, synovial tissue and synovial fluid after acute malleolar fracture. As the observed inflammatory changes could lead to the development of OA, a more thorough knowledge of these early processes could be helpful to find strategies for prevention or delay of this common complication.

EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDY ON LISFRANC INJURIES.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the characteristics of patients with Lisfranc injuries and their associated fractures . METHODS: This is a retrospective analysis on 42 patients with Lisfranc injuries hospitalized at Instituto de Ortopedia e Traumatologia do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, between 2006 and 2010. Parameters on patient profile, risk factors, fracture characteristics, data on treatment and acute complications were analyzed . RESULTS: Analysis of 42 cases showed that in our sample, men were more affected than women, with a ratio of 4.25:1. The most frequent trauma mechanism was car accident, followed by motorcycle accident. The most frequent type of injury was isolated lesion type B of Quenu and Kuss classification, representing 50% of cases. The most common fracture on the sample was the second metatarsal bone, with 16 cases, followed by cuboid bone fracture. Among the 42 cases, 17% had exposed fractures and 33 patients presented other associated fractures. The mean time elapsed between the trauma and definitive treatment was 6.7 days, while the mean length of hospital stay was 13.8 days. Six patients presented acute postoperative complications . CONCLUSION: Lisfranc injuries are more common in men undergoing automobile trauma. The prevalence of associated fractures is a frequent finding and the hospital stay may be longstanding. Level of Evidence IV, Case Series.

OBJETIVO: Analisar o perfil de pacientes com lesões de Lisfranc, as características das lesões e fraturas associadas. MÉTODOS: Trata-se de uma análise retrospectiva com 42 pacientes com lesões de Lisfranc internados no Instituto de Ortopedia e Traumatologia do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo entre 2006 e 2010. O perfil dos pacientes, características das lesões, fraturas associadas, dados sobre o tratamento e complicações agudas foram analisados. RESULTADOS: Nesta amostra, os homens foram mais afetados do que as mulheres, com uma proporção de 4,25:1. O mecanismo de trauma mais frequente foi acidente de carro, seguido por acidente com moto. O tipo de lesão mais frequente foi a lesão isolada tipo B de Quenu e Kuss, representando 50% dos casos. A fratura mais comumente encontrada foi a do segundo metatarso, com 16 casos, seguido pela fratura do osso cubóide. Entre os 42 casos estudados, sete foram fraturas expostas e 33 pacientes apresentaram fraturas associadas. O tempo médio entre o trauma e o tratamento definitivo foi de 6,7 dias. O tempo médio de permanência hospitalar foi de 13,8. Seis pacientes apresentaram complicações pós-operatórias agudas. CONCLUSÃO: As lesões de Lisfranc são mais comuns em homens submetidos a trauma automobilístico. A prevalência de fraturas associadas é um achado frequente e o tempo de permanência hospitalar pode ser prolongado. Nível de Evidência IV, Série de Casos.

EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDY ON LISFRANC INJURIES / ESTUDO EPIDEMIOLÓGICO DAS LESÕES DE LISFRANC

ABSTRACT Objective: To analyze the characteristics of patients with Lisfranc injuries and their associated fractures . Methods: This is a retrospective analysis on 42 patients with Lisfranc injuries hospitalized at Instituto de Ortopedia e Traumatologia do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, between 2006 and 2010. Parameters on patient profile, risk factors, fracture characteristics, data on treatment and acute complications were analyzed . Results: Analysis of 42 cases showed that in our sample, men were more affected than women, with a ratio of 4.25:1. The most frequent trauma mechanism was car accident, followed by motorcycle accident. The most frequent type of injury was isolated lesion type B of Quenu and Kuss classification, representing 50% of cases. The most common fracture on the sample was the second metatarsal bone, with 16 cases, followed by cuboid bone fracture. Among the 42 cases, 17% had exposed fractures and 33 patients presented other associated fractures. The mean time elapsed between the trauma and definitive treatment was 6.7 days, while the mean length of hospital stay was 13.8 days. Six patients presented acute postoperative complications . Conclusion: Lisfranc injuries are more common in men undergoing automobile trauma. The prevalence of associated fractures is a frequent finding and the hospital stay may be longstanding. Level of Evidence IV, Case Series.

RESUMO Objetivo: Analisar o perfil de pacientes com lesões de Lisfranc, as características das lesões e fraturas associadas. Métodos: Trata-se de uma análise retrospectiva com 42 pacientes com lesões de Lisfranc internados no Instituto de Ortopedia e Traumatologia do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo entre 2006 e 2010. O perfil dos pacientes, características das lesões, fraturas associadas, dados sobre o tratamento e complicações agudas foram analisados. Resultados: Nesta amostra, os homens foram mais afetados do que as mulheres, com uma proporção de 4,25:1. O mecanismo de trauma mais frequente foi acidente de carro, seguido por acidente com moto. O tipo de lesão mais frequente foi a lesão isolada tipo B de Quenu e Kuss, representando 50% dos casos. A fratura mais comumente encontrada foi a do segundo metatarso, com 16 casos, seguido pela fratura do osso cubóide. Entre os 42 casos estudados, sete foram fraturas expostas e 33 pacientes apresentaram fraturas associadas. O tempo médio entre o trauma e o tratamento definitivo foi de 6,7 dias. O tempo médio de permanência hospitalar foi de 13,8. Seis pacientes apresentaram complicações pós-operatórias agudas. Conclusão: As lesões de Lisfranc são mais comuns em homens submetidos a trauma automobilístico. A prevalência de fraturas associadas é um achado frequente e o tempo de permanência hospitalar pode ser prolongado. Nível de Evidência IV, Série de Casos:

Posterior tibial tendinopathy associated with matrix metalloproteinase 13 promoter genotype and haplotype.

BACKGROUND: Posterior tibial tendon (PTT) is particularly vulnerable and its insufficiency is recognized as the main cause of adult acquired flat foot. Some patients have a predisposition without a clinically recognized cause, suggesting that individual characteristics play an important role in tendinopathy. The present study investigated whether genetic variants in matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are associated with PTT dysfunction. METHODS: One hundred women who presented PTT dysfunction, with histopathological examination of the tendon and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) confirming tendinopathy, as well as 100 asymptomatic women who presented intact PPT as assessed by MRI and constituting the control group, were evaluated for MMP-13 g.-77 A > G (rs2252070) polymorphism, individually and in haplotypes, as well as in combination with MMP-1 g.-519 A > G (rs1144393), MMP-1 g.-1607 G > GG (rs1799750) and MMP-8 g.-799 C > T (rs11225395) polymorphisms with PTT dysfunction. Genomic DNA was extracted from the saliva and genotypes were obtained by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism. Statistical analysis of the results included a Mann-Whitney U-test, Fisher's exact test, multiple logistic regression, chi-squared and SNPstats software (http://bioinfo. iconcologia.net/snpstats/start.htm). p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS: The A allele frequency (MMP-13 g.-77 A > G (rs2252070) polymorphism) was significantly higher in the case group (76% and 61%, respectively; p = 0.010, odds ratio = 2.02; 95% confidence interval = 1.32-3.12). The genotype distribution was also significantly different between groups (p = 0.001, odds ratio = 2.82; 95% confidence interval = 1.58-5.02). Global haplotype analysis indicated a significant difference between both groups. CONCLUSIONS: In conclusion, these findings indicate that MMP-13 g.-77 A > G (rs2252070) polymorphism individually, as well as its haplotypes MMP-1 g.-519 A > G (rs1144393), MMP-1 g.-1607 G > GG (rs1799750) and MMP-8 g.-799 C > T (rs11225395), may contribute to PTT dysfunction.

Baseline characteristics and risk factors for ulcer, amputation and severe neuropathy in diabetic foot at risk: the BRAZUPA study.

BACKGROUND: Studies on diabetic foot and its complications involving a significant and representative sample of patients in South American countries are scarce. The main objective of this study was to acquire clinical and epidemiological data on a large cohort of diabetic patients from 19 centers from Brazil and focus on factors that could be associated with the risk of ulcer and amputation. METHODS: This study presents cross sectional, baseline results of the BRAZUPA Study. A total of 1455 patients were included. Parameters recorded included age, gender, ethnicity, diabetes and comorbidity-related records, previous ulcer or amputation, clinical symptomatic score, foot classification and microvascular complications. RESULTS: Patients with ulcer had longer disease duration (17.2 ± 9.9 vs. 13.2 ± 9.4 years; p < 0.001), and poorer glycemic control (HbA1c 9.23 ± 2.03 vs. 8.35 ± 1.99; p < 0.001). Independent risk factors for ulcer were male gender (OR 1.71; 95 % CI 1.2-3.7), smoking (OR 1.78; 95 % CI 1.09-2.89), neuroischemic foot (OR 20.34; 95 % CI 9.31-44.38), region of origin (higher risk for those from developed regions, OR 2.39; 95 % CI 1.47-3.87), presence of retinopathy (OR 1.68; 95 % CI 1.08-2.62) and absence of vibratory sensation (OR 7.95; 95 % CI 4.65-13.59). Risk factors for amputation were male gender (OR 2.12; 95 % CI 1.2-3.73), type 2 diabetes (OR 3.33; 95 % CI 1.01-11.1), foot at risk classification (higher risk for ischemic foot, OR 19.63; 95 % CI 3.43-112.5), hypertension (lower risk, OR 0.3; 95 % CI 0.14-0.63), region of origin (South/Southeast, OR 2.2; 95 % CI 1.1-4.42), previous history of ulcer (OR 9.66; 95 % CI 4.67-19.98) and altered vibratory sensation (OR 3.46; 95 % CI 1.64-7.33). There was no association between either outcome and ethnicity. CONCLUSIONS: Ulcer and amputation rates were high. Age at presentation was low and patients with ulcer presented a higher prevalence of neuropathy compared to ischemic foot at risk. Ischemic disease was more associated with amputations. Ethnical differences were not of great importance in a miscegenated population.

Cartilage lesions and ankle osteoarthrosis: review of the literature and treatment algorithm / Lesão de cartilagem e osteoartrose do tornozelo: revisão da literatura e algoritmo de tratamento

The main etiology of ankle osteoarthrosis is post-traumatic and its prevalence is highest amongyoung individuals. Thus, this disease has a great socioeconomic impact and gives rise to significant losses of patients' quality of life. The objective of its treatment is to eliminate pain and keep patients active. Therefore, the treatment should be staged according to the degree of degenerative evolution, etiology, joint location, systemic condition, bone quality, lower-limb alignment, ligament stability and age. The treatment algorithm is divided into non-surgical therapeutic methods and options for surgical treatment. Joint preservation, joint replacement and arthrodesis surgical procedures have precise indications. This article presents a review on this topic and a proposal for a treatment algorithm for this disease...

A principal etiologia da osteoartrose (OA) do tornozelo é pós-traumática e sua maior prevalência está entre indivíduos jovens; assim, essa doença apresenta grande impacto socioeconômico e significativo prejuízo na qualidade de vida dos pacientes. O objetivo do tratamento é eliminar a dor e manter os pacientes ativos. Dessa forma, o tratamento deve ser estagiado de acordo com o grau de evolução da degeneracão, a etiologia, a localização articular, a condição sistêmica, a qualidade óssea, o alinhamento do membro inferior, a estabilidade ligamentar e a idade. O algoritmo de tratamento é dividido nas modalidades de terapia não cirúrgicas e nas opções de tratamento cirúrgico. As cirurgias de preservação articular, as cirurgias de substituição articular e as artrodeses apresentam indicações precisas. O presente artigo apresenta uma revisão sobre o tema e uma proposta de algoritmo de tratamento para essa doença...

Charcot neuroarthropathy: realignment of diabetic foot by means of osteosynthesis using intramedullary screws – case report

Diabetes mellitus is a serious disease that affects a large portion of the population. Charcot neuroarthropathy is one of its major complications and can lead to osteoarticular deformities, functional incapacity, ulcers and ankle and foot infections. Realignment of the foot by means of arthrodesis presents a high rate of implant failure due to weight-bearing on an insensitive foot. The aim of this report was to describe successful use of intramedullary osteosynthesis with compression screws to stabilize the deformed foot, in a diabetic patient with neuroarthropathy...

O diabetes mellitus é uma doença grave que afeta uma grande parcela da população. A neu-roartropatia de Charcot é uma das grandes complicações que podem levar a deformidades osteoarticulares, incapacidade funcional, úlceras e infecção no tornozelo e no pé. O realinhamento do pé por meio de artrodeses apresenta elevado índice de falha do implante por causa da descarga de peso em um pé insensível. O objetivo deste relato de caso é descrever o uso bem-sucedido de osteossíntese intramedular com parafusos de compressão para estabilização do pé com deformidade em paciente diabético com neuroartropatia...