A canonical interlaminar circuit in the sensory dorsal ventricular ridge of birds: The anatomical organization of the trigeminal pallium.

The dorsal ventricular ridge (DVR), which is the largest component of the avian pallium, contains discrete partitions receiving tectovisual, auditory, and trigeminal ascending projections. Recent studies have shown that the auditory and the tectovisual regions can be regarded as complexes composed of three highly interconnected layers: an internal senso-recipient one, an intermediate afferent/efferent one, and a more external re-entrant one. Cells located in homotopic positions in each of these layers are reciprocally linked by an interlaminar loop of axonal processes, forming columnar-like local circuits. Whether this type of organization also extends to the trigemino-recipient DVR is, at present, not known. This question is of interest, since afferents forming this sensory pathway, exceptional among amniotes, are not thalamic but rhombencephalic in origin. We investigated this question by placing minute injections of neural tracers into selected locations of vital slices of the chicken telencephalon. We found that neurons of the trigemino-recipient nucleus basorostralis pallii (Bas) establish reciprocal, columnar and homotopical projections with cells located in the overlying ventral mesopallium (MV). "Column-forming" axons originated in B and MV terminate also in the intermediate strip, the fronto-trigeminal nidopallium (NFT), in a restricted manner. We also found that the NFT and an internal partition of B originate substantial, coarse-topographic projections to the underlying portion of the lateral striatum. We conclude that all sensory areas of the DVR are organized according to a common neuroarchitectonic motif, which bears a striking resemblance to that of the radial/laminar intrinsic circuits of the sensory cortices of mammals.

Parallel organization of the avian sensorimotor arcopallium: Tectofugal visual pathway in the pigeon (Columba livia).

The sensory-motor division of the avian arcopallium receives parallel inputs from primary and high-order pallial areas of sensory and vocal control pathways, and sends a prominent descending projection to ascending and premotor, subpallial stages of these pathways. While this organization is well established for the auditory and trigeminal systems, the arcopallial subdivision related to the tectofugal visual system and its descending projection to the optic tectum (TeO) has been less investigated. In this study, we charted the arcopallial area displaying tectofugal visual responses and by injecting neural tracers, we traced its connectional anatomy. We found visual motion-sensitive responses in a central region of the dorsal (AD) and intermediate (AI) arcopallium, in between previously described auditory and trigeminal zones. Blocking the ascending tectofugal sensory output, canceled these visual responses in the arcopallium, verifying their tectofugal origin. Injecting PHA-L into the visual, but not into the auditory AI, revealed a massive projection to tectal layer 13 and other tectal related areas, sparing auditory, and trigeminal ones. Conversely, CTB injections restricted to TeO retrogradely labeled neurons confined to the visual AI. These results show that the AI zone receiving tectofugal inputs sends top-down modulations specifically directed to tectal targets, just like the auditory and trigeminal AI zones project back to their respective subpallial sensory and premotor areas, as found by previous studies. Therefore, the arcopallium seems to be organized in a parallel fashion, such that in spite of expected cross-modal integration, the different sensory-motor loops run through separate subdivisions of this structure.

Intratelencephalic projections of the avian visual dorsal ventricular ridge: Laminarly segregated, reciprocally and topographically organized.

Recent reports have shown that the avian visual dorsal ventricular ridge (DVR) is organized as a trilayered complex, in which the forming layers-the thalamo-recipient entopallium (E), an overlaying nidopallial stripe called intermediate nidopallium (NI), and the dorsally adjacent mesopallium ventrale-appear to be extensively interconnected by topographically organized columns of reciprocal axonal processes running perpendicular to the layers, an arrangement highly reminiscent to that of the sensory cortices of mammals. In the present report, we implemented in vivo anterograde and retrograde tracing techniques aiming to elucidate the organization of the connections of this complex with other pallial areas. Previous studies have shown that the efferent projections of the visual DVR originate mainly from the NI and E, reaching several distinct associative and premotor nidopallial areas. We found that the efferents from the visual DVR originated solely from the NI, and confirmed that the targets of these projections were the pallial areas described by previous studies. We also found novel projections from the NI to the visual hyperpallium, and to the lateral striatum. Moreover, we found that these projections were reciprocal, topographically organized, and originated from different cell populations within the NI. We conclude that the NI constitutes a specialized layer of the visual DVR that form the core of a dense network of highly specific connections between this region and other higher order areas of the avian pallium. Finally, we discuss to what extent these hodological properties resemble those of the mammalian cortical layers II/III.

Nadie puede juzgar qué es bueno y qué es malo. Sexualidad masculina y sexo entre varones en los delitos contra el honor militar en la Armada Argentina, 1960-1980 / Ninguém pode julgar o que é bom e o que é ruim. Sexualidade masculina e sexo entre homens em crimes contra a honra militar na Marinha Argentina, 1960-1980 / No one can judge what is right or wrong. Male sexuality and sex between men in the crimes against military honor in the Argentine Navy, 1960-1980

Resumen: Este artículo analiza la producción de sentidos y saberes sobre el sexo entre varones y la sexualidad masculina durante los juicios por delitos contra el honor militar en la Armada Argentina (1960-1980), en un contexto de ascenso del autoritarismo. Sostengo que, en contraste con la escalada represiva del período, el éxito de las Fuerzas Armadas en la construcción de una masculinidad hegemónica distaba mucho de ser una realidad en las décadas de 1960 y 1970. Lejos de un discurso o dispositivo bien articulado, los saberes producidos en los juicios militares no llegaban a constituirse en un conocimiento autoritativo (Jordan, 1991) sobre la sexualidad masculina. En términos metodológicos, me hago eco de Guinzburg (1991) quien sostiene que los "archivos de la represión" pueden servir tanto para realizar una historia de la represión como un estudio de la agencia subjetiva.

Resumo: Este artigo analisa a produção de sentidos e saberes sobre o sexo entre homens e a sexualidade masculina durante julgamentos por crimes contra a honra militar na Marinha argentina (1960-1980) em um contexto de crescente autoritarismo. Argumenta que, em contraste com a escalada repressiva do período, o sucesso das forças armadas na construção de uma masculinidade hegemônica distava de ser uma realidade nas décadas de 1960 e 1970. O conhecimento produzido em julgamentos militares não chegou a constituir um conhecimento autoritativo (Jordan, 1991) sobre a sexualidade masculina. Em termos metodológicos, o artigo retoma a Guinzburg (1991), que argumenta que os "arquivos da repressão" podem servir tanto para fazer uma história de repressão quanto para um estudo da agência subjetiva.

Abstract: This article analyzes the construction of meaning and knowledge about sex between men and male sexuality in crimes against military honor in the Armada Argentina (1960-1980) in a context of increasing authoritarianism. In contrast to the escalating repression of the period, the success of the armed forces in building a hegemonic masculinity was far from being a reality in the decades of 1960s and 1970s. Instead of a well articulated discourse or device, the notions produced during military trials did not constitute an authoritative knowledge (Jordan, 1991) on male sexuality. In methodological terms, the article echoes Guinzburg (1991), who argues that the "archives of repression" can serve both to build a history of repression and a study of subjective agency.

The centrifugal visual system of a palaeognathous bird, the Chilean Tinamou (Nothoprocta perdicaria).

The avian centrifugal visual system, which projects from the brain to the retina, has been intensively studied in several Neognathous birds that have a distinct isthmo-optic nucleus (ION). However, birds of the order Palaeognathae seem to lack a proper ION in histologically stained brain sections. We had previously reported in the palaeognathous Chilean Tinamou (Nothoprocta perdicaria) that intraocular injections of Cholera Toxin B subunit retrogradely label a considerable number of neurons, which form a diffuse isthmo-optic complex (IOC). In order to better understand how this IOC-based centrifugal visual system is organized, we have studied its major components by means of in vivo and in vitro tracing experiments. Our results show that the IOC, though structurally less organized than an ION, possesses a dense core region consisting of multipolar neurons. It receives afferents from neurons in L10a of the optic tectum, which are distributed with a wider interneuronal spacing than in Neognathae. The tecto-IOC terminals are delicate and divergent, unlike the prominent convergent tecto-ION terminals in Neognathae. The centrifugal IOC terminals in the retina are exclusively divergent, resembling the terminals from "ectopic" centrifugal neurons in Neognathae. We conclude that the Tinamou's IOC participates in a comparable general IOC-retina-TeO-IOC circuitry as the neognathous ION. However, the connections between the components are structurally different and their divergent character suggests a lower spatial resolution. Our findings call for further comparative studies in a broad range of species for advancing our understanding of the evolution, plasticity and functional roles of the avian centrifugal visual system.

Anatomical organization of the visual dorsal ventricular ridge in the chick (Gallus gallus): Layers and columns in the avian pallium.

The dorsal ventricular ridge (DVR) is one of the main components of the sauropsid pallium. In birds, the DVR is formed by an inner region, the nidopallium, and a more dorsal region, the mesopallium. The nidopallium contains discrete areas that receive auditory, visual, and multisensory collothalamic projections. These nidopallial nuclei are known to sustain reciprocal, short-range projections with their overlying mesopallial areas. Recent findings on the anatomical organization of the auditory DVR have shown that these short-range projections have a columnar organization that closely resembles that of the mammalian neocortex. However, it is unclear whether this columnar organization generalizes to other areas within the DVR. Here we examine in detail the organization of the visual DVR, performing small, circumscribed deposits of neuronal tracers as well as intracellular fillings in brain slices. We show that the visual DVR is organized in three main laminae, the thalamorecipient nucleus entopallium; a dorsally adjacent nidopallial lamina, the intermediate nidopallium; and a contiguous portion of the ventral mesopallium, the mesopallium ventrale. As in the case of the auditory DVR, we found a highly topographically organized system of reciprocal interconnections among these layers, which was formed by dorsoventrally oriented, discrete columnar bundles of axons. We conclude that the columnar organization previously demonstrated in the auditory DVR is not a unique feature but a general characteristic of the avian sensory pallium. We discuss these results in the context of a comparison between sauropsid and mammalian pallial organization.

Endobronchial cryotherapy for a mycetoma.

Mycetoma is defined as a fungus ball that fills a preexisting lung cavity, most frequently being of tuberculous or sarcoid etiology. The most frequently isolated fungus is the species of Aspergillus, but other fungi such as Fusarium or Zygomycetes can also be present. Most patients lack symptoms. However, presentation may also be with hemoptysis, which can be massive and life-threatening. We describe the case of a 50-year-old man with a history of prior pulmonary tuberculosis, with recurrent episodes of cough and hemoptysis. He was diagnosed to have mycetoma in the left upper lobe cavity. The mycetoma was extracted through bronchoscopy under general anesthesia using a cryoprobe. Treatment was completed with amphotericin B instilled in the cavity and the patient was placed on oral itraconazole. This is the first case report to date in which cryotherapy was used to remove a mycetoma.

Factores de riesgo y diagnóstico de salud del adolescente venezolano: estudio piloto / Risk factors and health diagnosis of Venezuelan adolescent: pilot study

El internista venezolano esta trabajando en la definición de su área de trabajo en este grupo poblacional. Conocer los factores de riesgo en general del adolescente. Estudio transversal, multicéntrico de adolescentes que asisten a consulta de medicina interna.Procedimiento: 1) Autorización escrita, 2) Explicación de los objetivos, 3) Encuesta de factores de riesgo, 4) Diagnósticos. El análisis fue descriptivo y comparativo. 75 individuos estudiados; 69 por ciento mujeres. 11 por ciento tenían alteración de la figura paterna; el 27 por ciento habían sufrido repitencia escolar; 64 por ciento no comparte con la familia; 43 por ciento inició la ingesta alcohólica con amigos. La violencia fue: 39 por ciento en el hogar y 55 por ciento fuera del hogar; 43 por ciento eran sexualmente activos; 28 por ciento de las mujeres tenían historia de embarazos, 1 de cada 12 había sido abusado sexualmente; 7 reconocieron el uso de drogas. Se definen áreas de trabajo: la comunicación familiar, educación sexual, historia de abuso sexual, educación antiviolencia y educación preventiva general. Se propone utilizar los resultados del presente estudio para incluir en la historia clínica diaria en forma permanente áreas de orientación para los adolescentes y sus padres