Human leukocyte antigen compatibility and incidence of donor-specific antibodies in pediatric liver transplant recipients.

BACKGROUND: Antibody-mediated rejection following liver transplantation (LT) has been increasingly recognized, particularly with respect to the emergence of de novo donor-specific antibodies (DSAs) and their impact on graft longevity. While substantial evidence for adult populations exists, research focusing on pediatric LT outcomes remains limited. AIM: To investigate the prevalence of human leukocyte antigen (HLA) mismatches and DSA and evaluate their association with rejection episodes after pediatric LT. METHODS: A cohort of pediatric LT recipients underwent HLA testing at Santa Casa de Porto Alegre, Brazil, between December 2013 and December 2023. Only patients who survived for > 30 days after LT with at least one DSA analysis were included. DSA classes I and II and cross-matches were analyzed. The presence of de novo DSA (dnDSA) was evaluated at least 3 months after LT using the Luminex® single antigen bead method, with a positive reaction threshold set at 1000 MFI. Rejection episodes were confirmed by liver biopsy. RESULTS: Overall, 67 transplanted children were analyzed; 61 received grafts from living donors, 85% of whom were related to recipients. Pre-transplant DSA (class I or II) was detected in 28.3% of patients, and dnDSA was detected in 48.4%. The median time to DSA detection after LT was 19.7 [interquartile range (IQR): 4.3-35.6] months. Biopsy-proven rejection occurred in 13 patients at follow-up, with C4d positivity observed in 5/13 Liver biopsies. The median time to rejection was 7.8 (IQR: 5.7-12.8) months. The presence of dnDSA was significantly associated with rejection (36% vs 3%, P < 0.001). The rejection-free survival rates at 12 and 24 months were 76% vs 100% and 58% vs 95% for patients with dnDSA anti-DQ vs those without, respectively. CONCLUSION: Our findings highlight the importance of incorporating DSA assessment into pre- and post-transplantation protocols for pediatric LT recipients. Future implications may include immunosuppression minimization strategies based on this analysis in pediatric LT recipients.

Incidence, management and outcomes in hepatic artery complications after paediatric liver transplantation: protocol of the retrospective, international, multicentre HEPATIC Registry.

INTRODUCTION: Hepatic artery complications (HACs), such as a thrombosis or stenosis, are serious causes of morbidity and mortality after paediatric liver transplantation (LT). This study will investigate the incidence, current management practices and outcomes in paediatric patients with HAC after LT, including early and late complications. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: The HEPatic Artery stenosis and Thrombosis after liver transplantation In Children (HEPATIC) Registry is an international, retrospective, multicentre, observational study. Any paediatric patient diagnosed with HAC and treated for HAC (at age <18 years) after paediatric LT within a 20-year time period will be included. The primary outcomes are graft and patient survivals. The secondary outcomes are technical success of the intervention, primary and secondary patency after HAC intervention, intraprocedural and postprocedural complications, description of current management practices, and incidence of HAC. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: All participating sites will obtain local ethical approval and (waiver of) informed consent following the regulations on the conduct of observational clinical studies. The results will be disseminated through scientific presentations at conferences and through publication in peer-reviewed journals. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: The HEPATIC registry is registered at the ClinicalTrials.gov website; Registry Identifier: NCT05818644.

Prevalence, management and efficacy of treatment in portal vein obstruction after paediatric liver transplantation: protocol of the retrospective international multicentre PORTAL registry.

INTRODUCTION: Portal vein obstruction (PVO) consists of anastomotic stenosis and thrombosis, which occurs due to a progression of the former. The aim of this large-scale international study is to assess the prevalence, current management practices and efficacy of treatment in patients with PVO. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: The Portal vein Obstruction Revascularisation Therapy After Liver transplantation registry will facilitate an international, retrospective, multicentre, observational study, with 25 centres around the world already actively involved. Paediatric patients (aged <18 years) with a diagnosed PVO between 1 January 2001 and 1 January 2021 after liver transplantation will be eligible for inclusion. The primary endpoints are the prevalence of PVO, primary and secondary patency after PVO intervention and current management practices. Secondary endpoints are patient and graft survival, severe complications of PVO and technical success of revascularisation techniques. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: Medical Ethics Review Board of the University Medical Center Groningen has approved the study (METc 2021/072). The results of this study will be disseminated via peer-reviewed publications and scientific presentations at national and international conferences. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: Netherlands Trial Register (NL9261).

International Consensus Recommendations for Eosinophilic Gastrointestinal Disease Nomenclature.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Substantial heterogeneity in terminology used for eosinophilic gastrointestinal diseases (EGIDs), particularly the catchall term "eosinophilic gastroenteritis," limits clinical and research advances. We aimed to achieve an international consensus for standardized EGID nomenclature. METHODS: This consensus process utilized Delphi methodology. An initial naming framework was proposed and refined in iterative fashion, then assessed in a first round of Delphi voting. Results were discussed in 2 consensus meetings, and the framework was updated and reassessed in a second Delphi vote, with a 70% threshold set for agreement. RESULTS: Of 91 experts participating, 85 (93%) completed the first and 82 (90%) completed the second Delphi surveys. Consensus was reached on all but 2 statements. "EGID" was the preferred umbrella term for disorders of gastrointestinal (GI) tract eosinophilic inflammation in the absence of secondary causes (100% agreement). Involved GI tract segments will be named specifically and use an "Eo" abbreviation convention: eosinophilic gastritis (now abbreviated EoG), eosinophilic enteritis (EoN), and eosinophilic colitis (EoC). The term "eosinophilic gastroenteritis" is no longer preferred as the overall name (96% agreement). When >2 GI tract areas are involved, the name should reflect all of the involved areas. CONCLUSIONS: This international process resulted in consensus for updated EGID nomenclature for both clinical and research use. EGID will be the umbrella term, rather than "eosinophilic gastroenteritis," and specific naming conventions by location of GI tract involvement are recommended. As more data are developed, this framework can be updated to reflect best practices and the underlying science.

Early hepatic arterial thrombosis in liver transplantation: Systemic intravenous alteplase as a potential rescue treatment after failed surgical revascularization.

eHAT is one of the most dreaded post-LT complication. Treatment approaches include retransplantation, revascularization, or observation. Systemic thrombolytic therapy is used in pediatric patients with thromboembolic events. However, there is no previous study reporting on the use of systemic r-tPA to treat eHAT. The treatment strategies used in patients with eHAT are described, focusing on two children who failed SR and were treated with systemic heparinization plus systemic r-tPA infusion. r-tPA-RP consists of intravenous systemic infusion at a dose of 0.3 mg/kg/h during 6 hours, for 5 days. First case (3-year) was transplanted with a whole liver, and second case (6-year) received a LLS from a living donor. HAT was diagnosed by doppler US and confirmed by angioCT scan in both patients in the first day after LT. They underwent SR and were clinically stable. Re-thrombosis occurred in both patients the day after, and r-TPA-RP was started-one patient required two r-TPA-RP for HAT recurrence. They presented minor bleeding, without repercussion. Hepatic artery recanalized after 10 and 3 days in the first and second patient, respectively. Retransplant was avoided, and one developed biliary strictures, successfully managed in the follow-up. r-TPA-RP avoided retransplantation after eHAT in these cases. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the use of systemic r-TPA to treat eHAT in children. This strategy may compose an algorithm to treat eHAT that failed SR in stable patients.

Autoimmune hepatitis in 828 Brazilian children and adolescents: clinical and laboratory findings, histological profile, treatments, and outcomes / Hepatite autoimune em 828 crianças e adolescentes brasileiros: achados clínicos e laboratoriais, perfil histológico, tratamentos e resultados

Abstract Objective: This large study with a long-term follow-up aimed to evaluate the clinical presentation, laboratory findings, histological profile, treatments, and outcomes of children and adolescents with autoimmune hepatitis. Methods: The medical records of 828 children and adolescents with autoimmune hepatitis were reviewed. A questionnaire was used to collect anonymous data on clinical presentation, biochemical and histological findings, and treatments. Results: Of all patients, 89.6% had autoimmune hepatitis-1 and 10.4% had autoimmune hepatitis-2. The female sex was predominant in both groups. The median age at symptom onset was 111.5 (6; 210) and 53.5 (8; 165) months in the patients with autoimmune hepatitis 1 and autoimmune hepatitis-2, respectively. Acute clinical onset was observed in 56.1% and 58.8% and insidious symptoms in 43.9% and 41.2% of the patients with autoimmune hepatitis-1 and autoimmune hepatitis-2, respectively. The risk of hepatic failure was 1.6-fold higher for autoimmune hepatitis-2. Fulminant hepatic failure occurred in 3.6% and 10.6% of the patients with autoimmune hepatitis-1 and autoimmune hepatitis-2, respectively; the risk was 3.1-fold higher for autoimmune hepatitis-2. The gamma globulin and immunoglobulin G levels were significantly higher in autoimmune hepatitis-1, while the immunoglobulin A and C3 levels were lower in autoimmune hepatitis-2. Cirrhosis was observed in 22.4% of the patients; biochemical remission was achieved in 76.2%. The actuarial survival rate was 93.0%. A total of 4.6% underwent liver transplantation, and 6.9% died (autoimmune hepatitis-1: 7.5%; autoimmune hepatitis-2: 2.4%). Conclusions: In this large clinical series of Brazilian children and adolescents, autoimmune hepatitis-1 was more frequent, and patients with autoimmune hepatitis-2 exhibited higher disease remission rates with earlier response to treatment. Patients with autoimmune hepatitis-1 had a higher risk of death.

Resumo Objetivo: Este estudo com acompanhamento de longo prazo visou a avaliar o quadro clínico, os achados laboratoriais, o perfil histológico, os tratamentos e os resultados de crianças e adolescentes com hepatite autoimune. Métodos: Foram analisados os prontuários médicos de 828 crianças e adolescentes com HAI. Foi usado um questionário para coletar os dados anônimos sobre o quadro clínico, os achados bioquímicos e histológicos e os tratamentos. Resultados: De todos os pacientes, 89,6% tinham hepatite autoimune-1 e 10,4% hepatite autoimune-2. O sexo feminino foi predominante nos dois grupos. A idade média no início dos sintomas foi 111,5 (6; 210) e 53,5 (8; 165) meses nos pacientes com hepatite autoimune-1 e hepatite autoimune-2, respectivamente. Foi observado início clínico agudo em 56,1% e 58,8% e sintomas insidiosos em 43,9% e 41,2% dos pacientes com hepatite autoimune-1 e hepatite autoimune-2, respectivamente. A probabilidade de insuficiência hepática foi 1,6 vezes maior para hepatite autoimune-2; 3,6% e 10,6% dos pacientes com hepatite autoimune-1 e hepatite autoimune-2, respectivamente, apresentaram insuficiência hepática fulminante; o risco foi 3,1 vezes maior para hepatite autoimune-2. Os níveis de gamaglobulina e imunoglobulina G foram significativamente maiores nos pacientes com hepatite autoimune-1, ao passo que os níveis de imunoglobulina A e C3 foram menores em pacientes com hepatite autoimune-2; 22,4% dos pacientes apresentaram cirrose e a remissão bioquímica foi atingida em 76,2%. A taxa de sobrevida atuarial foi de 93,0%. Um total de 4,6% pacientes foram submetidos a transplante de fígado e 6,9% morreram (hepatite autoimune-1: 7,5%; hepatite autoimune-2: 2,4%). Conclusões: Nesta grande série clínica de crianças e adolescentes brasileiros, a hepatite autoimune-1 foi mais frequente e os pacientes com hepatite autoimune-2 mostraram maiores taxas de remissão da doença com respostas mais rápidas aos tratamentos. Os pacientes com hepatite autoimune-1 apresentaram maior risco de óbito.

Autoimmune hepatitis in 828 Brazilian children and adolescents: clinical and laboratory findings, histological profile, treatments, and outcomes.

OBJECTIVE: This large study with a long-term follow-up aimed to evaluate the clinical presentation, laboratory findings, histological profile, treatments, and outcomes of children and adolescents with autoimmune hepatitis. METHODS: The medical records of 828 children and adolescents with autoimmune hepatitis were reviewed. A questionnaire was used to collect anonymous data on clinical presentation, biochemical and histological findings, and treatments. RESULTS: Of all patients, 89.6% had autoimmune hepatitis-1 and 10.4% had autoimmune hepatitis-2. The female sex was predominant in both groups. The median age at symptom onset was 111.5 (6; 210) and 53.5 (8; 165) months in the patients with autoimmune hepatitis 1 and autoimmune hepatitis-2, respectively. Acute clinical onset was observed in 56.1% and 58.8% and insidious symptoms in 43.9% and 41.2% of the patients with autoimmune hepatitis-1 and autoimmune hepatitis-2, respectively. The risk of hepatic failure was 1.6-fold higher for autoimmune hepatitis-2. Fulminant hepatic failure occurred in 3.6% and 10.6% of the patients with autoimmune hepatitis-1 and autoimmune hepatitis-2, respectively; the risk was 3.1-fold higher for autoimmune hepatitis-2. The gamma globulin and immunoglobulin G levels were significantly higher in autoimmune hepatitis-1, while the immunoglobulin A and C3 levels were lower in autoimmune hepatitis-2. Cirrhosis was observed in 22.4% of the patients; biochemical remission was achieved in 76.2%. The actuarial survival rate was 93.0%. A total of 4.6% underwent liver transplantation, and 6.9% died (autoimmune hepatitis-1: 7.5%; autoimmune hepatitis-2: 2.4%). CONCLUSIONS: In this large clinical series of Brazilian children and adolescents, autoimmune hepatitis-1 was more frequent, and patients with autoimmune hepatitis-2 exhibited higher disease remission rates with earlier response to treatment. Patients with autoimmune hepatitis-1 had a higher risk of death.

Prevalence and characteristics of hepatopulmonary syndrome in children with cirrhosis in southern Brazil.

BACKGROUND: Hepatopulmonary syndrome (HPS) is defined as a triad characterized by arterial deoxygenation, intrapulmonary vascular dilatations (IPVDs), and liver disorder. The aims of this study were to assess the prevalence of HPS in children with cirrhosis, the clinical characteristics of patients with HPS, and the tests used for the diagnosis of IPVD. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This was a prospective, cross-sectional study of 40 children with cirrhosis (median age: 44 months). Investigations of HPS included arterial blood gas analysis, contrast-enhanced transthoracic echocardiography (CE-TTE), and perfusion lung scanning using technetium-99m-labeled macroaggregated albumin (Tc-MMA). Patients' clinical characteristics (age, etiology of cirrhosis, and severity of hepatopathy) were assessed. HPS was defined as liver disease; alveolar-arterial oxygen gradient of at least 15 mmHg and/or partial pressure of arterial oxygen less than 80 mmHg; and detection of IPVD by CE-TTE or Tc-MMA scanning. Statistical significance was indicated by a P value less than 0.05. RESULTS: The prevalence of HPS was 42.5% (17/40). Eight patients had moderate HPS (47%) and two patients had severe HPS (12%). In bivariate analysis, biliary atresia (P=0.033) and median age (10 months; P=0.005) were associated with HPS. In multivariate analysis, only age remained statistically significant (prevalence ratio=0.99; 95% confidence interval=0.98-0.99; P=0.010). Sixteen patients with HPS had IPVD detected by CE-TTE (94.1%) and six patients had IPVD detected by Tc-MMA scanning (35.3%), with no significant agreement between these methods (κ=-0.12; P=0.163). CONCLUSION: HPS is a common complication of cirrhosis in children. A combination of clinical and imaging criteria should be used to diagnose HPS.

Updated International Consensus Diagnostic Criteria for Eosinophilic Esophagitis: Proceedings of the AGREE Conference.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Over the last decade, clinical experiences and research studies raised concerns regarding use of proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) as part of the diagnostic strategy for eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE). We aimed to clarify the use of PPIs in the evaluation and treatment of children and adults with suspected EoE to develop updated international consensus criteria for EoE diagnosis. METHODS: A consensus conference was convened to address the issue of PPI use for esophageal eosinophilia using a process consistent with standards described in the Appraisal of Guidelines for Research and Evaluation II. Pediatric and adult physicians and researchers from gastroenterology, allergy, and pathology subspecialties representing 14 countries used online communications, teleconferences, and a face-to-face meeting to review the literature and clinical experiences. RESULTS: Substantial evidence documented that PPIs reduce esophageal eosinophilia in children, adolescents, and adults, with several mechanisms potentially explaining the treatment effect. Based on these findings, an updated diagnostic algorithm for EoE was developed, with removal of the PPI trial requirement. CONCLUSIONS: EoE should be diagnosed when there are symptoms of esophageal dysfunction and at least 15 eosinophils per high-power field (or approximately 60 eosinophils per mm2) on esophageal biopsy and after a comprehensive assessment of non-EoE disorders that could cause or potentially contribute to esophageal eosinophilia. The evidence suggests that PPIs are better classified as a treatment for esophageal eosinophilia that may be due to EoE than as a diagnostic criterion, and we have developed updated consensus criteria for EoE that reflect this change.

Ghrelin, leptin and insulin in cirrhotic children and adolescents: relationship with cirrhosis severity and nutritional status.

OBJECTIVE: Ghrelin, leptin, and insulin concentrations are involved in the control of food intake and they seem to be associated with anorexia-cachexia in cirrhotic patients. The present study aimed to investigate the relationship between the nutritional status and fasting ghrelin, leptin and insulin concentrations in pediatric cirrhotic patients. METHODS: Thirty-nine patients with cirrhosis and 39 healthy controls aged 0-15 years matched by sex and age were enrolled. Severity of liver disease was assessed by Child-Pugh classification, and Pediatric for End Stage Liver Disease (PELD) or Model for End-stage Liver Disease (MELD) scores. Blood samples were collected from patients and controls to assay total ghrelin, acyl ghrelin, leptin and insulin by using a commercial ELISA kit. Anthropometry parameters used were standard deviation score of height-for-age and triceps skinfold thickness-for-age ratio. A multiple linear regression analysis was used to determine the correlation between dependent and independent variables. RESULTS: Acyl ghrelin was significantly lower in cirrhotic patients than in controls [142 (93-278) pg/mL vs 275 (208-481) pg/mL, P=0.001]. After multiple linear regression analysis, total ghrelin and acyl ghrelin showed an inverse correlation with age; acyl ghrelin was associated with the severity of cirrhosis and des-acyl ghrelin with PELD or MELD scores ≥15. Leptin was positively correlated with gender and anthropometric parameters. Insulin was not associated with any variable. CONCLUSION: Low acyl ghrelin and high des-acyl ghrelin concentrations were associated with cirrhosis severity, whereas low leptin concentration was associated with undernourishment in children and adolescents with cirrhosis.

Diagnosis, misdiagnosis, and associated diseases of achalasia in children and adolescents: a twelve-year single center experience.

PURPOSE: Although achalasia is a rare disorder in children, its symptom may mimic common childhood diseases. This study aimed to assess the diagnosis and management of achalasia in children and adolescents in a Brazilian single center during a 12-year period. METHODS: Patients with achalasia were identified from a database built during the period of January 2000-January 2012 from a Pediatric Gastroenterology reference center. Information regarding demographic data, clinical symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and long-term follow-up were described. RESULTS: Thirteen patients were studied; median age was 7 (1-14) years. Most frequent symptoms were vomiting (84.6 %) and dysphagia (69.2 %). Weight loss occurred in 46.0 % of patients and chronic cough in 46.1 %. Associated disorders were Down's syndrome, Allgrove syndrome, and congenital central hypoventilation syndrome. Achalasia was misdiagnosed with anorexia nervosa. Six patients were previously treated as having gastroesophageal reflux disease and asthma. Five patients had pneumatic balloon dilation as initial therapy whereas five had esophageal myotomy. Finally, 11 patients had surgical therapy with a favorable follow-up. CONCLUSION: Achalasia symptoms may mimic common diseases in children, and therefore, may delay the diagnosis. This study emphasizes the importance of the clinical symptoms for the diagnosis of achalasia, mainly in those cases with associated disorders.

Managing gastroesophageal reflux disease in children: The role of endoscopy.

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a growing problem in the pediatric population and recent advances in diagnostics and therapeutics have improved their management, particularly the use of esophago-gastroduodenoscopy (EGD). Most of the current knowledge is derived from studies in adults; however there are distinct features between infant onset and adult onset GERD. Children are not just little adults and attention must be given to the stages of growth and development and how these stages impact the disease management. Although there is a lack of a gold standard test to diagnose GERD in children, EGD with biopsy is essential to assess the type and severity of tissue damage. To date, the role of endoscopy in adults and children has been to assess the extent of esophagitis and detect metaplastic changes complicating GERD; however the current knowledge points another role for the EGD with biopsy that is to rule out other potential causes of esophagitis in patients with GERD symptoms such as eosinophilic esophagitis. This review highlights special considerations about the role of EGD in the management of children with GERD.

Mudança na suscetibilidade à hepatite A em crianças e adolescentes na última década / Shifting susceptibility to hepatitis A among children and adolescents over the past decade

OBJETIVOS: Estimar a prevalência de anticorpos contra hepatite A (anti-VHA) em grupo de crianças e adolescentes de laboratório público e privado em Porto Alegre e comparar com estudo realizado na década anterior. MÉTODOS: Entre 2007 e 2008 foi realizado estudo transversal onde foram incluídas, consecutivamente, 465 amostras de soros de crianças e adolescentes entre 1 e 19 anos de idade para determinar a prevalência de anticorpos anti-VHA total. As amostras foram fornecidas por laboratório público (grupo 1), que atende somente Sistema Único de Saúde, e por laboratório privado (grupo 2), representando os estratos socioeconômicos mais baixo e mais alto, respectivamente. O teste foi realizado em único laboratório (eletroquimioluminescência, Roche Diagnostics). Resultados > 20 UI/L foram considerados positivos. RESULTADOS: A soroprevalência de anti-VHA no grupo 1 foi de 37,6 por cento e o percentual de positividade aumentou conforme a idade, variando de 19,4 por cento entre 1-4 anos a 54,1 por cento entre 15-19 anos. No grupo 2, a frequência de anti-VHA foi de 46,1 por cento e foi inversamente relacionada à idade, caindo de cerca de 50,0 por cento nas faixas etárias menores para 29,1 por cento aos 15-19 anos. Houve diminuição significativa na prevalência do anti-VHA nas crianças de 5-9 anos do grupo 1 (p = 0,03), quando comparadas com estudo realizado na década de 1990. CONCLUSÕES: Os resultados sugerem queda na endemicidade da hepatite A em Porto Alegre na última década e indicam maior suscetibilidade à doença em crianças e adolescentes, principalmente no estrato socioeconômico mais baixo.

OBJECTIVES: To estimate the prevalence of anti-hepatitis A virus (anti-HAV) antibodies in serum samples from children and adolescents obtained at two clinical pathology laboratories in the city of Porto Alegre, south of Brazil, and to compare findings to those of a study carried out in the 1990s. METHODS: In this cross-sectional study conducted between 2007 and 2008, 465 serum samples obtained from subjects aged 1-19 years were consecutively tested to determine the prevalence of total anti-HAV antibodies. Samples were provided by a public laboratory (group 1) that serves the Unified Health System exclusively, meant to represent the lowest socioeconomic strata, and by a private laboratory (group 2), meant to represent the higher socioeconomic classes. Tests were performed at a single laboratory using commercially available electrochemiluminescence kits. Antibody levels > 20 UI/L were considered positive. RESULTS: The seroprevalence of anti-HAV in Group 1 was 37.6 percent. The percentage of anti-HAV reactivity increased from 19.4 percent in the 1-to-4 group to 54.1 percent in the 15-to-19 group. In Group 2, overall anti-HAV positivity was 46.1 percent and was inversely correlated with age, declining from roughly 50 percent in the youngest groups to 29.1 percent in the 15-to-19 group. Comparison of sample findings to those reported in a 1990s study showed a significant reduction in anti-HAV prevalence among 5-to-9-year-olds in group 1 (p = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that the endemicity of hepatitis A in Porto Alegre has been declining over the past decade, and that children and adolescents, particularly those in the lowest socioeconomic strata, are more susceptible to the disease.

Shifting susceptibility to hepatitis A among children and adolescents over the past decade.

OBJECTIVES: To estimate the prevalence of anti-hepatitis A virus (anti-HAV) antibodies in serum samples from children and adolescents obtained at two clinical pathology laboratories in the city of Porto Alegre, south of Brazil, and to compare findings to those of a study carried out in the 1990s. METHODS: In this cross-sectional study conducted between 2007 and 2008, 465 serum samples obtained from subjects aged 1-19 years were consecutively tested to determine the prevalence of total anti-HAV antibodies. Samples were provided by a public laboratory (group 1) that serves the Unified Health System exclusively, meant to represent the lowest socioeconomic strata, and by a private laboratory (group 2), meant to represent the higher socioeconomic classes. Tests were performed at a single laboratory using commercially available electrochemiluminescence kits. Antibody levels ≥ 20 UI/L were considered positive. RESULTS: The seroprevalence of anti-HAV in Group 1 was 37.6%. The percentage of anti-HAV reactivity increased from 19.4% in the 1-to-4 group to 54.1% in the 15-to-19 group. In Group 2, overall anti-HAV positivity was 46.1% and was inversely correlated with age, declining from roughly 50% in the youngest groups to 29.1% in the 15-to-19 group. Comparison of sample findings to those reported in a 1990s study showed a significant reduction in anti-HAV prevalence among 5-to-9-year-olds in group 1 (p = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that the endemicity of hepatitis A in Porto Alegre has been declining over the past decade, and that children and adolescents, particularly those in the lowest socioeconomic strata, are more susceptible to the disease.

The extent of biliary proliferation in liver biopsies from patients with biliary atresia at portoenterostomy is associated with the postoperative prognosis.

BACKGROUND/PURPOSE: In biliary atresia (BA), a derangement in the biliary system remains, despite portoenterostomy performance. Many factors can influence the disease progression rate. This study aimed to analyze the association between biliary proliferation extent in biopsies from BA patients and postoperative prognosis. METHODS: Biliary proliferation was evaluated by a morphometric analysis of the cytokeratin 7 positivity percentage (PCK7) in wedge liver biopsies from 47 BA patients. The extent of fibrosis was evaluated by a fibrosis score (FS). The outcome 1-year native liver survival was correlated, using a multivariable regression analysis, with PCK7, FS, and age at portoenterostomy. RESULTS: The PCK7 ranged between 0.80% and 14.79% (M +/- SD = 7.36% +/- 4.15%). Patients who died or underwent transplantation had higher PCK7 than survivors with their native livers (P < .001). The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve for PCK7 in relation to the outcome was 0.845 (P < .001). The cutoff point of PCK7 for the maximal effect on postoperative prognosis was 10.18% (sensitivity = 0.71, specificity = 0.88). The PCK7 was the only studied variable associated with 1-year native liver survival, independently of age and FS (P = .002). CONCLUSION: The extent of biliary proliferation at portoenterostomy, evaluated by PCK7, was associated with 1-year native liver survival of BA patients.

Biliary atresia: we still operate too late.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the age at surgery for children with biliary atresia and their survival periods without need for liver transplantation. The study was performed at Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, in Porto Alegre, state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. METHODS: The medical records of patients operated between 1982 and 2007 who were residents of the state of Rio Grande do Sul were reviewed. RESULTS: Of the 112 cases of children with biliary atresia studied, 38 (33.9%) occurred between 1982 and 1989, 46 (41.1%) between 1990 and 1999 and 28 (25.0%) after 2000. Portoenterostomy was not performed for 12 cases (10.7%). Age at surgery ranged from 25 to 297 days (median: 80.5; IQR25-75: 61.3-109.0 days); for 20.5% of cases, the age was below 60 days. There was no age difference at diagnosis for the three decades in the study. Patients from the countryside (median: 87.0; IQR25-75: 69.0-115.0 days) were referred significantly later (p = 0.007) than those living in Porto Alegre and the metropolitan area (median: 68.0; IQR25-75: 55.5-98.0 days). The ratio of patients younger than 60 days was significantly lower (p = 0.013) for those from the countryside. Survival periods with native liver for all patients was 46.2% in 2 years, falling continuously until reaching 15.3% in 20 years. Patients operated before reaching 60 days of age had longer survival periods with native livers (log rank < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: Late performance of portoenterostomy was a constant in the past 25 years, and this delay led to shorter survival periods with native livers for biliary atresia patients.

Atresia biliar: continuamos operando tarde / Biliary atresia: we still operate too late

OBJETIVO: Analisar a idade na cirurgia de crianças com atresia biliar e a sobrevida sem necessidade de transplante de fígado. O estudo foi realizado no Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre. MÉTODOS: Foram revisados os prontuários dos pacientes operados entre 1982 e 2007, residentes no Rio Grande do Sul. RESULTADOS: Dos 112 casos estudados de crianças com atresia biliar, 38 (33,9 por cento) ocorreram de 1982 a 1989, 46 (41,1 por cento) de 1990 a 1999 e 28 (25,0 por cento) a partir de 2000. Em 12 (10,7 por cento) casos, não foi realizada a portoenterostomia. A idade na cirurgia variou de 25 a 297 dias (mediana: 80,5; IIQ25-75: 61,3-109,0 dias); em 20,5 por cento dos casos, a idade das crianças foi menor do que 60 dias. Não houve diferença na idade, no momento do diagnóstico, entre as 3 décadas. Os pacientes do interior do estado (mediana: 87,0; IIQ25-75: 69,0-115,0 dias) foram encaminhados significativamente (p = 0,007) mais tarde do que os da região metropolitana de Porto Alegre (RS) (mediana: 68,0; IIQ25-75: 55,5-98,0 dias). A proporção de pacientes com menos de 60 dias foi significativamente menor (p = 0,013) nos oriundos do interior. A sobrevida com fígado nativo do total dos pacientes foi de 46,2 por cento em 2 anos, diminuindo progressivamente até 15,3 por cento em 20 anos. Os pacientes operados com menos de 60 dias tiveram maior sobrevida com fígado nativo (log rank < 0,0001). CONCLUSÕES: A portoenterostomia se manteve tardia nos últimos 25 anos, e esse atraso determinou menor tempo de sobrevida com fígado nativo nos pacientes com atresia biliar.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the age at surgery for children with biliary atresia and their survival periods without need for liver transplantation. The study was performed at Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, in Porto Alegre, state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. METHODS: The medical records of patients operated between 1982 and 2007 who were residents of the state of Rio Grande do Sul were reviewed. RESULTS: Of the 112 cases of children with biliary atresia studied, 38 (33.9 percent) occurred between 1982 and 1989, 46 (41.1 percent) between 1990 and 1999 and 28 (25.0 percent) after 2000. Portoenterostomy was not performed for 12 cases (10.7 percent). Age at surgery ranged from 25 to 297 days (median: 80.5; IQR25-75: 61.3-109.0 days); for 20.5 percent of cases, the age was below 60 days. There was no age difference at diagnosis for the three decades in the study. Patients from the countryside (median: 87.0; IQR25-75: 69.0-115.0 days) were referred significantly later (p = 0.007) than those living in Porto Alegre and the metropolitan area (median: 68.0; IQR25-75: 55.5-98.0 days). The ratio of patients younger than 60 days was significantly lower (p = 0.013) for those from the countryside. Survival periods with native liver for all patients was 46.2 percent in 2 years, falling continuously until reaching 15.3 percent in 20 years. Patients operated before reaching 60 days of age had longer survival periods with native livers (log rank < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: Late performance of portoenterostomy was a constant in the past 25 years, and this delay led to shorter survival periods with native livers for biliary atresia patients.

Amplification of bacterial DNA does not distinguish patients with ascitic fluid infection from those colonized by bacteria.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene amplification to diagnose spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP). PATIENTS AND METHODS: According to a retrospective protocol, 31 patients with portal hypertensive ascites (serum to ascites albumin gradient > or = 1.1 g/dL) were studied. Ascitic fluid was analyzed as follows: Gram stain, aerobic and anaerobic cultures, polymorphonuclear cell count, and biochemical tests. Bacterial DNA was detected by polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS: There were 8 episodes of SBP and 4 episodes of bacterascites (BA). Culture was positive in 4 of 8 cases of SBP and bacterial DNA was positive in 7 of 8 cases of SBP. Bacterial DNA was positive in 3 of 4 cases of BA and in 8 of 28 cases of culture-negative non-neutrocytic ascites (CNNNA). The PELD score, serum to albumin ascites gradient, and mortality showed no statistical difference between patients with CNNNA and the result of the bacterial DNA analysis. CONCLUSIONS: Although the 16S rRNA gene amplification was better than culture to diagnose SBP, bacterial DNA does not seem to allow a distinction between ascites infection and ascites colonization.

Ontogenetic changes in serum S100B in Down syndrome patients.

BACKGROUND: It has been shown that Down syndrome (DS) patients have elevated S100B levels in brain tissue. DESIGN: Measurements of S100B were performed in serum samples from 48 DS patients and 42 ostensibly healthy age-matched controls. RESULTS: We observed higher levels of S100B in the DS group than in the control group. Moreover, serum S100B in DS patients was not age-dependent as it is in normal individuals. CONCLUSION: The higher levels of S100B in DS patients may reflect a general and persistent increase in the extracellular space and may be associated with neurodegenerative lesions observed in DS patients.