The prevalence of malocclusion is higher in schoolchildren with signs of hyperactivity.

INTRODUCTION: Attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder is a behavioral disorder characterized by a lack of focus, impulsive behavior, and or excessive activity. This research aimed to evaluate the association between signs of attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder and malocclusion in schoolchildren. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted with a representative sample of 633 children aged 7-12 years. The children were clinically examined for malocclusion using the Dental Aesthetic Index. The predominant breathing pattern was also determined. Parents answered a questionnaire addressing socioeconomic characteristics and the presence of nonnutritive sucking habits. The Swanson, Nolan, and Pelham Scale-IV was filled out by both parents and teachers to compare behavioral patterns. The children were submitted to a neuropsychological evaluation using the Raven's Colored Progressive Matrix Test. Data analysis involved the chi-square test and Poisson regression analysis. RESULTS: The prevalence of malocclusion was 42% higher among children with signs of hyperactivity reported by both parents and teachers (prevalence ratio [PR], 1.42; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.11-1.81; P = 0.004). In the final Poisson regression model, the prevalence of malocclusion was lower among schoolchildren aged 11 and 12 years (PR, 0.62; 95% CI. 0.52-0.73; P <0.001) and higher among those who used a pacifier for at least 4 years (PR, 1.25; 95% CI, 1.02-1.54; P = 0.029) as well as those classified as mouth breathers (PR, 1.28; 95% CI, 1.09-1.51; P = 0.003). CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of malocclusion was higher among children with signs of hyperactivity independently of age, pacifier use, and mouth breathing.

Polymorphisms in genes that affect the variation of lipid levels in a Brazilian pediatric population with sickle cell disease: rs662799 APOA5 and rs964184 ZPR1.

This cross-sectional study investigated associations between SNPs in metabolizing lipid genes, alpha-thalassemia and laboratory parameters in two forms of sickle cell disease (SCD), sickle cell anemia (SCA) and hemoglobin SC disease (HbSC) in a pediatric population. Among the groups SCA and HbSC was found a higher proportion of increased triglycerides (TG) in SCA. High levels of TG were significantly associated with lower hemoglobin (p = 0.006) and HDL-C (p = 0.037), higher white blood cell count (p = 0.027), LDH (p = 0.004) and bilirubins (p < 0.05) in SCD. Patients with HDL-C ≤40 mg/dL had higher markers hemolytic levels. Therapy of HU significantly influenced several hematological and biochemical parameters but not lipid fractions. Genotypes of the APOA5 rs662799 were not associated with lipid levels. The G-risk allele rs964184/ZPRI ZNF259/ZPR1 gene (GC + GG genotypes) was associated with increased levels of TG in children ≥10 years old (p = 0.045) and the atherogenic ratio TG/HDL-C (p = 0.032) in SCD. The use of HU improves levels of hemolysis and inflammation markers in SCD with high TG and, while not interfering with lipid levels, seems to overlap the effect of the G-risk allele in on them. This study reported for the first time that rs964184 SNP could be a genetic modifier of TG in SCD.

The Mini-Mental Examination for Children (MMC): Evidence of validity for children with learning difficulties.

The Mini-Mental Examination for Children (MMC) is a widely used tool for assessing global cognitive deficits, however,is still unknown whether MMC is sensitive for investigating cognitive profiles associated with learning difficulties (LD). OBJECTIVE: Here we investigate the feasibility of using the MMC for screening school-aged children with learning difficulties in spelling and math. METHODS: The MMC and other neurophysiological tests were administered to a sample of 168 children, aged 7 to 12 years. The sample was subdivided into a Control group and LD group (Math Difficulties, Spelling Difficulties, Math and Spelling Difficulties). Diagnostic accuracy was assessed with ROC analysis. Convergent and divergent validity was assessed using correlation analysis. RESULTS: Performance on the MMC was associated with nonverbal intelligence, age and school achievement. The LD group had significantly lower performance on the MMC than the Control group. Performance on the MMC discriminated LD children with a global accuracy of around 0.80. Associations between the MMC and the other neuropsychological variables were higher for finger gnosis (r=0.40) and generally higher for early elementary school grades. The MMC proved satisfactory for identifying LD children with good accuracy. Nonverbal intelligence, and perceptual/motor abilities play an important role in MMC performance. CONCLUSION: The MMC could be a useful instrument for screening children with LD.

Mini-exame mental para crianças (MMC) é uma ferramenta amplamente utilizada para avaliar déficits cognitivos globais, no entanto, ainda é desconhecido se a MMC é sensível para investigar perfis cognitivos associados a dificuldades de aprendizagem. OBJETIVO: Aqui nós investigamos a viabilidade de usar MMC para triagem de crianças em idade escolar com dificuldades de aprendizagem em ortografia e matemática. MÉTODOS: MMC e outros testes neuropsicológicos foram administrados em uma amostra de 168 crianças de 7 a 12 anos de idade. A amostra foi subdividida em um Grupo Controle e um grupo LD (dificuldade na matemática, na escrita, ou na escrita e na matemática). A acurácia diagnóstica foi analisada através de uma análise de curva ROC. A validade convergente e divergente foi investigada através de análises de correlações. RESULTADOS: A performance no MMC foi associada com a inteligência não verbal, idade e desempenho escolar. O grupo LD apresentou desempenho significativamente inferior ao Grupo Controle no MMC. A performance no MMC pôde identificar crianças LD com uma acurácia global em torno de 0.80. As associações entre MMC e outras variáveis neuropsicológicas foram maiores para gnosias digitais (r=0.40) e em geral, mais altas nas séries iniciais. O MMC se mostrou satisfatório para identificar crianças LD com uma boa acurácia. A inteligência não verbal, habilidades perceptivas/motoras tem um importante papel na performance no MMC. CONCLUSÃO: O MMC pode ser um instrumento útil para o rastreamento de crianças com LD.

The Mini-Mental Examination for Children (MMC): Evidence of validity for children with learning difficulties / Mini-exame do estado mental para crianças (mmc): evidência de validade para crianças com dificuldades de aprendizagem

ABSTRACT The Mini-Mental Examination for Children (MMC) is a widely used tool for assessing global cognitive deficits, however,is still unknown whether MMC is sensitive for investigating cognitive profiles associated with learning difficulties (LD). Objective: Here we investigate the feasibility of using the MMC for screening school-aged children with learning difficulties in spelling and math. Methods: The MMC and other neurophysiological tests were administered to a sample of 168 children, aged 7 to 12 years. The sample was subdivided into a Control group and LD group (Math Difficulties, Spelling Difficulties, Math and Spelling Difficulties). Diagnostic accuracy was assessed with ROC analysis. Convergent and divergent validity was assessed using correlation analysis. Results: Performance on the MMC was associated with nonverbal intelligence, age and school achievement. The LD group had significantly lower performance on the MMC than the Control group. Performance on the MMC discriminated LD children with a global accuracy of around 0.80. Associations between the MMC and the other neuropsychological variables were higher for finger gnosis (r=0.40) and generally higher for early elementary school grades. The MMC proved satisfactory for identifying LD children with good accuracy. Nonverbal intelligence, and perceptual/motor abilities play an important role in MMC performance. Conclusion: The MMC could be a useful instrument for screening children with LD.

RESUMO Mini-exame mental para crianças (MMC) é uma ferramenta amplamente utilizada para avaliar déficits cognitivos globais, no entanto, ainda é desconhecido se a MMC é sensível para investigar perfis cognitivos associados a dificuldades de aprendizagem. Objetivo: Aqui nós investigamos a viabilidade de usar MMC para triagem de crianças em idade escolar com dificuldades de aprendizagem em ortografia e matemática. Métodos: MMC e outros testes neuropsicológicos foram administrados em uma amostra de 168 crianças de 7 a 12 anos de idade. A amostra foi subdividida em um Grupo Controle e um grupo LD (dificuldade na matemática, na escrita, ou na escrita e na matemática). A acurácia diagnóstica foi analisada através de uma análise de curva ROC. A validade convergente e divergente foi investigada através de análises de correlações. Resultados: A performance no MMC foi associada com a inteligência não verbal, idade e desempenho escolar. O grupo LD apresentou desempenho significativamente inferior ao Grupo Controle no MMC. A performance no MMC pôde identificar crianças LD com uma acurácia global em torno de 0.80. As associações entre MMC e outras variáveis neuropsicológicas foram maiores para gnosias digitais (r=0.40) e em geral, mais altas nas séries iniciais. O MMC se mostrou satisfatório para identificar crianças LD com uma boa acurácia. A inteligência não verbal, habilidades perceptivas/motoras tem um importante papel na performance no MMC. Conclusão: O MMC pode ser um instrumento útil para o rastreamento de crianças com LD.

Mini-mental state exam for children (MMC) in children with hemiplegic cerebral palsy.

Cognitive impairment is frequent in cerebral palsy (CP) and there is a lack of multiprofessional screening instruments. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to investigate the utility of the Mini-Mental State Examination for Children (MMC), an adapted version of the Mini-Mental State Examination, in screening for cognitive impairments in children with CP. METHODS: We assessed 397 Brazilian children, 310 with typical development and 87 with CP (hemiplegic and quadriplegic forms), aged 5-16 years. Association between the MMC and general intelligence was assessed by the Colored Progressive Matrices instrument. RESULTS: Psychometric indexes for the MMC were adequate. ROC analyses revealed effective diagnostic accuracy in all ages assessed. Cut-off values are reported. Major difficulties on the MMC were observed in children with CP, particularly individuals with the quadriplegic form. Moreover, the MMC showed moderate correlation with the intelligence test, and was reliable in discriminating, among clinical cases, those with poorer cognitive abilities. CONCLUSION: The MMC could be useful as a multiprofessional screening instrument for cognitive impairment in children with hemiplegic CP. Results of the MMC in quadriplegic CP children should be interpreted with caution. Diagnosis should be confirmed by further psychological testing.

Comprometimentos cognitivos são frequentes na Paralisia Cerebral (PC) e existe uma falta de instrumentos multiprofissionais para uma triagem. OBJETIVO: Investigar a viabilidade do uso do mini-exame do estado mental para crianças (MMC), uma adaptação do mini-exame do estado mental, como uma triagem para comprometimento cognitivo em crianças com PC. MÉTODOS: Nós avaliamos 397 crianças brasileiras, 310 com desenvolvimento típico e 87 com PC (hemiplégica e quadriplégica), com idades entre cinco e 16 anos. A associação entre MMC e a inteligência geral foi avaliada através das Matrizes Coloridas Progressivas de Raven. RESULTADOS: Os índices psicométricos para o MMC foram adequados. As análises ROC revelaram eficácia diagnóstica para todas as idades avaliadas. Os valores de corte são relatados. Dificuldades importantes na MMC foram observadas em crianças com PC, principalmente em crianças tetraplégicas. Além disso, MMC mostrou correlação moderada com o teste de inteligência e boa precisão na identificação das crianças com PC que possuem habilidades cognitivas prejudicadas. CONCLUSÃO: O MMC poderia ser útil como um instrumento de triagem multiprofissional para comprometimento cognitivo em crianças hemiplégicas. Os resultados de MMC em crianças tetraplégicas devem ser interpretados cuidadosamente. O diagnóstico deve ser confirmado por mais testes psicológicos.

Mini-mental state exam for children (MMC) in children with hemiplegic cerebral palsy / Mini-exame do estado mental para crianças (mmc) na paralisia cerebral

ABSTRACT Cognitive impairment is frequent in cerebral palsy (CP) and there is a lack of multiprofessional screening instruments. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to investigate the utility of the Mini-Mental State Examination for Children (MMC), an adapted version of the Mini-Mental State Examination, in screening for cognitive impairments in children with CP. METHODS: We assessed 397 Brazilian children, 310 with typical development and 87 with CP (hemiplegic and quadriplegic forms), aged 5-16 years. Association between the MMC and general intelligence was assessed by the Colored Progressive Matrices instrument. RESULTS: Psychometric indexes for the MMC were adequate. ROC analyses revealed effective diagnostic accuracy in all ages assessed. Cut-off values are reported. Major difficulties on the MMC were observed in children with CP, particularly individuals with the quadriplegic form. Moreover, the MMC showed moderate correlation with the intelligence test, and was reliable in discriminating, among clinical cases, those with poorer cognitive abilities. CONCLUSION: The MMC could be useful as a multiprofessional screening instrument for cognitive impairment in children with hemiplegic CP. Results of the MMC in quadriplegic CP children should be interpreted with caution. Diagnosis should be confirmed by further psychological testing.

RESUMO Comprometimentos cognitivos são frequentes na Paralisia Cerebral (PC) e existe uma falta de instrumentos multiprofissionais para uma triagem. OBJETIVO: Investigar a viabilidade do uso do mini-exame do estado mental para crianças (MMC), uma adaptação do mini-exame do estado mental, como uma triagem para comprometimento cognitivo em crianças com PC. MÉTODOS: Nós avaliamos 397 crianças brasileiras, 310 com desenvolvimento típico e 87 com PC (hemiplégica e quadriplégica), com idades entre cinco e 16 anos. A associação entre MMC e a inteligência geral foi avaliada através das Matrizes Coloridas Progressivas de Raven. RESULTADOS: Os índices psicométricos para o MMC foram adequados. As análises ROC revelaram eficácia diagnóstica para todas as idades avaliadas. Os valores de corte são relatados. Dificuldades importantes na MMC foram observadas em crianças com PC, principalmente em crianças tetraplégicas. Além disso, MMC mostrou correlação moderada com o teste de inteligência e boa precisão na identificação das crianças com PC que possuem habilidades cognitivas prejudicadas. CONCLUSÃO: O MMC poderia ser útil como um instrumento de triagem multiprofissional para comprometimento cognitivo em crianças hemiplégicas. Os resultados de MMC em crianças tetraplégicas devem ser interpretados cuidadosamente. O diagnóstico deve ser confirmado por mais testes psicológicos.

Desenvolvimento infantil: comparação entre crianças que frequentam ou não creches públicas / Child development: comparison between children who attend or do not attend public daycare centres

To avaluate and compare the development of children attending public nursery school from their peers who remain only in the home environment METHODS: We performed an observational, cross-sectional study with 167 children aged between 11 and 57 months from Alto Vale do Jequitinhonha, Minas Gerais, Brazil. The subjects were divided into two groups (nursery and hom areas:e), homogeneous in aqe, gender, socioeconomic status, and maternal education. The development areas: personal-social, language, and fine and gross motor were evaluated through the Denver II test and the quality of environment of the five public nursery school ' through the Infant/Toddler Environment Rating Scale-Revised Edition (ITERS-R). We used the chi-square statistical test for comparison between groups RESULTS: There were no significant statistical differences between groups for the overall test result for Denver II, nor for the different areas of the test. The environments presented daycare quality between 'inadequate' and 'minimal'. Thus, there was no difference between attending a low quality daycare or iust staying in the home for child development CONCLUSION: No difference was observed when comparing the development areas: personal-social, language, and gross and fine motor of child who attend public nursery school and their peers who remained only in the home environment. The daycare environments analysed showed quality considered 'inadequate', which may have influenced the results as the literature has pointed out the need for a quality childcare environment to positively influence child development.

OBJETIVO: Avaliar e comparar o desenvolvimento infantil de crianças que frequentam creches públicas e seus pares que permanecem apenas em ambiente domiciliar MÉTODO: Foi realizado um estudo observacional, transversal, com 167 crianças entre 11 a 57 meses, dividida em dois grupos (CRECHE e CASA) homogêneos quanto à idade, gênero, nível econômico e escolaridade materna. Os domínios do desenvolvimento pessoal-social, linguagem, motor fino e motor grosso foram avaliados através do teste Denver II e a qualidade do ambiente das cinco creches públicas através da Infant/Toddler Environment Rating Scale-Revised Edition. Foram utilizados os testes estatísticos Mann-Whitney e Qui-quadrado para a comparação entre os dois grupos RESULTADOS: Não foram encontradas diferenças estatisticamente significativas entre os grupos para o resultado geral do teste Denver II, nem para os diferentes domínios do teste. Os ambientes de creche apresentaram qualidade considerada "inadequada" CONCLUSÃO: Não foi observada diferença ao comparar os domínios do desenvolvimento pessoal-social, linguagem, motor grosso e motor fino de crianças que frequentavam creches públicas e seus pares que permaneciam apenas em ambiente domiciliar. Os ambientes de creche analisados apresentaram qualidade considerada "inadequada", o que pode ter influenciado nos resultados, visto que a literatura tem apontado a necessidade de um ambiente de creche de qualidade para que haja influência positiva no desenvolvimento infantil.

Factors associated with number of erupted primary teeth in Brazilian children: a cross-sectional study.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to determine whether nutritional status, gender, weight, and height affected the number of erupted primary teeth in six- to 30 month-old children. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was carried out involving an oral clinical examination, and weight and height measurements of 232 children, as well as a questionnaire filled out by their parents. Statistical analysis involved descriptive data, Spearman's correlation coefficient, Kruskall-Wallis test, and multiple linear regression in two sets, using the enter method to control the confounding factor (age) and the stepwise method for gender, weight, and height ( P<.05). The calculation of effect size proposed by Cohen was used to test the clinical significance of the findings. RESULTS: The number of erupted teeth was not significantly influenced by nutritional status ( P<.58; Kruskal-Wallis test) or gender ( P=.95; Mann-Whitney test). Body weight had a statistically significant association with the number of erupted primary teeth ( P<.001), and height showed a positive correlation with this variable, both independently of the child's age. CONCLUSION: The number of erupted primary teeth was affected by weight in children of the same age.

Comparação da força muscular respiratória entre os subgrupos de fragilidade em idosas da comunidade / Comparison of respiratory muscle strength between fragility subgroups in community elderly / Comparación de la fuerza muscular respiratoria entre los subgrupos de fragilidad en añosas de la comunidad

A fragilidade é composta por um tripé constituído por: sarcopenia, disfunção imunológica e desregulação neuroendócrina. A sarcopenia é definida como uma diminuição na força e na potência muscular, sendo que os músculos respiratórios também são afetados. O objetivo foi comparar a força muscular respiratória (FMR) em idosas residentes na comunidade, classificadas como não frágeis (NF), pré-frágeis (PF) e frágeis (F) e correlacionar a FMR com a força de preensão manual (FPM). O estudo foi do tipo transversal, com uma amostra de conveniência composta por 106 idosas. As participantes foram classificadas quanto ao fenótipo de fragilidade. A FMR foi avaliada por meio da pressão inspiratória máxima (PImáx) e da pressão expiratória máxima (PEmáx). Foram encontradas diferenças significativas da FMR entre os grupos NF e F (PImáx: p=0,001 e PEmáx: p<0,001) e entre os grupos PF e F (PImáx: p<0,001 e PEmáx: p<0,001). Em relação à FPM, foram observadas diferenças significativas entre todos os grupos (p<0,001). Houve correlação entre FMR e FPM apenas no grupo frágil. Desta forma, a FPM pode ser importante na prática clínica para diferenciar os subgrupos de fragilidade e identificar a perda de força muscular, incluindo a perda da FMR...

The fragility consist in a tripod comprising: sarcopenia, immune dysregulation, and neuroendocrine dysfunction. Sarcopenia is defined as a decrease in strength and muscle power, so that the respiratory muscles are also affected. The aim was to compare respiratory muscle strength (RMS) in elderly community residents, classified as nonfrail (NF), pre frail (PF) and frail (F), and correlate RMS with the handgrip strength (HS). The study was cross-sectional, with a convenience sample of 106 elderly women. Participants were classified according to the phenotype of frailty. The RMS was assessed by maximal inspiratory pressure (MIP) and maximum expiratory pressure (MEP). Significant differences were found in RMS between groups NF and F (MIP: p=0.001 and MEP: p<0.001) and between groups PF and F (MIP: p<0.001 and MEP: p<0.001). In relation to HS, significant differences were observed between all groups (p<0.001). There was correlation between HS and RMS only in the frail group. Thus, the HS may be important in the clinical evaluation to differentiate subgroups of fragility and identify the loss of muscle strength, including the loss of RMS...

La fragilidad está compuesta por un trípode constituido por: sarcopenia, disfunción inmunológica y desregulación neuroendócrina. La sarcopenia es definida como una disminución de la fuerza y de la potencia muscular, donde los músculos respiratorios también son afectados. El objetivo fue comparar la fuerza muscular respiratoria (FMR) en añosas residentes en la comunidad, clasificadas como no frágiles (NF), pre-frágiles (PF) y frágiles (F) y correlacionar la FMR con la fuerza de prensión manual (FPM). El estudio fue del tipo transversal, con una muestra de conveniencia compuesta por 106 añosas. Las participantes fueron clasificadas en cuanto al fenotipo de fragilidad. La FMR fue evaluada por medio de la presión inspiratoria máxima (PImáx) y de la presión expiratoria máxima (PEmáx). Fueron encontradas diferencias significativas de la FMR entre los grupos NF y F (PImáx: p=0,001 y PEmáx: p<0,001) y entre los grupos PF y F (PImáx: p<0,001 y PEmáx: p<0,001). En relación a la FPM, fueron observadas diferencias significativas entre todos los grupos (p<0,001). Hubo correlación entre FMR y FPM apenas en el grupo frágil. De esta forma, la FPM puede ser importante en la práctica clínica para diferenciar los subgrupos de fragilidad e identificar la pérdida de fuerza muscular, incluyendo la pérdida de la FMR...

Effects of severe caloric restriction from birth on the hearts of adult rats.

There has been increasing evidence suggesting that a severe caloric restriction (SCR) (above 40%) has beneficial effects on the hearts of rats. However, most of the reports have focused on the effects of SCR that started in adulthood. We investigated the consequences of SCR on the hearts of rats subjected to SCR since birth (CR50). From birth to the age of 3 months, CR50 rats were fed 50% of the food that the ad libitum group (AL) was fed. Thereafter, a maximal aerobic test was performed to indirectly evaluate global cardiovascular function. Indices of contractility (+dT/dt) and relaxation (-dT/dt) were analyzed in isolated heart preparation, and cardiomyocyte diameter, number, density, and myocardium collagen content were obtained through histologic analysis. Ventricular myocytes were isolated, using standard methods to evaluate phosphorylated AKT levels, and Ca(2+) handling was evaluated with a combination of Western blot analysis, intracellular Ca(2+) imaging, and confocal microscopy. CR50 rats exhibited increased aerobic performance and cardiac function, as shown by the increase in ±dT/dt. Despite the smaller cardiomyocyte diameter, CR50 rats had an increased heart-body weight ratio, increased cardiomyocyte density and number, and similar levels of myocardium collagen content, compared with AL rats. AKT was hyperphosphorylated in cardiomyocytes from CR50 rats, and there were no significant differences in Ca(2+) transient and SERCA2 levels in cardiomyocytes between CR50 and AL rats. Collectively, these observations reveal the beneficial effects of a 50% caloric restriction on the hearts of adult rats restricted since birth, which might involve cardiomyocyte AKT signaling.

[Evaluation of a program of application of the botulinum toxin type A in children with cerebral palsy in Vale do Jequitinhonha]. / Avaliação de um programa de aplicação de toxina botulínica tipo A em crianças do Vale do Jequitinhonha com paralisia cerebral.

The scope of this study was to evaluate the effects of a public program of application of botulinum toxin type A (BoNT-A) in terms of muscle spasticity, range of motion, quality of gait, functional independence and quality of life of children and adolescents with cerebral palsy (CP). A quasi-experimental study was conducted with 14 children with CP to evaluate the effects of three applications of BoNT-A, at intervals of three months. Children were assessed using the Modified Ashworth Rating Scale, the Manual Goniometer, the Physician Rating Scale, the Pediatric Evaluation of Disability Inventory (PEDI) and the Caregiver Questionnaire (CQ). There was a reduction of spasticity, an increase in the range of motion, an improvement of the functional abilities of self-care and mobility of PEDI and the areas of personal care, comfort and interaction/communication with the CQ. The BoNT-A application program for children and adolescents with CP, conducted in a public rehabilitation service in the Jequitinhonha Valley, was effective for the targeted population.

Avaliação de um programa de aplicação de toxina botulínica tipo A em crianças do Vale do Jequitinhonha com paralisia cerebral / Evaluation of a program of application of the botulinum toxin type A in children with cerebral palsy in Vale do Jequitinhonha

O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar os efeitos de um programa público de aplicação de toxina botulínica tipo A (TBA) na espasticidade muscular, amplitude de movimento, qualidade da marcha, independência funcional e qualidade de vida de crianças e adolescentes com paralisia cerebral (PC). Foi realizado um estudo quase experimental que avaliou os efeitos do emprego da TBA, aplicada três vezes, com intervalos de três meses, em 14 crianças com PC. Estas foram avaliadas através da Escala Modificada de Ashworth, Goniometria Manual, Physician Rating Scale, Inventário de Avaliação Pediátrica de Incapacidade (PEDI) e Questionário do Cuidador da Criança (QCC). Foi observada redução da espasticidade, aumento da amplitude de movimento, melhora das habilidades funcionais de autocuidado e mobilidade do PEDI e das áreas de cuidado pessoal, conforto e interação/comunicação do QCC. O programa de aplicação de TBA em crianças e adolescentes com PC, realizado em um núcleo de reabilitação público do Vale do Jequitinhonha, foi efetivo para a população beneficiada.

The scope of this study was to evaluate the effects of a public program of application of botulinum toxin type A (BoNT-A) in terms of muscle spasticity, range of motion, quality of gait, functional independence and quality of life of children and adolescents with cerebral palsy (CP). A quasi-experimental study was conducted with 14 children with CP to evaluate the effects of three applications of BoNT-A, at intervals of three months. Children were assessed using the Modified Ashworth Rating Scale, the Manual Goniometer, the Physician Rating Scale, the Pediatric Evaluation of Disability Inventory (PEDI) and the Caregiver Questionnaire (CQ). There was a reduction of spasticity, an increase in the range of motion, an improvement of the functional abilities of self-care and mobility of PEDI and the areas of personal care, comfort and interaction/communication with the CQ. The BoNT-A application program for children and adolescents with CP, conducted in a public rehabilitation service in the Jequitinhonha Valley, was effective for the targeted population.

Content identification of the interdisciplinary assessment of cerebral palsy using the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health as reference.

PURPOSE: To identify relevant items and most frequents categories related to functioning and disability recorded by professionals involved in rehabilitation of children with cerebral palsy (CP) and to assess the filling of the records. METHODS: A retrospective cross-sectional study based on the written documents provided by an interdisciplinary rehabilitation team. Participated in the study 40 patients with CP, aged 10 months to 17 years. Two raters extracted information from the patients' medical documents as recorded by physicians, physiotherapists, occupational therapists, speech therapists, social workers, psychologists and dieticians using the ICF-CY. Patients' records were scored (+functioning, -disability and *environmental factors) using 27 ICF-CY items to assess the filling of the records. RESULTS: Eighty-one items in the medical records [body structure(15), bodily functions(32), activity(24) and environmental factors(10)] were identified as related to the evaluation of the different professions involved with neuro-rehabilitation. Physiotherapy and occupational therapy provided the most comprehensive assessments performed. Fourteen categories had a minimum frequency of 40% during the registration process. CONCLUSIONS: The content of the information involves categories related to the structures and body functions, activities and environmental factors. The information follows a heterogeneous pattern in content and number of categories. The most frequent items can comprise a set of codes for triage of CP. It is necessary to establish an interdisciplinary consensus based on ICF-CY for systematize the information's record.

Association of CCL2 with lymph node metastasis and macrophage infiltration in oral cavity and lip squamous cell carcinoma.

AIMS/METHODS: We investigated the expression of CCL2 by immunohistochemistry in samples of oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma (OCSCC), lip squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC) and metastatic and nonmetastatic lymph nodes. The relationship of CCL2 with survival data was also evaluated. RESULTS: The percentage of CCL2+ cells in tumor parenchyma was similar in OCSCC and LSCC. In stroma, OCSCC showed a higher number of CCL2+ cells when compared with LSCC. In contrast, higher CD68+ macrophage counts were observed in LSCC. Low macrophage counts were significantly related to a greater proliferative index in tumoral cells. The density of CCL2+ nodal cells was significantly higher in metastatic lymph nodes when compared with nonmetastatic lymph nodes. When considering CCL2 in the parenchyma, the mean survival time for the patients with high CCL2+ cell counts was lower than that for patients with low CCL2+ cell counts. In contrast, in stroma, the mean survival time for the patients with high CCL2+ cell percentages was higher than for those with low CCL2+ cell percentages. CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest a role for CCL2 in the spreading of tumoral cells to the lymph node in OCSCC. Furthermore, the CCL2-independent macrophage infiltration may play a role in determining less aggressive behavior.