Validation of the Brazilian version of Knowledge and Attitudes of Pain questionnaire / Validação da versão brasileira do questionário Knowledge and Attitudes of Pain

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Health professionals attitudes and beliefs about musculoskeletal pain have a negative influence on patient beliefs and outcomes. However, there is no gold standard for assessing knowledge and attitudes toward pain among these professionals. Thus, the objective of the present study was to translate, adapt and validate the Knowledge and Attitudes of Pain (KNAP) questionnaire into Brazilian Portuguese (KNAP-Br), apply the questionnaire and analyze the correlation of its results with the Neurophysiological Pain Questionnaire (NPQ). METHODS: After being translated, back-translated and adapted, the NKAP-Br was applied to 60 physical therapy and medicine students for validation. The correlation between the results obtained by multiplying the scores of the questions of the NKAP-Br instrument and the NPQ was evaluated. To assess reliability, another 200 students responded to the initial KNAP-Br (T1), performed the Pain Education Program (PEP) in one week and one week after T1, the participants received access to answer the KNAP-Br end (T2). RESULTS: Concurrent validity was assessed by the correlation between NPQ and the final KNAP-Br score. A significant correlation was found between the NPQ result (0.3 and p-value=0.0001) and the KNAP-Br score. Intragroups, 84% improved in the KNAP-Br score after studying PEP, 43.50% improved at or above the minimal detectable difference (MDD) and at or above the minimal important difference (MID). CONCLUSION: The questionnaire was translated and adapted respecting the Brazilian population cultural aspects and presented satisfactory reliability and construct validity, being considered valid for the assessment of knowledge and the interpretation of pain by health professionals.

RESUMO JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: As atitudes e as crenças dos profissionais de saúde sobre dor musculoesquelética têm influência negativa nas crenças e resultados dos pacientes. Entretanto, não existe um padrão ouro para avaliar o conhecimento e as atitudes relativas à dor entre esses profissionais. Dessa forma, o objetivo deste estudo foi traduzir, adaptar e validar o questionário Knowledge and Attitudes of Pain (KNAP) para a língua portuguesa brasileira (KNAP-Br), aplicar o questionário e analisar a correlação dos seus resultados com o Questionário Neurofisiológico de Dor (QND). MÉTODOS: Após ser traduzido, retrotraduzido e adaptado, o KNAP-Br foi aplicado em 60 estudantes de fisioterapia ou medicina para validação. Foi avaliada a correlação entre os resultados obtidos pela multiplicação dos escores das questões dos instrumentos KNAP-Br e QND. Para avaliação da confiabilidade, outros 200 estudantes responderam o KNAP-Br inicial (T1), realizaram em uma semana o Programa de Educação em Dor (PED) e uma semana após T1 os participantes receberam acesso para responder o KNAP-Br final (T2). RESULTADOS: A validade concorrente foi avaliada pela correlação entre QND e o escore final do KNAP-Br. Foi encontrada uma correlação significativa entre o resultado do QND (0,3 e valor de p=0,0001) e o escore do KNAP-Br. Intragrupos, 84% melhoraram no escore do KNAP-Br após estudar PED, 43,50% melhoraram igual ou acima da menor diferença detectável (MDD) e igual ou acima da diferença mínima importante (DMI). CONCLUSÃO: O questionário foi traduzido e adaptado, respeitando os aspectos culturais da população brasileira, e apresentou satisfatória confiabilidade e validade de constructo, sendo considerado válido para avaliação do conhecimento e para a interpretação da dor por profissionais de saúde.

Long-Term Effects of a Kinematic Bikefitting Method on Pain, Comfort, and Fatigue: A Prospective Cohort Study.

The purpose of this study is to analyze the long-term riders' subjective responses to a standardized bikefitting method on their bicycles. Eighty-six amateur mountain bikers had their riding posture and bicycle components ergonomically adjusted through a 3D kinematic bikefitting method. Validated subjective scales (Feeling, OMNI, and Numerical Rating Pain Scale) were used to assess their overall riding comfort and fatigue along with localized pain for six body parts. Data were collected just before intervention (baseline or pre), immediately after (or post), and 30, 60, 90, and 120 days after the bikefit session. A Student's t-test comparing before bikefit and after 120 days showed significant (p < 0.05) reduction in localized pain for all six body parts and riding comfort along with a large effect size effect (d = 1.18) for riding comfort. Although initially reduced, fatigue scores gradually increased over the months, showing a high correlation (r = 0.946) with increased monthly training volume. In conclusion, overall riding discomfort and pain were significantly decreased after a standardized kinematic bikefit session even after 120 days post intervention. However, fatigue scores began to rise after 30 days, showing a high correlation with increasing monthly training volume.

Association between Concentric and Eccentric Isokinetic Torque and Unilateral Countermovement Jump Variables in Professional Soccer Players.

Isokinetic tests have been highly valuable to athletic analysis, but their cost and technical operation turn them inaccessible. The purpose of this study was to verify the correlation between unilateral countermovement jump variables and isokinetic data. Thirty-two male professional soccer players were subjected to the isokinetic testing of both knee extensors and flexors in concentric and eccentric muscle contractions. They also executed unilateral countermovement vertical jumps (UCMJ) to compare maximum height, ground reaction force, and impulse power with isokinetic peak torque. Data analysis was conducted through Pearson correlation and linear regression. A high correlation was found between dominant unilateral extensor concentric peak torque and the UCMJ maximum height of the dominant leg. The non-dominant leg jump showed a moderate correlation. No other variable showed statistical significance. Linear regression allowed the generation of two formulae to estimate the peak torque from UCMJ for dominant and non-dominant legs. Although few studies were found to compare our results, leading to more studies being needed, a better understanding of the unilateral countermovement jump may be used in the future as a substitute to the expensive and technically demanding isokinetic testing when it is unavailable, allowing the assessment of lower limb physical asymmetries in athletic or rehabilitation environments.

Discomfort, pain and fatigue levels of 160 cyclists after a kinematic bike-fitting method: an experimental study.

OBJECTIVE: To analyse rider's subjective responses after a standardised bicycle ergonomic adjustment method. METHODS: Experimental study of 160 healthy, amateur mountain bikers analysed previously and 30 days after a bike-fitting session. The main outcome measures were subjective comfort level (Feeling Scale, FEEL), fatigue (OMINI Scale) and pain (Visual Analogue Scale, VAS). RESULTS: All variables demonstrated statistical significance between groups pre and post bike-fit session (p<0001). FEEL, OMNI and VAS-knee demonstrated large effect sizes (d=1.30; d=1.39 and d=0.86, respectively). VAS-hands, VAS-neck and VAS-back indicated moderate effect size (d=0.58; d=0.52 and d=0.43, respectively). VAS-groin and VAS-ankle indicated a small size effect (d=0.46 and d=0.43, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Overall discomfort, fatigue and pain in healthy mountain biker adults improved according to all three scales. The major improvements in pain levels were detected on the knee, hands, back and neck compared with presession values. Groin and ankle pain had smaller improvements but were still significant. Future clinical trials should address the bias effects of this experimental study.

Validation of a 3D Camera System for Cycling Analysis.

BACKGROUND: Kinematic analysis aimed toward scientific investigation or professional purposes is commonly unaffordable and complex to use. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to verify concurrent validation between a cycling-specific 3D camera and the gold-standard 3D general camera systems. METHODS: Overall, 11 healthy amateur male triathletes were filmed riding their bicycles with Vicon 3D cameras and the Retul 3D cameras for bike fitting analysis simultaneously. All 18 kinematic measurements given by the bike fitting system were compared with the same data given by Vicon cameras through Pearson correlation (r), intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC), standard error measurements (SEM), and Bland-Altman (BA) analysis. Confidence intervals of 95% are given. RESULTS: A very high correlation between cameras was found on six of 18 measurements. All other presented a high correlation between cameras (between 0.7 and 0.9). In total, six variables indicate a SEM of less than one degree between systems. Only two variables indicate a SEM higher than two degrees between camera systems. Overall, four measures indicate bias tendency according to BA. CONCLUSIONS: The cycling-specific led-emitting 3D camera system tested revealed a high or very high degree of correlation with the gold-standard 3D camera system used in laboratory motion capture. In total, 14 measurements of this equipment could be used in sports medicine clinical practice and even by researchers of cycling studies.

Strength development according with age and position: a 10-year study of 570 soccer players.

BACKGROUND/AIM: The purpose of this study was to compare the isokinetic peak torque profiles from the quadriceps and hamstrings muscles during concentric and eccentric contractions in elite Brazilian soccer players across different field positions and age categories. Our hypothesis was that soccer players from different field positions are subjected to different ageing-related effects on their isokinetic peak torque. METHODS: This is a retrospective study based on professional elite-level soccer players between the years 2009 and 2019. It included 570 adult males who played for at least 5 years on first or second Brazilian divisions. Playing positions were divided as: goalkeepers, defenders, sidebacks, midfielders and forwards. Age categories were also divided as: G1 (17-20 years old), G2 (21-24 years old), G3 (25-28 years old), G4 (29-32 years old) and G5 (33 years old or more). RESULTS: The results indicate a moderate effect of age (F(4545)=8.197; p<0.001; η2=0.057) and a small effect of playing position (F(4545)=2.993; p<0.05; η2=0.021) on torque of concentric extensors; mainly from midfielders and goalkeepers with 29 years or more. CONCLUSIONS: Soccer players from different field positions are subjected to different ageing related effects on their muscular performance during their career special attention should be given to these players to avoid reduction in physical performance.

Behavior analysis of electromyographic activity of the masseter muscle in sleep bruxers.

The effects of occlusal splint on the electric activity of masseter were studied in 15 women who presented sleep bruxism using surface electromyography. Sleep bruxism was defined by its clinical characteristics. The signal acquisition was done during mandible occlusion without clenching and maximum voluntary contraction in two situations. The first was after a workday without using the occlusal splint; and the second, after a sleeping night using occlusal splints. Evaluating masseter muscles during mandible occlusion without clenching, it could be observed that lower values were noticed after splint wearing in both sides. The same results were verified in maximum voluntary contraction (MVC). These results confirmed that the use of occlusal splints reduced the electromyographic activity of the right and left masseters, showing its myorelaxing effect.

Incidência de lesões nos jogadores de futebol masculino sub-21 durante os Jogos Regionais de Sertãozinho-SP de 2006 / Injury incidence in sub-21 male soccer players during Regional Games of Sertãozinho-SP 2006

INTRODUÇÃO: O futebol, o esporte mais popular e praticado pelo mundo, é também uma das modalidades esportivas onde o atleta é submetido a diversos tipos e intensidades de esforços. Atualmente essa modalidade sofreu modificações, deixando de dar ênfase à técnica e passando a privilegiar os componentes físicos, aumentando assim a probabilidade da ocorrência de lesões. OBJETIVO: Realizar um levantamento epidemiológico das lesões no Futebol de Campo Sub-21 durante os 50ºs Jogos Regionais de Sertãozinho de 2006. METODOLOGIA: Este é um trabalho do tipo epidemiológico descritivo e analítico, com desenho transversal. Realizou-se o acompanhamento de todas as partidas da modalidade, registrando as lesões ocorridas, seguido de um levantamento e caracterização das lesões. As mesmas foram classificadas de acordo com seu perfil e segmento anatômico, posteriormente divididas por posição dos atletas. RESULTADOS: Houve maior incidência das lesões nos membros inferiores, com 127 (74,7 por cento); quanto ao perfil, as lesões musculares foram mais prevalentes, com 64 (37,6 por cento) lesões. Os atletas do meio-campo foram os mais acometidos, com 72 (42,4 por cento) lesões. Dentro da classe de goleiros e defensores a maior prevalência de contusões foi de sete (63,6 por cento) e 11 (50 por cento), respectivamente. Já os atacantes, laterais e meio-campistas apresentaram como predomínio as lesões musculares, sendo os primeiros com 11 (36,7 por cento), seguidos de 12 (34,3 por cento) dos laterais e 33 (45,8 por cento) dos meio-campistas. CONCLUSÃO: Constatou-se que ocorreu maior índice de lesões em membros inferiores, sendo estas caracterizadas como as musculares de maior prevalência. Demonstrou-se ainda que as lesões apresentadas estão diretamente relacionadas com as características de cada posição.

Soccer is one of the most popular and practiced sports in the world. It is a sport in which athletes are submitted to many types and effort intensities. This sport has changed over the years, and instead of emphasizing technique, currently the physical components are more favored, increasing hence the injury risk. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to perform an epidemiological survey of sub-21 male soccer player's injuries in the Regional Games 2006. METHODS: This study was of epidemiological descriptive and analytical type, with a transversal design. All games of the modality were followed, and the injuries found were registered by their prevalence and classification. Injuries were classified according to their profile and anatomical segment and according to athletes' position as well. RESULTS: The highest prevalence of injuries was found in the lower extremities 127 (74.7 percent), and muscular injuries were the most frequent 64 (37.6 percent). Midfielders were the most affected players 72 (42.4 percent). The most frequent injury type in goalkeepers and defenders were contusions with 7 (63.6 percent) and 11 (50 percent), respectively. Strikers, outside midfielders and midfielders showed mostly muscular injuries, with 11 (36.7 percent), 12 (34.3 percent) and 33 (45.8 percent), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: In conclusion, this study demonstrated higher incidence of injuries in lower extremities in sub-21 soccer players, being muscular injuries the most common ones. The results also suggest that injuries are directly related with the characteristics of each athlete's position.

Electromyographic analysis of masseter women presenting sleep bruxism after occlusal splints wearing: a pilot study / Análise eletromiográfica de masseter em mulheres apresentando bruxismo do sono após o uso de placas miorrelaxantes: um estudo piloto

Este artigo tem por objetivo analisar a atividade elétrica dos músculos massteres por meio da eletromiografia de superfície (EMG) e a eficiência das placas miorrelaxantes em mulheres portadoras de bruxismo do sono (BS). SB foi definido por suas características clínicas. Para o estudo da EMG de superfície, um sistema de registro dos sinais foi utilizado e eletrodos bipolares de prata de 10mm de diãmetro foram posicionados sobre os pontos motores dos músculos. A coleta dos sianis foi realizada na posição de oclusão mandibular sem apertar e registrou recepção dos sinais dos músculos masseteres em todos os indivíduos após um dia normal de trabalho sem utilização de placas miorrelaxantes; e, a segunda, após uma noite de sono com o uso de placas miorrelaxantes em ambos os lados. Os mesmos resultados foram verificados na posição de máxima contração voluntária. Esses resultados confirmam que o uso de placas miorrelaxantes em mulheres portadoras de bruxismo do sono reduz a atividade mioelétrica dos masseteres esquerdo e direito, mostrnado seu efeito miorrelaxante

Este artigo tem por objetivo analisar a atividade elétrica dos músculos masseteres por meio da eletromiografia de superfície (EMG) e a eficiência das placas miorrelaxantes em mulheres portadoras de bruxismo do sono (BS). SB foi definido por suas características clínicas. Para o estudo da EMG de superfície, um sistema de registro dos sinais foi utilizado e eletrodos bipolares de prata de 10 mm de diâmetro foram posicionados sobre os pontos motores dos músculos. A coleta dos sinais foi realizada na posição de oclusão mandibular sem apertar e na posição de máxima contração voluntária em duas situações distintas. A primeira coleta registrou recepção dos sinais dos músculos masseteres em todos os indivíduos após um dia normal de trabalho sem utilização de placas miorrelaxantes; e, a segunda, após uma noite de sono com o uso de placas miorrelaxantes. Avaliando os músculos masseteres durante a oclusão mandibular sem apertamento, foi observado que valores menores dos sinais EMG foram encontrados após o uso de placas miorrelaxantes em ambos os lados. Os mesmos resultados foram verificados na posição de máxima contração voluntária. Esses resultados confirmam que o uso de placas miorrelaxantes em mulheres portadoras de bruxismo do sono reduz a atividade mioelétrica dos masseteres esquerdo e direito, mostrando seu efeito miorrelaxante.