Supraventricular cardiac conduction system exposure in breast cancer patients treated with radiotherapy and association with heart and cardiac chambers doses.

Purpose: To assess sinoatrial node (SAN) and atrioventricular node (AVN) doses for breast cancer (BC) patients treated with 3D-CRT and evaluate whether "large" cardiac structures (whole heart and four cardiac chambers) would be relevant surrogates. Material and methods: This single center study was based on 116 BCE patients (56 left-sided, 60 right-sided) treated with 3D-CRT without respiratory gating strategies and few IMN irradiations from 2009 to 2013. The heart, the left and right ventricles (LV, RV), the left and right atria (LA, RA) were contoured using multi-atlases for auto-segmentation. The SAN and the AVN were manually delineated using a specific atlas. Based on regression analysis, the coefficients of determination (R2) were estimated to evaluate whether "large" cardiac structures were relevant surrogates (R2 > 0.70) of SAN and AVN doses. Results: For left-sided BC, mean doses were: 3.60 ± 2.28 Gy for heart, 0.47 ± 0.24 Gy for SAN and 0.74 ± 0.29 Gy for AVN. For right-sided BC, mean heart dose was 0.60 ± 0.25 Gy, mean SAN dose was 1.57 ± 0.63 Gy (>85 % of patients with SAN doses > 1 Gy) and mean AVN dose was 0.51 ± 0.14 Gy. Among all "large" cardiac structures, RA appeared as the best surrogate for SAN doses (R2 > 0.80). Regarding AVN doses, the RA may also be an interesting surrogate for left-sided BC (R2 = 0.78), but none of "large" cardiac structures appeared as relevant surrogates among right-sided BC (all R2 < 0.70), except the LA for patients with IMN (R2 = 0.83). Conclusions: In BC patients treated 10 years ago with 3D-CRT, SAN and AVN exposure was moderate but could exceed 1 Gy to the SAN in many right-sided patients with no IMN-inclusion. The RA appeared as an interesting surrogate for SAN exposure. Specific conduction nodes delineation remains necessary by using modern radiotherapy techniques.

Risk of pacemaker implantation after radiotherapy for breast cancer: A study based on French nationwide health care database sample.

BACKGROUND: Among cardiac complications of breast cancer radiotherapy (BC RT), there are very limited data on arrhythmia and conduction disorders, in particular severe cases requiring permanent pacemaker implantation (PPMI). Therefore, this exploratory study aimed to evaluate the risk of PPMI for BC patients treated with RT, compared with the general population and with BC patients not treated with RT. METHODS: The study was performed on a 1/97 representative sample of the French health care database (EGB database). Adult women with a first BC treated with or without RT between 2008 and 2016 were included, followed until 2018, and de novo PPMI were identified. We compared the PPMI incidence in BC cohort relative to the general population with standardized incidence ratio (SIR) and evaluated the risk of PPMI in RT patients compared to patients without RT with a competing risk survival analysis. RESULTS: A total of 3853 BCE patients were included. Among BC patients treated with RT, 28 PPMI cases were observed compared with 13 expected cases, corresponding to a SIR of 2.18 [95% CI: 1.45-3.06]. For BC patients not treated with RT, the SIR was 1.01 [95% CI: 0.40-1.90]. Patients treated with RT showed a borderline significant higher risk of PPMI compared with those not treated with RT (subdistribution Hazard Ratio = 2.08, 95% CI 0.87-4.97, p = 0.09). CONCLUSIONS: Our exploratory findings indicate that, over the last decade in France, BC patients treated with RT appeared to be at higher risk of PPMI than general population. Further studies are needed to expand on this topic.

A cost-utility analysis of increasing percutaneous coronary intervention use in elderly patients with acute coronary syndromes in six European countries.

AIMS: Percutaneous coronary intervention reduces mortality in acute coronary syndrome patients but the cost-utility of increasing its use in elderly acute coronary syndrome patients is unknown. METHODS: We assessed the efficiency of increased percutaneous coronary intervention use compared to current practice in patients aged ≥75 years admitted for acute coronary syndrome in France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Portugal and Spain with a semi-Markov state transition model. In-hospital mortality reduction estimates by percutaneous coronary intervention use and costs were derived from the EUROpean Treatment & Reduction of Acute Coronary Syndromes cost analysis EU project (n = 28,600). Risk of recurrence and out-of-hospital all-cause mortality were obtained from the Information System for the Development of Research in Primary Care (SIDIAP) database from North-Eastern Spain (n = 55,564). In-hospital mortality was modelled using stratified propensity score analysis. The 8-year acute coronary syndrome recurrence risk and out-of-hospital mortality were estimated with a multistate survival model. The scenarios analysed were to increase percutaneous coronary intervention use among patients with the highest, moderate and lowest probability of receiving percutaneous coronary intervention based on the propensity score analysis. RESULTS: France, Greece and Portugal showed similar total costs/1000 individuals (7.29-11.05 m €); while in Germany, Italy and Spain, costs were higher (13.53-22.57 m €). Incremental cost-utility ratios of providing percutaneous coronary intervention to all patients ranged from 2262.8 €/quality adjusted life year gained for German males to 6324.3 €/quality adjusted life year gained for Italian females. Increasing percutaneous coronary intervention use was cost-effective at a willingness-to-pay threshold of 10,000 €/quality adjusted life year gained for all scenarios in the six countries, in males and females. CONCLUSION: Compared to current clinical practice, broadening percutaneous coronary intervention use in elderly acute coronary syndrome patients would be cost-effective across different healthcare systems in Europe, regardless of the selected strategy.

[Familial hypercholesterolemia: A largely underestimated cardiovascular risk]. / Hypercholestérolémie familiale : un risque cardiovasculaire largement sous-estimé.

BACKGROUND: Familial hypercholesterolemia is a monogenic autosomal dominant dyslipidemia characterized by a permanent and isolated increase of cholesterol carried by low-density lipoproteins. The prevalence of its heterozygous form is estimated between 1/500 and 1/250, and in the absence of specific treatment, this form is responsible for an increase by a factor of 13 of the risk of premature coronary artery disease compared to patients non-affected by the disease. OBJECTIVES: To perform an inventory of the knowledge of heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia in France for physicians involved in the management of the disease. METHODS: A survey was conducted (by phone and internet) among a representative sample of 495 physicians (cardiologists, endocrinologists/diabetologists, gynecologists, general practitioners) who, in parallel, completed 579 patient records. RESULTS: Thirty-two percent (95% CI [27.8; 36.2]) of physicians reported the difference between polygenic hypercholesterolemia and familial hypercholesterolemia. The presence of tendinous xanthomas, a key element of diagnosis, was spontaneously mentioned by 44% (95% CI [34; 54.2]) of cardiologists. Six percent (95% CI [2.2; 12.6]) of them gave a correct estimate of the prevalence of familial hypercholesterolemia. The likelihood of transmission of heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia, when one parent is affected, was known for 59% (95% CI [48.7; 68.7]) of surveyed cardiologists. A cascade screening was performed systematically by 4% (95% CI [1.1; 9.9]) of them. Eighteen percent (95% CI [11; 26.9]) of cardiologists gave an accurate estimation of cardiovascular risk of heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia. Fifty-seven percent (95% CI [46.7; 66.8]) of cardiologists admitted being misinformed about the heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia and 83% (95% CI [74.1; 89.7]) expressed a need for information about this disease. CONCLUSION: The lack of knowledge of heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia and its associated cardiovascular risk is probably the cause of a diagnostic default leading to inappropriate management of this disease.

Alcoholic beverage preference and diabetes incidence across Europe: the Consortium on Health and Ageing Network of Cohorts in Europe and the United States (CHANCES) project.

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: It is unknown if wine, beer and spirit intake lead to a similar association with diabetes. We studied the association between alcoholic beverage preference and type 2 diabetes incidence in persons who reported to consume alcohol. SUBJECTS/METHODS: Ten European cohort studies from the Consortium on Health and Ageing: Network of Cohorts in Europe and the United States were included, comprising participant data of 62 458 adults who reported alcohol consumption at baseline. Diabetes incidence was based on documented and/or self-reported diagnosis during follow-up. Preference was defined when ⩾70% of total alcohol consumed was either beer, wine or spirits. Adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) were computed using Cox proportional hazard regression. Single-cohort HRs were pooled by random-effects meta-analysis. RESULTS: Beer, wine or spirit preference was not related to diabetes risk compared with having no preference. The pooled HRs were HR 1.06 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.93, 1.20) for beer, HR 0.99 (95% CI 0.88, 1.11) for wine, and HR 1.19 (95% CI 0.97, 1.46) for spirit preference. Absolute wine intake, adjusted for total alcohol, was associated with a lower diabetes risk: pooled HR per 6 g/day was 0.96 (95% CI 0.93, 0.99). A spirit preference was related to a higher diabetes risk in those with a higher body mass index, in men and women separately, but not after excluding persons with prevalent diseases. CONCLUSIONS: This large individual-level meta-analysis among persons who reported alcohol consumption revealed that the preference for beer, wine, and spirits was similarly associated with diabetes incidence compared with having no preference.

[New therapeutic era in heart failure with reduced ejection fraction: Which population of French patients is concerned?]. / Nouvelle ère thérapeutique dans l'insuffisance cardiaque à fraction d'éjection réduite : quelle population de patients français cela concerne-t-il ?

A new class of cardiovascular drugs, angiotensin receptor neprilysin inhibitors, has shown its efficacy in the PARADIGM-HF study in replacement of renin-angiotensin blockers in symptomatic heart failure patients with reduced ejection fraction, and already treated according to the recommendations. Recent French epidemiological data in the literature allow assessing the number of French patients who could be concerned by the new treatment in taking account the different parameters from the PARADIGM-HF study.

Food groups associated with a reduced risk of 15-year all-cause death.

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Long-term observational cohorts provide the opportunity to investigate the potential impact of dietary patterns on death. We aimed to investigate all-cause death according to the consumption of selected food groups, and then to identify those independently associated with reduced mortality. SUBJECTS/METHODS: Population survey of middle-aged men randomly selected in the period 1995-1997 from the general population of three French areas and followed over a median of 14.8 years. Dietary data were collected through a 3-day food record. Cox modeling was used to assess the risk of death according to selected foods groups after extensive adjustment for confounders, including a diet quality index. RESULTS: The study population comprised 960 men (mean age 55.5 ±6.2 years). After a median follow-up of 14.8 (interquartile range 14.3-15.2) years, 150 (15.6%) subjects had died. Food groups that remained independently predictive of a lower risk of death after extensive adjustment were an above-median consumption of milk (adjusted relative risk: 0.61, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.43-0.86, P-value=0.005), fruits and vegetables (0.68, 0.46-0.98, P-value=0.041) and a moderate consumption of yogurts and cottage cheese (0.50, 95% CI: 0.31-0.81, P-value=0.005), other cheeses (0.62, 0.39-0.97, P-value=0.036) and bread (0.57, 0.37-0.89, P-value=0.014). Besides, there was a nonsignificant trend for a higher risk of death associated with highest sodium intakes. CONCLUSIONS: Consumption of food groups that largely match recommendations is associated with a reduced risk of all-cause death in men. A diet providing moderate amounts of diverse food groups appears associated with the highest life expectancy.

A Role for Behavior in the Relationships Between Depression and Hostility and Cardiovascular Disease Incidence, Mortality, and All-Cause Mortality: the Prime Study.

BACKGROUND: Behavioral factors are important in disease incidence and mortality and may explain associations between mortality and various psychological traits. PURPOSE: These analyses investigated the impact of behavioral factors on the associations between depression, hostility and cardiovascular disease(CVD) incidence, CVD mortality, and all-cause mortality. METHODS: Data from the PRIME Study (N = 6953 men) were analyzed using Cox proportional hazards models, following adjustment for demographic and biological CVD risk factors, and other psychological traits, including social support. RESULTS: Following initial adjustment, both depression and hostility were significantly associated with both mortality outcomes (smallest SHR = 1.24, p < 0.001). Following adjustment for behavioral factors, all relationships were attenuated both when accounting for and not accounting for other psychological variables. Associations with all-cause mortality remained significant (smallest SHR = 1.14, p = 0.04). Of the behaviors included, the most significant contribution to outcomes was found for smoking, but a role was also found for fruit and vegetable intakes and high alcohol consumption. CONCLUSIONS: These findings demonstrate well-known associations between depression, hostility, and mortality and suggest the potential importance of behaviors in explaining these relationships.

[Characteristics and management of ST-elevation myocardial infarction in France: Regional variations in 2010]. / Prise en charge du syndrome coronaire aigu avec sus-décalage de ST en France : variations régionales en 2010.

Data on regional variations in the characteristics, management and early outcome of patients admitted with ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) in France are limited. We used data from the FAST-MI 2010 registry to determine whether regional specificities existed, dividing the French territory into 6 larger geographical regions. Variations in the patients' characteristics were found, partly related to regional variations in demography. Acute reperfusion strategy showed more use of primary percutaneous coronary intervention in the greater Paris area, compared to other regions, which would be expected owing to geography and local availability of catheterization laboratories. Overall, however, in-hospital management showed more similarities than differences across regions. Complications, and in particular in-hospital mortality, did not differ significantly among regions.

Omega-3 index levels and associated factors in a middle-aged French population: the MONA LISA-NUT Study.

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: The omega-3 index (the summed percentage content of eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids in red blood cells) is associated with a lower risk of fatal coronary heart disease and sudden cardiac death. We aimed to determine which socio-demographic, behavioural or clinical factors are independently associated with the omega-3 index and the extent to which seafood consumption mediates the index's association with socio-economic status (SES). SUBJECTS/METHODS: As part of the cross-sectional MONA LISA-NUT survey (2005-2007), gas chromatography was used to analyse the red blood cell fatty acid composition in 503 French subjects aged 35-64 years. Dietary data were collected by trained dieticians via a validated food frequency questionnaire and a prospective 3-day food record. Risk factors were estimated with standardised measurements and questionnaires. SES was assessed through the self-reported educational and income tax levels. RESULTS: The mean ± s.d. omega-3 index was 6.02 ± 1.75%. In the best parsimonious predictive model (which explained 32% of the variability in the omega-3 index), age, educational level and seafood servings were significantly and positively associated with the index. In contrast, waist circumference and smoking were inversely associated with the index. In a mediation analysis that took account of all these factors, seafood servings explained about 40% of the association between educational level and the omega-3 index. Similar results were obtained for the income tax level. CONCLUSIONS: The inverse association between SES and omega-3 index is largely explained (40%) by an insufficient seafood intake. It remains to be seen which other factors mediate this association.

Improvement in LDL-cholesterol levels of patients with familial hypercholesterolemia: can we do better? Analysis of results obtained during the past two decades in 1669 French subjects.

BACKGROUND: Heterozygous Familial Hypercholesterolemia (heFH) is an autosomal disease that affects about 1/500 people. It is characterized by markedly elevated plasma LDL-cholesterol (C) levels and an increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). The aim of this study was to measure changes in LDL-C levels in heFH patients over two decades, and to evaluate if patients achieved LDL-C targets. METHODS: Data from 1669 heFH patients in five academic French centers were recorded between 1988 and 2011. RESULTS: The mean LDL-C concentrations under medical care improved between 1988 and 2011 (245 mg/dL before 1995, 164 mg/dL after 2009; p < 0.0001). However, mean LDL-C level and the number of patients treated with statins (79.3%) have not improved since 2005. In patients registered and treated after 2005 (n = 616), only 10.4% reached target LDL-C levels of <100 mg/dL. Indeed, 29.4% (n = 181) were treated with a maximal therapy (statins with a potency of >45% LDL-C reduction plus at least another lipid-lowering agent). Despite maximal treatment, only 18.8% of these heFH patients (n = 34/181) reached target LDL-C levels of <100 mg/dL. In addition, 75.3% of patients with CVD did not reach the LDL-C of <100 mg/dL. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrates that after significant improvement over the past two decades, the mean LDL-C levels in heFH French patients has remained stable since 2005. We also show that most heFH patients are not achieving their recommended LDL-C goals: this highlights the need for improved treatment and for new therapeutics in this population.

[Acute myocardial infarction in women. Initial characteristics, management and early outcome. The FAST-MI registry]. / L'infarctus du myocarde chez la femme. Caractéristiques spécifiques, prise en charge et pronostic. Données de FAST-MI 2010.

AIM: To assess gender differences in characteristics, management, and hospital outcomes in patients participating in the French FAST-MI 2010 registry. POPULATION: Three thousand and seventy-nine patients hospitalised for ST-elevation (STEMI) or non-ST-elevation (NSTEMI) myocardial infarction in 213 French centres during a 1-month period at the end of 2010. RESULTS: Women account for 27% of the population and more frequently present with NSTEMI. They are 9 years older than men on average, although 25% of women with STEMI are less than 60 years of age. Management of STEMI is similar, after adjustment for baseline characteristics. However, fewer women are treated with primary percutaneous coronary angioplasty. In NSTEMI, although use of coronary angiography is similar, fewer women get treated with angioplasty. Most medications are used in a similar way in men and women, except thienopyridines, with fewer women receive prasugrel. After adjustment, in-hospital mortality is similar for men and women. CONCLUSION: Myocardial infarction is not specific to men: one out of four patients admitted for myocardial infarction is a woman. Initial management is rather similar for men and women, after taking into account differences in baseline characteristics. Percutaneous coronary angioplasty, however, remains less frequently used in women. In-hospital complications have become rarer and do not differ according to sex.

Depression and mortality: artifact of measurement and analysis?

BACKGROUND: Previous research demonstrates various associations between depression, cardiovascular disease (CVD) incidence and mortality, possibly as a result of the different methodologies used to measure depression and analyse relationships. This analysis investigated the association between depression, CVD incidence (CVDI) and mortality from CVD (MCVD), smoking related conditions (MSRC), and all causes (MALL), in a sample data set, where depression was measured using items from a validated questionnaire and using items derived from the factor analysis of a larger questionnaire, and analyses were conducted based on continuous data and grouped data. METHODS: Data from the PRIME Study (N=9798 men) on depression and 10-year CVD incidence and mortality were analysed using Cox proportional hazards models. RESULTS: Using continuous data, both measures of depression resulted in the emergence of positive associations between depression and mortality (MCVD, MSRC, MALL). Using grouped data, however, associations between a validated measure of depression and MCVD, and between a measure of depression derived from factor analysis and all measures of mortality were lost. LIMITATIONS: Low levels of depression, low numbers of individuals with high depression and low numbers of outcome events may limit these analyses, but levels are usual for the population studied. CONCLUSIONS: These data demonstrate a possible association between depression and mortality but detecting this association is dependent on the measurement used and method of analysis. Different findings based on methodology present clear problems for the elucidation and determination of relationships. The differences here argue for the use of validated scales where possible and suggest against over-reduction via factor analysis and grouping.

Pulse wave velocity, pulse pressure and number of carotid or femoral plaques improve prediction of cardiovascular death in a population at low risk.

The assessment of cardiovascular risk is uniformly recommended as a decision-support for therapies aimed at preventing cardiovascular diseases. Our objective was to determine the prognostic significance of vascular markers in apparently healthy subjects. Analyses were based on the Third Toulouse MONICA Survey (1995-1997) carried out in participants aged 35-64, from the general population of South-western France. Causes of death were obtained 14 years after inclusion. There were 1132 participants (51% men). Over the 14-year follow-up period, 61 deaths were recorded, 20% due to a cardiovascular cause. Adding pulse wave velocity (PWV) to Framingham Risk Score (FRS) improved the accuracy of the risk prediction model. The C-statistic increased from 0.76 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.64-0.89) (FRS alone) to 0.79 (95% CI: 0.64-0.95) (FRS+PWV). The Integrated Discrimination Improvement (IDI) reached 3.81% (P-value<0.001) and the net reclassification improvement (NRI) was equal to 32%. Risk prediction was also improved by integrating pulse pressure (PP) in the model (C-statistic=0.81 (95% CI: 0.66-0.96); IDI=4.99% (P-value<0.001); NRI=30%) or the number of carotid or femoral atherosclerotic plaques (C-statistic=0.78 (95% CI: 0.63-0.93); IDI=2.21% (P-value<0.001); NRI=21%). Vascular markers are independent determinants of cardiovascular mortality in apparently healthy subjects and improve risk prediction.

Thyroid hormone receptor alpha gene variants increase the risk of developing obesity and show gene-diet interactions.

OBJECTIVE: Thyroid hormone receptor-beta resistance has been associated with metabolic traits. THRA gene sequencing of an obese woman (index case) who presented as empirical thyroid hormone receptor-α (THRA) resistance, disclosed a polymorphism (rs12939700) in a critical region involved in TRα alternative processing. DESIGN AND SUBJECTS: THRA gene variants were evaluated in three independent europid populations (i) in two population cohorts at baseline (n=3417 and n=2265), 6 years later (n=2139) and (ii) in 4734 high cardiovascular risk subjects (HCVR, PREDIMED trial). RESULTS: The minor allele of the index case polymorphism (rs12939700), despite having a very low frequency (4%), was significantly associated with higher body mass index (BMI) (P=0.042) in HCVR subjects. A more frequent THRA polymorphism (rs1568400) was associated with higher BMI in subjects from the population (P=0.00008 and P=0.05) after adjusting for several confounders. Rs1568400 was also strongly associated with fasting triglycerides (P dominant=3.99 × 10(-5)). In the same sample, 6 years later, age and sex-adjusted risk of developing obesity was significantly increased in GG homozygotes (odds ratio 2.93 (95% confidence interval, 1.05-6.95)). In contrast, no association between rs1568400 and BMI was observed in HCVR subjects, in whom obesity was highly prevalent. This might be explained by the presence of an interaction (P <0.001) among the rs1568400 variant, BMI and saturated fat intake. Only when saturated fat intake was high (>24.5 g d(-1)), GG carriers showed a significantly higher BMI than A carriers after controlling for energy intake and physical activity. CONCLUSIONS: THRA gene polymorphisms are associated with obesity development. This is a novel observation linking the THRA locus to metabolic phenotypes.

Alcohol consumption patterns and body weight.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: The impact of alcohol on health depends on both the total amount ingested per week and the drinking pattern. Our goal was to assess the relationship between drinking occasions and anthropometric indicators of adiposity. METHODS: For this cross-sectional study, 7,855 men aged 50-59 years were recruited between 1991 and 1993 in France. Clinical and anthropometric data were obtained in a standardized clinical examination by trained staff. Alcohol intake was assessed by a questionnaire recording daily consumption of each type of alcohol during a typical week. RESULTS: 75% of the participants drank alcohol daily (264.7 ml per week). For a given total alcohol intake and after adjustment of confounders, the number of drinking episodes was inversely correlated with body mass index (p < 0.0001) and waist circumference (p < 0.0001). The odds ratio (95% confidence interval) for obesity was 1.8 (1.3-2.4) for occasional (1-2 days/week) and 1.6 (1.2-2.1) for frequent drinkers (3-5 days/week) compared with daily drinkers. This correlation was less pronounced in moderate (<140 ml/week) than intermediate consumers (140-280 ml/week). In heavy consumers (>280 ml/week), the intake was almost always daily. The results were similar for wine and beer consumption. CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest that drinking occasion is a risk indicator of obesity independent of total alcohol intake.

Sedentary behaviour, physical activity and dietary patterns are independently associated with the metabolic syndrome.

AIM: This study assessed the independent relationships of daily sitting time, levels of work and leisure-time physical activity (PA), and dietary patterns of patients with the metabolic syndrome (MetS). METHODS: This population-based, cross-sectional study included 3090 French subjects aged 35-64 years. Daily time spent sitting and PA levels were assessed by an interview-administered questionnaire, while dietary patterns were identified using the factorial method of principal component analysis. Independent associations of lifestyle behaviours with the MetS were assessed by multivariable logistic-regression models adjusted for age, centre, educational level, smoking status, total calorie intake, heart rate and menopausal status. RESULTS: The multivariable-adjusted ORs [95% CI] for MetS in the fourth quartile of sitting time and leisure-time PA were 1.65 [1.11-2.44] (P for trend < 0.01) and 0.58 [0.40-0.84] (P for trend < 0.001), respectively, for men, and 2.35 [1.41-3.92] (P for trend < 0.01) and 0.52 [0.33-0.82] (P for trend < 0.01), respectively, for women. Work PA was not favourably related to the MetS, particularly in women. An 'energy-dense' dietary pattern was independently associated with higher ORs for the MetS in both genders. However, accounting for body mass index (BMI) weakened the associations, which otherwise remained significant for leisure-time PA and the energy-dense dietary pattern in men, suggesting that BMI may be a potential mediator of these relationships. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrated a dose-response association between sitting time, an energy-dense dietary pattern and the MetS, together with a graded inverse association between leisure-time PA and the MetS. In addition to the usual advice for PA and healthy eating, limiting the amount of time spent sitting should also be promoted through public-health initiatives.

Evaluation of oral health related to body mass index.

OBJECTIVE: Poor oral health has previously been related to high body mass index (BMI). We aimed at exploring the link between BMI and several oral health markers, after adjustment for dietary patterns and plasma insulin, both of which could act as mediators. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Dental examination was performed in a sample of 186 French subjects aged 35-64 years and selected from the general population to assess number of missing teeth, periodontitis, clinical attachment loss (CAL), probing pocket depth (PD), gingival index (GI) and plaque index (PI). Data collection also included a food-frequency questionnaire. BMI (considered as outcome variable) was categorized into quartiles, and as BMI<25; 25 ≤BMI<30; and BMI ≥ 30 kg m(-2) . RESULTS: After adjustment for age, gender, education level, smoking, physical activity, energy intake and C-reactive protein, BMI was statistically associated with missing teeth, PD and PI, but not with CAL, GI or periodontitis. After additional adjustment for 'high-carbohydrate' diet and plasma insulin or HOMA (homeostasis model assessment) index for insulin resistance, the statistical relationship between BMI and oral variables remained significant only for PD and PI. CONCLUSIONS: Plaque index, reflecting dental plaque, and PD, closely linked with periodontal inflammation and infection, are statistically associated with high BMI and obesity, independently of dietary patterns and insulin resistance.

[Assessment and characteristics of chronic renal insufficiency in France]. / Estimation et caractérisation de l'insuffisance rénale chronique en France.

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a major public health issue. In France, few studies have evaluated CKD prevalence. The objective of the MONA LISA study was to estimate and to characterize CKD in three representative cross-sectional surveys in subjects aged 35-74.9 years. CKD was defined as subjects having MDRD glomerular filtration rate lower than 60 mL/min/1.73 m(2). Prevalence of CKD in MONA LISA was standardized according to the French population. A multiple logistic regression analysis was performed in order to find independent factors associated to CKD. The French estimate of CKD prevalence was 8.2% (95% confidence interval: 7.4-8.9%), that is 2,454,548 (95% confidence interval: 2,215,080-2,664,082) subjects aged 35-74.9 years. Factors significantly and independently associated to CKD were older age, hypertension and dyslipidemias. In conclusion, the MONA LISA study evaluated for the first time in France CKD prevalence in subjects aged 35-74.9 years. This prevalence probably underestimates the real CKD size due to selection bias present in every representative cross-sectional survey.