Sexual outcomes in men who have sex with men who underwent radical prostatectomy.

BACKGROUND: Sexual difficulties are a recognized consequence of prostate cancer (PCa) treatments. An estimated one in three men who have sex with men (MSM) receive PCa a diagnosis during their lifetime. MSM may experience all types of sexual dysfunction as reported in men who have sex with women (MSW), along with a number of more specific bothersome problems. This systematic literature review aims to evaluate sexual outcomes in MSM who have undergone radical prostatectomy (RP). METHODS: A systematic review was carried out following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. The searches were made using relevant keywords in the PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases, thus including the whole literature from January 2000 to November 2023. Studies which did not allow to retrieve data on sexual outcomes on MSM treated with RP for PCa were excluded. Data on sexual outcomes and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) were retrieved, mostly including changes in libido, erectile function, ejaculatory disorders, orgasm, climacturia, changes in role-in-sex identity, changes in sexual partnerships, and the presence of painful receptive anal intercourses (AI). PROSPERO ID: CRD42024502592. RESULTS: Six articles met the inclusion criteria. In total, data of 260 patients were analyzed. Three main themes emerged: (a) MSM may experience specific sexual dysfunctions due to the different dynamics of their intimacy; (b) the lack of tool validated on gay and bisexual population to assess sexual outcomes (c) the need for a tailored approach that also takes into account sexual orientation throughout the oncological journey. CONCLUSIONS: MSM undergoing RP may experience similar sexual problems as MSW. Painful AI should be considered a potential post-operative adverse outcome in MSM. Future studies should prioritize validating a questionnaire that explores AI. Healthcare providers should adopt a tailored approach that takes into account sexual orientation throughout the cancer journey.

Predictive factors of overall and major postoperative complications after partial nephrectomy: Results from a multicenter prospective study (The RECORd 1 project).

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: To analyze postoperative complications and to assess for significant predictive factors during partial nephrectomy (PN) using a large multicenter dataset. METHODS: Patients who underwent PN for clinical T1 renal tumors at 19 urological Italian centers (Registry of Conservative Renal Surgery [RECORd] project) were evaluated between 2009 and 2012. Anthropometric data, comorbidities and perioperative outcomes were analyzed. Complications were divided as intra- and postoperative, medical and surgical, as appropriate. The severity of postoperative complications was graded according to the modified Clavien classification system. Patients who experienced intraoperative complications were excluded from the analyses for the potential confounding effect in the evaluation of predicting factors for postoperative complications. RESULTS: Overall, 979 patients were analyzed: open, laparoscopic and robot-assisted (available since 2011) surgical approaches were used in 522 (56.4%), 286 (30.9%) and 117 (12.6%) cases, respectively. Surgical postoperative complications were reported in 121 (13.1%) cases (32 (3.5%) were Clavien 3), medical were reported in 52 (5.6%) cases (3 (0.3%) were Clavien 3). No Clavien 4 complications were reported. At multivariable analysis, ECOG score ≥1 (OR 1.98; p = 0.002), lower preoperative hemoglobin (OR 0.71; p < 0.0001) and open surgical approach (2.91; p = 0.02) were significant predictive factors of overall surgical postoperative complications, ECOG score ≥1 (OR 1.93; p = 0.04) and surgical approach (p = 0.05) were significant predictive factors of Clavien 3 either surgical or medical postoperative complications. CONCLUSIONS: Comorbidities and surgical approach should be considered in preoperative evaluation of patients undergoing PN, as they resulted to play a significant role in the occurrence of postoperative complications.

Active surveillance in prostate cancer: a critical review.

The aim of this paper was to examine the eligibility criteria, surveillance protocols and oncological outcomes of published active surveillance (AS) series. We also assessed the evidence for utility of novel tools for optimal risk stratification and surveillance of men suitable for AS. A non-systematic literature search of the Medline, Embase, and Scopus databases was performed in April 2015 using medical subject headings and free-text protocol. The search was conducted by applying free-text protocol with the following search terms: "active surveillance", "prostate cancer", "prostatic neoplasm", "watchful waiting", "low risk prostate cancer" and "very low risk prostate cancer". The definition of insignificant disease remains debatable as criteria for patient selection vary among studies. Tools for better selection of candidates and monitoring of the disease process have evolved since the conception of AS, including new biomarkers like phi, mpMRI and alternate biopsy strategies. AS is a sound strategy for reducing overtreatment of men with low-risk, and potentially selected men with intermediate-risk prostate cancer and shorter life expectancy, without compromising overall and cancer specific survival. More data are needed on the optimal integration of the new tools on AS paradigms and on the long-term health impact of AS in different populations.

Robot-assisted excision of a pararectal gastrointestinal stromal tumor in a patient with previous ileal neobladder.

Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) are the most frequent mesenchymal tumors of the gastrointestinal tract with surgical resection remaining the cornerstone of therapy. Pararectal lesions are considered to be technically difficult and pose in some cases a challenge. We report, to the best of our knowledge, the first robotic-assisted pararectal GIST excision. A 43-year-old man was referred to our center with pararectal GIST recurrence, despite treatment with targeted therapy. Eleven years ago, he underwent extensive abdominal surgery including cystoprostatectomy with ileal neobladder diversion due to GIST resection in the rectoprostatic space. Robot-assisted surgical resection was successfully performed without the need for temporary colostomy. The postoperative course of the patient was uneventful, and the pathology report confirmed a GIST recurrence with negative surgical margins and pelvic lymph nodes free of any tumor. Robotic-assisted pelvic surgery can be extended to incorporate excision of pararectal GISTs, as a safe, less invasive surgical alternative with promising oncological results and minimal injury to adjacent structures.

Robot-assisted renal surgery: current indications and results.

Robotic technology is the natural evolution and simplification of traditional laparoscopy. Robotic surgery has the same benefits of traditional laparoscopic surgery in terms of cosmetic results, pain control and short in-hospital stay. However, magnified three-dimensional vision and the use of fully articulated wristed-instruments allow to increase the precision control. Recently, robotic surgery has been even more used in urology. In fact, robot-assisted radical prostatectomy (RARP) is currently the most common treatment used for localized prostate cancer in the United States. Perioperative and functional outcomes resulted significantly better after RARP. As a consequence of the diffusion of RARP, other urological procedures were performed using the robotic approach. Particular attention has been paid to the use of robotic surgery for the treatment of benign and malignant renal diseases. In 2002 the first robot-assisted pyeloplasty was performed followed by the first robot-assisted partial nephrectomy. This last procedure had widespread a lot in the last years and it can currently be considered as the main alternative to the traditional open partial nephrectomy. Finally, the evolution of technology and surgeon skills allowed us to consider the less invasive approaches also for renal transplantation surgery and vena cava tumor thrombectomy. The objective of this review was to analyze current indications and outcomes of robot-assisted procedures for the treatment of benign and malignant renal diseases.

Simple enucleation versus standard partial nephrectomy for clinical T1 renal masses: perioperative outcomes based on a matched-pair comparison of 396 patients (RECORd project).

OBJECTIVES: To compare simple enucleation (SE) and standard partial nephrectomy (SPN) in terms of surgical results in a multicenter dataset (RECORd Project). MATERIALS AND METHODS: patients treated with nephron sparing surgery (NSS) for clinical T1 renal tumors between January 2009 and January 2011 were evaluated. Overall, 198 patients who underwent SE were retrospectively matched to 198 patients who underwent SPN. The SPN and SE groups were compared regarding intraoperative, early post-operative and pathologic outcome variables. Multivariable analysis was applied to analyze predictors of positive surgical margin (PSM) status. RESULTS: SE was associated with similar WIT (18 vs 17.8 min), lower intraoperative blood loss (177 vs 221 cc, p = 0.02) and shorter operative time (121 vs 147 min; p < 0.0001). Surgical approach (laparoscopic vs. open), tumor size and type of indication (elective/relative vs absolute) were associated with WIT >20 min. The incidence of PSM was significantly lower in patients treated with SE (1.4% vs 6.9%; p = 0.02). At multivariable analysis, PSM was related to the surgical technique, with a 4.7-fold increased risk of PSM for SPN compared to SE. The incidence of overall, medical and surgical complications was similar between SE and SPN. CONCLUSIONS: Type of NSS technique (SE vs SPN) adopted has a negligible impact on WIT and postoperative morbidity but SE seems protective against PSM occurrence.

Robot-assisted radical prostatectomy: tips, tricks and pitfalls.

In the last decade, we have assisted to the progressive standardization of the surgical technique of robot-assisted radical prostatectomy (RARP). This article describes in details our current surgical technique to perform nerve-sparing RARP. Specifically, we took in consideration the tips, tricks and pitfalls of each step of RARP according to our experience.

Evaluating urinary continence and preoperative predictors of urinary continence after robot assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy.

PURPOSE: We evaluated urinary continence using a validated questionnaire in a series of consecutive patients who underwent robot assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy, and identified the preoperative predictors of the return to urinary continence. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The clinical records of 308 consecutive patients who underwent robot assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy for clinically localized prostate cancer at a tertiary academic center were prospectively collected. All patients were continent before surgery. Urinary continence was evaluated using the International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire-Urinary Incontinence Short Form instrument. All of the patients reporting no leak in response to the question, "How often do you leak urine?" were defined as continent. RESULTS: A total of 273 patients (90%) were continent 12 months after robot assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy. Continent patients were significantly younger (61.4 +/- 6.4 vs 64.1 +/- 6.1 years, p = 0.02) than those who were incontinent. On univariable regression analysis patient age at surgery (OR 1.075, p = 0.024) and Charlson comorbidity index (OR 1.671, p = 0.007) were significantly associated with 12-month continence status. On multivariable analysis age (OR 1.076, p = 0.027) and Charlson comorbidity index (OR 1.635, p = 0.009) were independent predictors of continence rates. CONCLUSIONS: Using the International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire-Urinary Incontinence Short Form 90% of patients undergoing robot assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy reported no urine leak 12 months after surgery. Patient age at surgery and Charlson comorbidity index were independent predictors of the return to urinary continence, whereas notably no variable related to prostate cancer was significantly correlated with urinary continence.

[How radical nephrectomy compares to partial nephrectomy for the treatment of pT1a papillary renal cell carcinomas?]. / Comment se comparent néphrectomies partielles et élargies pour le traitement des carcinomes papillaires pT1aN0M0? Etude comparative rétrospective de 277 cas.

PURPOSE: Our objective was to compare oncologic results of nephron sparing surgery (NSS) versus radical nephrectomy (RN) in T1aN0-x M0 papillary renal cell carcinoma (PRCC). PATIENTS AND METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed 277 patients treated for a pT1aN0M0 PRCC selected from an academic database from 12 centres. We compared the clinico-pathological features by using Chi-square and Student statistical analyses. Survivals analyses using Kaplan-Meier and Log-rank models were performed. RESULTS: The two groups were composed by 186 patients treated by NSS and 91 by RN. The TNM stage was fixed and the two groups were, in terms of age and Fuhrman grade, comparable. Median age at diagnosis was 59 years (27-85). Median tumor size was 2.7 cm (0.4-4). The average follow-up was 49 months (1-246). Very few events arose in both groups: two local recurrences were observed in the NSS group (1.07%), three patients died of cancer in the NSS treated group (1.6%) and five in the RN treated group (5.5%). The five and 10 cancer-specific survival rate were comparable in the two groups (98% vs. 100% and 98% vs. 97%). The specific survival curves were perfectly similar for both groups (log rank test, p=0.25). CONCLUSION: NSS is equivalent to RN as far as oncologic control of pT1aN0M0 PRCC is concerned.

Spermatogenesis in Klinefelter syndrome.

BACKGROUND: Klinefelter syndrome (KS) (47,XXY) is the most common sex chromosomal disorder, and it is a frequent form of male hypogonadism and infertility. Although the majority of these patients are azoospermic, they might have severe oligozoospermia or residual single-residual foci with spermatogenesis in the testis. AIM: We report our experience on sperm retrieval in the ejaculate and testis, and evaluate the frequency of chromosome abnormalities in sperm of KS. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Eighty-four 47,XXY KS were evaluated with seminal analysis, body hair distribution, reproductive hormones, ultrasonographic scanning of the testis and prostate, bilateral testicular sperm extraction (TESE), sperm or testicular cells sex chromosomes aneuploidies. RESULTS: Out of 84 patients, 7 (7/84; 8.3%) had sperm in the ejaculate. Out of the 77 azoospermic patients, 24 underwent TESE and 9 (9/24; 37.5%) had successful sperm recovery. The comparison of reproductive hormones, age and testicular volume did not show significant differences between patients with and without successful sperm recovery in semen or TESE . Patients without successful sperm recovery in semen analysis or TESE had signs of hypoandrogenism more evident than patients with successful sperm recovery. Patients with KS produced a higher number of sperm aneuploidy with respect to normozoospermic fertile controls and non-genetic severely oligozoospermic men. CONCLUSIONS: Men with KS are not always sterile. In some of these patients sperm can be found in semen or in the testis, but the proportion of sperm aneuploidy is high. Signs of hypoandrogenism seem to be associated with low sperm recovery rate.

The use of partial nephrectomy in European tertiary care centers.

PURPOSE: The objective was to define the trends of PN use over time at six tertiary care European centers. METHODS: Data were retrieved from institutional databases for patients treated with either PN or radical nephrectomy (RN) for stages T(1-2)N(0)M(0) renal cell carcinoma (RCC) between 1987 and 2007. For purpose of temporal trend analyses patients were divided into five equally sized groups according to the date of surgery. Categorical and multivariable logistic regression analyses assessed predictors of PN use. RESULTS: Overall 597 (31.7%) patients were treated with PN. Overall, a 4.5-fold increase of PN was recorded. The absolute increases were 41.7-86.3%, 14.9-69.3% and 8.1-35.3% for lesions < or = 2 cm, 2.1-4 cm and 4.1-7 cm (chi-square trend test p<0.001), respectively. In multivariable logistic regression models, decreasing tumor size, younger age, more contemporary date of surgery, male gender and institutional PN rate represented independent predictors of the individual probability of treatment with PN. Lack of data from community hospitals limits the generalizability of our findings. CONCLUSION: Based on data from six tertiary care centers, the contemporary rate of PN ranges from 86 to 35% for renal masses < or = 2 cm to 4.1-7 cm and is indicative of excellent quality of care.

Fluorescent cytogenetics of renal cell neoplasms.

Renal cell neoplasms are a heterogeneous group of tumours in terms of pathological features and prognostic behaviour. The genetics of these tumours may aid in correct diagnosis and accurate assessment of prognosis. In ambiguous cases it may be necessary to utilise new markers that are capable of further discerning renal cell neoplasms. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) on formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue is an increasingly useful technique in the detection of many diagnostic chromosomal abnormalities, among which chromosomes 1, 2, 3p, 6, 7, 10, 17 and Y are the most common. The addition of FISH to histological evaluation improves the diagnostic accuracy of core biopsies from renal masses, which may have an important impact in clinical management of many cases due to newer therapeutic approaches, including cryo- or radiofrequency ablation, nephron-sparing surgeries and target therapies.

[Transperineal TRUS-guided prostate biopsy]. / La biopsia prostatica transperineale TRUS guidata

Prostate biopsy can be performed through different approaches, with several differences in patient preparation, procedural technique and post-biopsy patient management. On the basis of our personal experience, and comparing it with literature data, this paper presents our data reviews regarding enema and antibiotic prophylaxis administration, biopsy technique, prostate sampling, core pathological management and post-operative management. We also provide a possible standardization of these procedures in patients undergoing transperineal TRUS-guided prostate biopsy. We accordingly classify antibiotic prophylaxis and bowel preparation as optional/advisable, ultrasound prostate examination before biopsy and local anaesthesia as recommended. Prostate sampling should be performed with at least 8 cores, to be increased proportionally to prostate volume. Each sample should be sent to the pathologist in single containers, according to the pre-embedding sandwich method. Finally, the patient should be evaluated for early complications before discharging, and for delayed complications within one month after the procedure.

Antegrade scrotal sclerotherapy in the treatment of varicocele: a prospective study.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the results of our experience in correcting primary varicocele using a modified technique of antegrade scrotal sclerotherapy. PATIENTS AND METHODS: From December 1997 to February 2000, 201 patients with primary varicocele underwent antegrade scrotal sclerotherapy. Before treatment all patients were evaluated by a physical examination, colour Doppler ultrasonography of the spermatic cord, and abdominal and scrotal ultrasonography. Sperm samples were analysed only in patients aged > 18 years. The treatment was administered using a special venous catheter system with a Y-adapter. Complications after treatment and the rate of persistence of reflux were assessed 3 and 6 months after the antegrade scrotal treatment, by clinical examination and colour-Doppler ultrasonography of the spermatic cord. RESULTS: The mean operative duration was 15 min; there were no significant complications during treatment and all patients were discharged within 4 h. Complications after treatment occurred in 10 of the 201 patients (5%); four patients had epididymo-orchitis, three a scrotal haematoma, one a surgical wound infection, one persistent scrotal pain and one persistent flank pain on the same side as the surgery. Reflux was persistent in 12 patients (6%). CONCLUSIONS: Antegrade scrotal sclerotherapy is a simple, minimally invasive and highly effective technique for blocking spermatic vein reflux, with a low rate of complications. The technical changes simplified the cannulation of the spermatic vein and facilitated antegrade phlebography and sclerotherapy using the air-block technique.

Adrenal incidentalomas: surgical treatment in 28 patients and update of the literature.

INTRODUCTION: Adrenal masses discovered by imaging techniques for reasons unrelated to adrenal diseases are called adrenal incidentalomas (Al). The aim of this study was to find out the clinical outcome of 28 patients operated for incidentally discovered adrenal mass and to update the literature concerning this topic. PATIENTS AND METHODS: From September 1976 to December 1999 we operated on 28 patients for adrenal incidentaloma. Adrenal masses were unilateral in 25 cases and bilateral in 5. Average age was 57 years (range 10-73). Hormonal study was performed in all patients. All patients underwent adrenalectomy by the transabdominal subcostal approach. RESULTS: Histopathology assessed the adrenal masses as primary in 19 patients and secondary in 9. 24-hour urinary vanillylmandelic acid (VMA) excretion was elevated in 2 patients. Adrenal insufficiency was detected in 1 case. Average tumor diameter resulted 5.8 cm (range 2-17). Histopathologic features of primary adrenal masses included pheochromocytoma in 5 cases, cysts in 4, myelolipomas in 3. nodular hyperplasia in 2, tuberculous mass in 1, cortical adenoma in 1, extra-bone marrow hemopoiesis in 1, cortical carcinoma in 1 and neuroendocrine tumor of the adrenal medulla in 1. The 9 adrenal metastasis resulted by renal cell carcinoma in 7 patients, urothelial carcinoma of the upper urinary tract in I and primary renal lymphoma in 1. Average follow-up was 68 months (range 6-246). Patients alive were 18 (64%), deal 10 (36%). Of the 19 patients with primary adrenal tumors 16 (84%) were alive and disease free and 3 (16%) died (I for disease and 2 for reasons unrelated to the primary tumor). Of the 9 patients with adrenal metastasis 2 (22%) were alive (I disease free and I with progression of the disease) and 7 (78%) died for disease. Replacement therapy for adrenocortical hormones was given 5 patients. CONCLUSIONS: Management of Al need CT or MRI and hormonal investigation in order to detect malignancy and subclinical hypersecretory syndromes. Subclinical functional adrenal masses, single adrenal metastasis and primary nonhypersecretory adrenal tumors sized 4 cm are treated by surgery. A close morpho-functional follow-up is indicated for primary adrenal incidentalomas when nonhypersecretory and smaller than 4 cm.

[Exogenous risk factors for parenchymal carcinoma of the kidney]. / Fattori di rischio esogeni per il carcinoma parenchimale del rene.

In the last decades incidence rates for renal cell carcinoma have been constantly increasing, especially in western European and Scandinavian countries and North America. Several epidemiological studies observed an increased relative risk of this tumour linked with some exogenous and/or environmental factors. The following exposures have been more consistently associated with renal cell carcinoma: tobacco smoking; occupational exposures (asbestos, aromatic hydrocarbons, chemical solvents); dietetic factors such as high energy intake, consumption of fried meats and poultry, and reduced intake of fruit and vegetables; iatrogenic factors such as analgesics and amphetamines; common diseases like obesity and hypertension. An effective preventive strategy for renal cancer could be carried out reducing the exposure to such risk factors.

The TURP syndrome: importance of expiratory ethanol measurement and high serum levels of glycine.

OBJECTIVE: In a prospective study it was our intention to evaluate the reliability and the predictive value of expiratory ethanol for the early detection of the occurrence of TURP syndrome and emphasize the role of the serum levels of glycine in clinical manifestation. METHODS: We studied 30 patients scheduled for elective traditional transuretral resection of the prostate performed with subarachnoid anesthesia. Serum sodium and glycine concentrations, serum osmolality and end-expiratory ethanol levels were monitored at scheduled intervals. Continuous heart rate and blood pressure monitoring was performed during the perioperative period in the operativing room and, later, in the recovery room. Occurrence of cardiocirculatory, respiratory and neurologic symptoms were recorded. Statistics included Bonferroni's t-test and Fisher's exact test. A decision level plot for end-expiratory ethanol level was performed for the choice of predictivity criterion. RESULTS: In our population we identified three groups of patients: Group I (15 patients) in which no symptom was recorded; Group II (6 patients) in which non-specific anesthesia-related symptoms occurred; Group III (9 patients) in which TURP syndrome of various degree of severity was observed. In this group of patients changes in serum sodium and glycine concentrations, serum osmolality and end-expiratory ethanol levels were significantly different compared with the other two groups. In regard to end-expiratory ethanol levels, we identified a cut-off point at 0.05 mg/ml. In Group III two patients developed transient blindness. These patients had the highest serum glycine concentrations (> 4000 mumol/ml). Mortality was nil. CONCLUSIONS: Our data show the reliability and accuracy of end-expiratory ethanol levels as a predictive test of the occurrence of TURP syndrome. Further, we emphasize the role of serum glycine concentration in the occurrence of neurologic symptoms related to the transurethral resection of the prostate.

Leiomyosarcoma of the bladder fourteen years after cyclophosphamide therapy for retinoblastoma.

We report a case of bladder leiomyosarcoma which occurred in a 22-year-old female who had been treated with cyclophosphamide for a period of 68 months for retinoblastoma diagnosed at 18 months postpartum. Partial cystectomy was performed. Forty-two months after the operation she is tumor-free.