Effectiveness of an Ecological Model-Based Active Transport Education Program on Physical and Mental Health in High School Students (MOV-ES Project): Study Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Trial.

The United Nations, through its 2030 Agenda and Sustainable Development Goals, advocates for the establishment of conducive environments for physical activity, following the ecological model. In line with this initiative, active transportation emerges as an accessible, cost-effective, and sustainable approach to augmenting daily physical activity levels. This study protocol endeavors to assess the impact of an active transportation education program rooted in the ecological model on the physical and mental well-being of high school students. Drawing upon scientific insights, we hypothesize that a 16-week active transportation intervention will lead to a 3% reduction in average body fat percentage and a noteworthy enhancement in executive function (including inhibition, cognitive flexibility, and working memory), physical fitness (comprising cardiorespiratory fitness and muscle strength), and mental health (encompassing mood disorders and cognitive functioning). If this intervention proves effective, it could offer a viable solution for the school community, especially in reducing congestion within the school environment. The study protocol aims to evaluate the impact of an active transportation educational program based on the ecological model on the physical and mental well-being of high school students. Three high schools located in the urban area of Talca, Chile, will be randomly selected (one public, one privately subsidized, and one private non-subsidized). Each high school will be randomly assigned an experimental group (n = 30) and a control group (n = 30; without intervention). The experimental groups will receive an active transportation educational intervention during their physical education classes for four months (60 to 90 min sessions, once a week), while the control group will receive no intervention. The primary outcome will provide information on body composition and executive function. Secondary outcomes will include objective physical activity level, physical fitness, mental well-being, academic achievement, health-related quality of life, perception of environmental urban features, physical activity barriers, and adherence to active transportation. It is expected that the results of the MOV-ES Project will transcend the physical health of schoolchildren and will have an impact on the school community, especially by decongesting the school environment.

Learning and quality of life in undergraduate nursing students: An exploratory study in Chile during the COVID-19 pandemic.

BACKGROUND: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a global pandemic that has modified all social and, especially, learning instances. The purpose of this study was to determine the perception of final-year nursing students at a university in southern Chile regarding the impact of the pandemic on their learning, and consequently on their quality of life, in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This is a qualitative study. The research was conducted on 14 nursing students who were selected from a university located in the province of Talca, Maule Region, Chile. Data collection was done through semi-structured interviews conducted during July and September 2021. The data were analyzed using the inductive logic of theoretical categorization; this process was assisted by the Nvivo 10 program. RESULTS: Two mega categories were generated that accounted for the nursing students' experience during the COVID-19 pandemic: objective factors category and subjective factors category. Six subcategories were derived from these two categories: free time, social relationships, learning from practice, physical exercise, eating habits, and emotional state. CONCLUSION: The research findings indicate that the students, in addition to feeling upset about not being able to do the internship, also feel that they have not been able to acquire all the knowledge necessary for their training and professional development, since the virtual classes fail to deliver adequate learning as they lack the practical component that is so important in their careers. This has repercussions in the physical, social, and psychological areas, affecting their quality of life.

Teachers' conceptions about approaches of activities in nature in the physical education classroom / Concepções dos professores sobre a abordagem das atividades na natureza na aula de educação física

ABSTRACT The objective is to understand the conceptions that Physical Education teachers have about Activities in Nature (ACN) that occur in the school context. The research is based on the interpretive paradigm with qualitative methodology, in which a semi-structured interview was applied to 12 high school Physical Education teachers in the city of Talca-Chile. The results indicate that these activities, among other things, contribute to a greater environmental awareness on the part of students, enabling the realization of different bodily practices in the natural environment. It is concluded that teachers need more training in the area, as the ACN become a pedagogical strategy that privileges autonomy, reflection and the development of values, fundamental issues for the integral development of young people and adolescents.

RESUMO O objetivo é compreender as concepções que os professores de Educação Física têm sobre as Atividades em Contato com a Natureza (ACN) que ocorrem no contexto escolar. A pesquisa se baseia no paradigma interpretativo com metodologia qualitativa, em que foi aplicada uma entrevista semiestruturada a 12 professores de Educação Física do ensino médio da cidade de Talca-Chile. Os resultados indicam que essas atividades, entre outras coisas, contribuem para uma maior consciência ambiental por parte dos alunos, possibilitando a realização de diferentes práticas corporais no ambiente natural. Conclui-se que os professores necessitam de maior formação na área, visto que as ACN tournarm-se uma estratégia pedagógica que privilegia a autonomia, a reflexão e o desenvolvimento de valores, questões fundamentais para o desenvolvimento integral de jovens e adolescentes.

Climatic influence on the risk of abdominal aortic aneurysm rupture.

Our aim is to examine the effects of climatic conditions on the incidence of ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysms (rAAA) in Catalonia, Spain. We combined clinical data from the Public Health official registries in Catalonia, Spain (HD-MBDS) of all rAAA with local climatic data obtained from the closest meteorological station (69 stations, National Meteorological Service: MeteoCat) from 2008 to 2017. We analyzed the median, maximum, minimum, and variability of atmospheric pressure (hPa) and air temperature (°C), solar irradiation (MJ/m2), humidity (%), accumulated precipitation (mm), median wind, and maximum flaw direction and velocity (°, m/s), recorded on the days of events, the previous day, and mean results for 3, 7, and 30 days before, as well as seasonality. Seventy-five control days were randomly selected in a 1-year period around every rAAA day at the same meteorological station, and compared. A total of 717 days and locations with rAAA were identified, and 53,775 controls were randomly selected. For the rAAA days, there were significantly lower temperatures, lower solar global irradiation, and higher mean humidity levels in all time periods (p < 0.001, p < 0.001, p < 0.05); higher atmospheric pressure variability during 1 week and 1 month before (p = 0.011, p = 0.007); and they often occurred during autumn/winter (57.6%, p < 0.001). Logistic regression identified low mean temperatures on the days of ruptures and high mean humidity the week before as independent rupture predictors. In conclusion, low median temperatures the same day and high humidity during 1 week before were identified as independent predictors of rAAA occurrence. The role of climate on pathophysiologic mechanisms may require further investigation.

Influence of On-Call Vascular Surgery Team and Off-Hour Effect on Survival after Ruptured Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm.

BACKGROUND: Ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysms (rAAAs) represent a life-threatening emergency and carry a high community and in-hospital mortality, despite treatment and protocol advances. Identifying prognostic factors like the presence of on-call vascular surgery teams at first hospital admissions or times of hospital admissions can modify hospital protocols and mechanisms to ameliorate general outcomes. The aim of this study is to analyze the influence of on-call vascular surgery teams and off-hour admissions on survival after rAAAs in Catalonia, Spain. METHODS: We used data from public health official registries (based on registration of the minimum basic data set) to collect diagnosed cases of rAAAs (ICD-9-CM [International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification] 441.3) between January 2008 and December 2017. Variables included patient comorbidities, aneurysm treatment and type (endovascular treatment: ICD-9-CM 39.7 or open surgery: ICD-9-CM 398.44 and 39.25), in-hospital mortality, initial hospital admissions and transfers, days and times of admission, and final treatment received. We compared intervention rates and mortalities in all samples and operated cases, in patients initially admitted into tertiary vascular centers (with on-call vascular surgery teams) and community centers (without on-call vascular surgery teams), and the "off-hour effect" (night [22:00 hr to 8:00 hr] or weekend admissions [Friday to Sunday]) in mortality and type of surgery (open or endovascular repair). RESULTS: Of 717 patients with rAAAs (92% men), 561 (78.2%) were initially admitted into tertiary vascular centers and 156 (21.8%) into community centers. The rate of operated cases and global mortality was higher when cases were initially admitted into tertiary vascular centers (388, 69.2% vs. 46, 29.5%; P < 0.001 and 63.6% vs. 88.5%, P < 0.001, respectively), but when surgery was performed (excluding palliative nonoperated cases), the postoperative mortality in both groups was comparable (47.4% vs. 60.9%, P = 0.085), in both univariate and multivariate analysis. On the other hand, patients admitted during night hours (210, 29.3%) did not reveal noteworthy differences in the overall mortality (68.6% vs. 69.2%, P = 0.860) or postoperative mortality compared to those admitted during day hours (61.0% vs. 60.4%, P = 0.880). Weekend admissions neither showed worse results (280, 39.1%, admitted during weekend: overall mortality 70.4% vs. 68.2%, P = 0.541 and postoperative mortality 51.2% vs. 47.3%, P = 0.436). No significant dissimilarities were seen either in the use of endovascular or open repair at night (42.2% vs. 46.1%, P = 0.457) or weekend (41.8% vs. 47%, P = 0.287). CONCLUSIONS: Patients with rAAAs initially admitted into tertiary vascular centers have better overall survival rates than those initially admitted into community centers, mainly because of higher rates of rejected cases in community centers. No differences were seen in terms of mortality or type of surgery in the off-hour admitted cases (night hours or during weekends).

Aerobic capacity of chilean adults and elderly: proposal of classification by regional percentiles / Capacidade aeróbia de adultos e idosos chilenos: proposta de classificação por percentis regionais / Capacidad aeróbica de adultos y ancianos chilenos: propuesta de clasificación por percentiles regionales

ABSTRACT Introduction Aerobic fitness is an important predictor that contributes to the preservation of functional independence during the aging process. Its measurement represents a fundamental tool in the identification of multiple health problems. Objective To compare the aerobic capacity of adults and elderly subjects through international studies and to develop percentiles by age group using the LMS method. Methods A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted with 1146 subjects (437 men and 709 women). The age group of the sample ranged from 50 to 84 years. The subjects evaluated came from the physical activity programs offered by the National Sports Institute (IND) and by the city council of Talca (Chile). Body mass, stature, oxygen saturation (SatO2), six-minute walk test, and systolic and diastolic blood pressure were assessed. Body Mass Index (BMI) was calculated for both sexes. The LMS method was used to propose the percent distribution. Results Aerobic capacity decreases with age (28.5% for men and 29.9% for women). There was a negative relationship between age and the six-minute walk test (men r = -0.13 and women r = -0.39). There was a discrepancy between the elderly subjects in the current study and those from international studies. The normative data for the classification of aerobic fitness were expressed in percentiles (p3, p5, p10, p15, p25, p50, p75, p85, p90, p95 and p97). Conclusion The aerobic performance of elderly subjects diminishes as they age; in addition, the current results differ from international studies, which motivated the development of percentiles to classify aerobic fitness in everyday situations, especially in places with few resources and particularly where field tests are considered a priority for large-scale physical evaluation. Level of evidence II; Diagnostic studies - investigation of diagnostic test.

RESUMO Introdução A aptidão aeróbia é importante preditor que contribui com a preservação da independência funcional à medida que se envelhece. Sua mensuração transforma-se em ferramenta fundamental na identificação de múltiplos problemas de saúde. Objetivo Comparar a capacidade aeróbia de adultos e idosos com estudos internacionais e desenvolver percentis por faixas etárias, utilizando o método LMS. Métodos Elaborou-se um estudo descritivo transversal com 1.146 sujeitos (437 homens e 709 mulheres). A faixa etária da amostra variou de 50 a 84 anos. Os sujeitos avaliados eram oriundos dos programas de atividade física oferecidos pelo Instituto Nacional de Desporto (IND) e pela prefeitura de Talca (Chile). Avaliaram-se massa corporal, estatura, saturação de oxigênio (SatO2), teste de caminhada de 6 minutos e pressão arterial diastólica e sistólica. Calculou-se o índice de massa corporal (IMC) para ambos os sexos. Utilizou-se o método LMS para propor a distribuição percentílica. Resultados A capacidade aeróbia diminui com o decorrer da idade (28,5% para os homens e 29,9% para as mulheres). Houve relação negativa entre a idade e o teste de caminhada de 6 minutos (homens: r = -0,13; mulheres: r = -0,39). Observou-se discrepância entre os idosos do presente estudo com os de estudos internacionais. Os dados normativos para a classificação da aptidão aeróbia foram expressos em percentis (p3, p5, p10, p15, p25, p50, p75, p85, p90, p95 y p97). Conclusão Os idosos diminuem o desempenho aeróbio conforme a idade avança. Os presentes resultados diferem dos estudos internacionais, o que motivou o desenvolvimento dos percentis para classificar a aptidão aeróbia em situações cotidianas, especialmente em locais com poucos recursos e principalmente onde os testes de campo são considerados prioritários para avaliação física em larga escala. Nível de evidência II; Estudos diagnóstico - investigação de teste diagnóstico.

RESUMEN Introducción La aptitud aeróbica es un importante predictor que contribuye con la preservación de la independencia funcional a medida que se envejece. Su medición se transforma en una herramienta fundamental en la identificación de múltiples problemas de salud. Objetivo Comparar la capacidad aeróbica de adultos y ancianos con estudios internacionales y desarrollar percentiles por grupos de edad utilizando el método LMS. Métodos Se elaboró un estudio descriptivo transversal con 1146 sujetos (437 hombres y 709 mujeres). El grupo de edad de la muestra varió de 50 a 84 años. Los sujetos evaluados eran oriundos de los programas de actividad física ofrecidos por el Instituto Nacional de Deporte (IND) y por la Municipalidad de Talca (Chile). Se evaluaron masa corporal, estatura, saturación de oxígeno (SatO2), test de seis minutos de caminata y presión arterial diastólica y sistólica. Se calculó el índice de masa corporal (IMC) para ambos sexos. Se usó el método LMS para proponer la distribución de percentil. Resultados La capacidad aeróbica disminuye con el transcurso de la edad (28,5% para los hombres y 29,9% para las mujeres). Hubo relación negativa entre la edad y el test de caminata de seis minutos (hombres r= -0,13 y mujeres r= -0,39). Se observó discrepancia entre los ancianos del presente estudio con los de estudios internacionales. Los datos normativos para la clasificación de la aptitud aeróbica fueron expresados en percentiles (p3, p5, p10, p15, p25, p50, p75, p85, p90, p95 y p97). Conclusión Los ancianos disminuyen el rendimiento aeróbico conforme avanza la edad. Los presentes resultados difieren de los estudios internacionales, lo que motivó el desarrollo de los percentiles para clasificar la aptitud aeróbica en situaciones cotidianas, especialmente en locales con pocos recursos y principalmente donde los tests de campo son considerados prioritarios para la evaluación física a larga escala. Nivel de Evidencia II; Estudios diagnóstico-investigación de test diagnóstico.

Vascular access surgery can be safely performed in an ambulatory setting.

INTRODUCTION:: Ambulatory surgery is associated with lower costs, but there is lack of evidence of the safety for ambulatory vascular access surgery. The objective of this study is to substantiate the safety and effectiveness of performing vascular access surgery in an ambulatory setting. METHODS:: A review of our prospectively maintained database including all vascular access open surgeries (creations and repairs) performed by our Vascular Access Unit between 2013 and 2017 was compiled. Patient comorbidities, surgery details, hospital admission conditions, and 1-week and 1-month follow-up patency and complications (death, infection, bleeding, and readmission/reintervention) were scrutinized. RESULTS:: In the last 5 years, 1414 vascular access procedures were performed (67.8% access creations, 32.2% previous access repairs) in 1012 patients. Most surgeries were performed under local anesthesia (59.2%) or axillary plexus block (38.4%) and mainly in an ambulatory setting, without overnight hospital stays (90.9%). During the first postoperative week follow-up, 9 cases (0.6%) needed readmission or reintervention; significant infection materialized in 11 (0.8%) and 10 cases (0.7%) showed noteworthy hematoma or bleeding, only three (0.2%) requiring reintervention. The primary composite endpoint of 24-h death and 1 week readmission, reintervention, infection, or bleeding was 1.9% (27 cases); 1-month access failure was 6.2%. After univariate analysis, ambulatory settings were not related to higher rates of complications or readmissions. CONCLUSION:: Arteriovenous access surgery can be safely performed in an ambulatory setting, in spite of complex cases, comorbidities, or the increasing implementation of axillary plexus blocks. Surgical results and patency are good, and complications necessitating readmission remain very low.

Hand grip strength and maximum peak expiratory flow: determinants of bone mineral density of adolescent students.

BACKGROUND: Maintaining and building healthy bones during the lifetime requires a complicated interaction between a number of physiological and lifestyle factors. Our goal of this study was to analyze the association between hand grip strength and the maximum peak expiratory flow with bone mineral density and content in adolescent students. METHODS: The research team studied 1427 adolescent students of both sexes (750 males and 677 females) between the ages of 11.0 and 18.9 years in the Maule Region of Talca (Chile). Weight, standing height, sitting height, hand grip strength (HGS), and maximum peak expiratory flow (PEF) were measured. Furthermore, bone mineral density (BMD) and total body bone mineral content (BMC) were determined by using the Dual-Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry (DXA). Hand grip strength and PEF were categorized in tertiles (lowest, middle, and highest). Linear regression was performed in steps to analyze the relationship between the variables. Differences between categories were determined through ANOVA. RESULTS: In males, the hand grip strength explained 18-19% of the BMD and 20-23% of the BMC. For the females, the percentage of variation occurred between 12 and 13% of the BMD and 17-18% of the BMC. The variation of PEF for the males was observed as 33% of the BMD and 36% of the BMC. For the females, both the BMD and BMC showed a variation of 19%. The HGS and PEF were divided into three categories (lowest, middle, and highest). In both cases, significant differences occurred in bone density health between the three categories. CONCLUSIONS: In conclusion, the HGS and the PEF related positively to the bone density health of both sexes of adolescent students. The adolescents with poor values for hand grip strength and expiratory flow showed reduced values of BMD and BMC for the total body. Furthermore, the PEF had a greater influence on bone density health with respect to the HGS of the adolescents of both sexes.

Validation of equations and proposed reference values to estimate fat mass in Chilean university students. / Validación de ecuaciones y propuesta de valores referenciales para estimar la masa grasa de jóvenes universitarios chilenos.

OBJECTIVES: (i) To propose regression equations based on anthropometric measures to estimate fat mass (FM) using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) as reference method, and (ii)to establish population reference standards for equation-derived FM. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A cross-sectional study on 6,713 university students (3,354 males and 3,359 females) from Chile aged 17.0 to 27.0years. Anthropometric measures (weight, height, waist circumference) were taken in all participants. Whole body DXA was performed in 683 subjects. A total of 478 subjects were selected to develop regression equations, and 205 for their cross-validation. Data from 6,030 participants were used to develop reference standards for FM. Equations were generated using stepwise multiple regression analysis. Percentiles were developed using the LMS method. RESULTS: Equations for men were: (i) FM=-35,997.486 +232.285 *Weight +432.216 *CC (R2=0.73, SEE=4.1); (ii)FM=-37,671.303 +309.539 *Weight +66,028.109 *ICE (R2=0.76, SEE=3.8), while equations for women were: (iii)FM=-13,216.917 +461,302 *Weight+91.898 *CC (R2=0.70, SEE=4.6), and (iv) FM=-14,144.220 +464.061 *Weight +16,189.297 *ICE (R2=0.70, SEE=4.6). Percentiles proposed included p10, p50, p85, and p95. CONCLUSION: The developed equations provide valid and accurate estimation of FM in both sexes. The values obtained using the equations may be analyzed from percentiles that allow for categorizing body fat levels by age and sex.

[Association between dietary habits and the presence of overweight/obesity in a sample of 21,385 chilean adolescents]. / ASOCIACIÓN ENTRE LOS HÁBITOS DIETÉTICOS Y LA PRESENCIA DE SOBREPESO/OBESIDAD EN UNA MUESTRA DE 21.385 ADOLESCENTES CHILENOS.

AIM: The main aim of the present study was to explore the potential associations between dietary habits and the presence of overweight and obesity in Chilean adolescents. METHODS: For the present study dietary habits of 21,385 Chilean students were analyzed and weight and height assessed, in order to determine potential associations between eating patterns and body mass index (BMI) values. RESULTS: The majority of participants have lunch and a snack in the afternoon every day a week (81% and 71.2%, respectively), although only a 59.5% have breakfast every day and a 22% have dinner every night. To have breakfast is common for thin and normal weight subjects, but only a half of overweight and obese individuals usually have it. The obese is the group having less dairy products. A 50.2% of all subjects have legumes once or never in a week. Around a 15% have sweets all days and nearly a 50% of all the participants consume fizzy drinks every day of the week. Interestingly, having breakfast was found to be associated with less truancy. CONCLUSIONS: Nutritional education strategies should be carried out within students in Chile, since inadequate dietary habits are related to the higher values of BMI.

Objetivos: El principal objetivo del presente trabajo fue evaluar las posibles asociaciones entre los hábitos dietéticos y la presencia de sobrepeso y obesidad en adolescentes Chilenos. Método: Para este trabajo se analizaron los hábitos dietéticos de 21.385 estudiantes Chilenos y se determinaron el peso y la talla, con el fin de explorar posibles asociaciones entre los patrones de alimentación y los valores de índice de masa corporal (IMC). Resultados: La mayoría de los participantes realiza la toma del almuerzo (81%) y de la merienda (71,2%) todos los días de la semana. Sólo el 59,5% de los encuestados toma desayuno cada día y un 22% cena todas las noches. Desayunar es común entre los sujetos delgados y con peso normal, pero únicamente la mitad de los individuos con sobrepeso u obesidad desayuna habitualmente. Los obesos son el grupo que consume menos productos lácteos. Un 50,2% de todos los participantes nunca toma legumbres o lo hace una vez por semana. En torno a un 15% toma dulces todos los días y casi la mitad de los encuestados ingiere bebidas carbonatadas cada día de la semana. Además, tomar desayuno de forma habitual se asoció inversamente con el absentismo escolar. Conclusión: Se necesitan llevar a cabo estrategias de educación nutricional entre los estudiantes chilenos, ya que los hábitos dietéticos inadecuados se encuentran asociados con valores más elevados de IMC.

Influence of parents and physical education teachers in adolescent physical activity.

The objective of this study was to analyze the influence of parents and Physical Education teachers on adolescent's extracurricular Physical Activity. Data were obtained from the Chilean System for the Assessment of Educational Quality test with a large representative sample of 23,180 students (11,927 females and 11,253 males aged 13.7 and 13.8 years respectively). The analyzed variables were the extracurricular physical activity of adolescents, parents' and physical education teachers' encouragement to do physical activity and parents' physical activity behavior. Associations between variables were analyzed using chi-squared tests. Two logistic regression models, one adjusted and the other unadjusted, were performed for each physical activity variable (vigorous, moderate, mild and total) in order to obtain odds ratios from parents' and physical education teachers' influence variables. Results showed that parents' influence is more relevant than physical education teachers' influence in order to promote physical activity in adolescents, regardless of age, sex and physical condition.

El objetivo del estudio fue analizar la influencia de los padres y los profesores de Educación Física en la Actividad Física extracurricular de los adolescentes. Los datos fueron obtenidos del Sistema Chileno de Medición de la Calidad de Educación, en una muestra representativa de 23,180 estudiantes (11,927 niñas y 11,253 niños, con una edad media de 13,7 y 13,8 años). Las variables analizadas fueron la Actividad Física extracurricular de los adolescentes, la influencia que ejercían los padres y los profesores de Educación Física para que realicen Actividad Física y la Actividad Física de los padres. Se analizó la asociación entre las variables a través del chi-cuadrado. Dos regresiones logísticas, con y sin ajuste del modelo, fueron realizadas para cada nivel de la Actividad Física (vigorosa, media, baja y total) con el objetivo de obtener los Odds Ratios de las variables relativas a la experiencia de los padres y los profesores de Educación Física. Los resultados muestran que la influencia de los padres es más relevante que la de los profesores de Educación Física a la hora de promover la Actividad Física en los adolescentes, independientemente de la edad, el género o la condición física.

Estereotipos de género en las clases de educación física / Gender stereotypes in physical education classes

En este trabajo se analizan, comparativamente, los estereotipos de género que se reproducen en las clases de Educación Física, tanto desde el hacer docente como desde las actitudes de los profesionales dedicados al área. Se seleccionaron cuatro cursos del Instituto Inmaculada Concepción de la ciudad de Valdivia, Chile. Como técnicas de recogida de información se usaron la observación participante (los cuatro cursos) y la entrevista en profundidad (4 profesoras y 1 profesor). Los procedimientos de análisis empleados, en general se ciñeron a las propuestas de fragmentación y articulación de la "Grounded Theory". Se concluye que los estereotipos de género están presentes desde la educación básica, tanto en las prácticas de la Educación Física Escolar como en las actitudes de los docentes, pero éstos se enfatizan al llegar a la enseñanza media.

In this article, gender stereotypes which take place in PT classes are analyzed (comparatively). These stereotypes are present in the teachers’ everyday tasks and in the attitudes of all teaching professionals. Four classes were selected from the Inmaculada Concepción School (primary and secondary school) in Valdivia, Chile. The techniques used for collecting information were “participant observation” (in the 4 classes) and indepth interview (3 female teachers and 1 male). In general, the used analysis procedures were fragmentation and articulation procedures from the “Grounded Theory”. The conclusion is that gender stereotypes are present from primary education stages, in PT practices as well as in teachers’ attitudes, but these stereotypes become even more emphasized in secondary education.

Capacidad cardio-respiratoria de niños escolares que viven a moderada altitud / Cardiorespiratory capacity in children living at moderate altitude

Objetivo: Determinar la capacidad cardio-respiratoria de niños escolares que viven a moderada altitud. Pacientes y Método: Fueron seleccionados 795 niños (394 niños y 401 niñas) de escuelas públicas del área urbana de moderada altitud (2.320 msnm) de Arequipa, Perú. Se evaluaron variables antropométricas (masa corporal, estatura, porcentaje de grasa) y capacidad cardio-respiratoria a través del test indirecto de Course Navette, considerando las siguientes categorías: deficiente, malo, aceptable, bueno, muy bueno y excelente. Resultados: Los resultados muestran diferencias significativas en todas las categorías (p < 0,05). Se verificó que los valores medios de las categorías malo y deficiente en ambos sexos son inferiores a los de la categoría aceptable (p < 0,05). Se determinó que el 19 por ciento de niños y 21 por ciento de niñas mostraron bajo nivel de capacidad cardio-respiratoria, además se verificó correlación negativa baja con la categoría sobrepeso (r = -0,20 a -0,22) y moderada con la obesidad (r = -0,39 a -0,42) en ambos sexos. Conclusiones: Existen bajos niveles de capacidad cardio-respiratoria en niños de ambos sexos niños escolares que viven a moderada altitud, que se correlaciona negativamente con el exceso de peso corporal. Los resultados sugieren que uno de cada 5 niños se encuentra con posibilidades de padecer algún evento de índole cardiovascular.

Objective: To determine the cardiorespiratory capacity of school children living at moderate altitude. Patients and Method: 795 children (394 children and 401 girls) were selected from urban public schools in Arequipa, Peru at moderate altitude (2,320 m). Anthropometric variables (body mass, height, body fat percentage) and cardiorespiratory capacity were assessed using the Course Navette test, considering the following categories: deficient, poor, fair, good, very good and excellent. Results: The results showed significant differences in all categories (p < 0.05). It was described that the median values of the poor and deficient categories in both gender were lower than what is considered acceptable (p < 0.05). It was concluded that 19 percent of boys and 21 percentof girls showed low level of cardiorespiratory capacity and a low negative correlation with overweight (r = -0.20 to -0.22) and a moderate negative correlation with obesity (r = -0.39 to -0.42) were described for both genders. Conclusions: Low levels of cardiorespiratory capacity in boys and girls living at moderate altitude are observed, which is negatively correlated with excess body weight. The results suggest that 1 in 5 children are likely to suffer some type of cardiovascular event.

[Cardiorespiratory capacity in children living at moderate altitude]. / Capacidad cardio-respiratoria de niños escolares que viven a moderada altitud.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the cardiorespiratory capacity of school children living at moderate altitude. PATIENTS AND METHOD: 795 children (394 children and 401 girls) were selected from urban public schools in Arequipa, Peru at moderate altitude (2,320 m). Anthropometric variables (body mass, height, body fat percentage) and cardiorespiratory capacity were assessed using the Course Navette test, considering the following categories: deficient, poor, fair, good, very good and excellent. RESULTS: The results showed significant differences in all categories (p<0.05). It was described that the median values of the poor and deficient categories in both gender were lower than what is considered acceptable (p<0.05). It was concluded that 19% of boys and 21% of girls showed low level of cardiorespiratory capacity and a low negative correlation with overweight (r=-0.20 to -0.22) and a moderate negative correlation with obesity (r=-0.39 to -0.42) were described for both genders. CONCLUSIONS: Low levels of cardiorespiratory capacity in boys and girls living at moderate altitude are observed, which is negatively correlated with excess body weight. The results suggest that 1 in 5 children are likely to suffer some type of cardiovascular event.