RESUMO
BACKGROUND: Ichthyophthirius multifiliis, commonly known as Ich, is a highly pathogenic ciliate responsible for 'white spot', a disease causing significant economic losses to the global aquaculture industry. Options for disease control are extremely limited, and Ich's obligate parasitic lifestyle makes experimental studies challenging. Unlike most well-studied protozoan parasites, Ich belongs to a phylum composed primarily of free-living members. Indeed, it is closely related to the model organism Tetrahymena thermophila. Genomic studies represent a promising strategy to reduce the impact of this disease and to understand the evolutionary transition to parasitism. RESULTS: We report the sequencing, assembly and annotation of the Ich macronuclear genome. Compared with its free-living relative T. thermophila, the Ich genome is reduced approximately two-fold in length and gene density and three-fold in gene content. We analyzed in detail several gene classes with diverse functions in behavior, cellular function and host immunogenicity, including protein kinases, membrane transporters, proteases, surface antigens and cytoskeletal components and regulators. We also mapped by orthology Ich's metabolic pathways in comparison with other ciliates and a potential host organism, the zebrafish Danio rerio. CONCLUSIONS: Knowledge of the complete protein-coding and metabolic potential of Ich opens avenues for rational testing of therapeutic drugs that target functions essential to this parasite but not to its fish hosts. Also, a catalog of surface protein-encoding genes will facilitate development of more effective vaccines. The potential to use T. thermophila as a surrogate model offers promise toward controlling 'white spot' disease and understanding the adaptation to a parasitic lifestyle.
Assuntos
Infecções por Cilióforos/prevenção & controle , Genômica/métodos , Hymenostomatida/genética , Estágios do Ciclo de Vida , Peixe-Zebra/parasitologia , Animais , Antígenos de Protozoários/genética , Composição de Bases , Mapeamento Cromossômico , DNA Mitocondrial/genética , DNA de Protozoário/genética , Bases de Dados Genéticas , Genes de Protozoários , Tamanho do Genoma , Interações Hospedeiro-Parasita , Hymenostomatida/classificação , Hymenostomatida/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Hymenostomatida/patogenicidade , Ictaluridae/parasitologia , Macronúcleo/genética , Proteínas de Membrana Transportadoras/genética , Redes e Vias Metabólicas , Mitocôndrias/enzimologia , Mitocôndrias/genética , ATPases Mitocondriais Próton-Translocadoras/genética , Anotação de Sequência Molecular , Filogenia , Proteínas Quinases/classificação , Proteínas Quinases/genética , Proteínas de Protozoários/genética , RNA de Protozoário/genética , Peixe-Zebra/genéticaRESUMO
Antibodies in cutaneous mucus and skin of teleosts play a critical role in the protective immune response against infection. We demonstrate by ELISPOT that antibody-secreting cells (ASC), which include LPS-inducible B cells (plasmablasts) and non-replicating plasma cells, reside in low numbers in the skin of channel catfish. Following immunization against the protozoan parasite Ichthyophthirius multifiliis, which infects skin and gills, the number of ASC in skin increased 20-fold, indicating that the number of ASC in skin is dynamic and increases in response to parasite infection. The number of ASC in skin remained elevated for at least 17 weeks after the last parasite exposure. Cutaneous ASC included I. multifiliis-specific ASC, which undoubtedly serve as the primary source of cutaneous antibodies that confer long-term humoral immunity against reinfection. Our demonstration that skin contains B cells and plasma cells suggests that it is an integral component of the teleost immune system.