Predictors of Nocturnal Hypoxemic Burden in Patients Undergoing Elective Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting Surgery.

Background: Nocturnal hypoxemia has been linked to increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Several common diseases, such as sleep-disordered breathing (SDB), heart failure (HF), obesity, and pulmonary disease, coincide with an elevated nocturnal hypoxemic burden with and without repetitive desaturations. Research question: This study aimed to evaluate the association of relevant common diseases with distinctive metrics of nocturnal hypoxemic burden with and without repetitive desaturations in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting surgery. Study design and methods: In this subanalysis of the prospective observational study, CONSIDER-AF (NCT02877745) portable SDB monitoring was performed on 429 patients with severe coronary artery disease the night before cardiac surgery. Pulse oximetry was used to determine nocturnal hypoxemic burden, as defined by total recording time spent with oxygen saturation levels < 90% (T90). T90 was further characterized as T90 due to intermittent hypoxemia (T90desaturation) and T90 due to nonspecific and noncyclic SpO2-drifts (T90non-specific). Results: Multivariable linear regression analysis identified SDB (apnea-hypopnea-index ≥ 15/h; B [95% CI]: 6.5 [0.4; 12.5], p = 0.036), obesity (8.2 [2.5; 13.9], p = 0.005), and mild-to-moderate chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD, 16.7 [8.5; 25.0], p < 0.001) as significant predictors of an increased nocturnal hypoxemic burden. Diseases such as SDB, obesity and HF were significantly associated with elevated T90desaturation. In contrast, obesity and mild-to-moderate COPD were significant modulators of T90non-specific. Interpretation: SDB and leading causes for SDB, such as obesity and HF, are associated with an increased nocturnal hypoxemic burden with repetitive desaturations. Potential causes for hypoventilation syndromes, such as obesity and mild-to-moderate COPD, are linked to an increased hypoxemic burden without repetitive desaturations. Clinical Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT02877745.

Ascending Aortic Pseudostenosis following the Classic Bentall Inclusion Technique.

We present the case of a 52-year-old with a history of aortic valve replacement and replacement of the ascending aorta with the graft inclusion technique presenting with dizziness and collapse. Computed tomography and coronary angiography revealed pseudoaneurysm formation at the anastomotic site causing aortic pseudostenosis. Due to severe calcification of the graft inclusion surrounding the ascending aorta, we performed a redo ascending aortic replacement using a two-circuit cardiopulmonary bypass to avoid deep hypothermic cardiac arrest.

Outcome after veno-venous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in elderly compared to younger patients: A 14-year retrospective observational study.

BACKGROUND: The outcome after veno-venous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in elderly patients is supposed to be unsatisfactory. Our primary aim was to determine the influence of advanced age on short- and long-term outcomes; the secondary aim was to analyze risk factors for impaired outcomes. METHODS: Between January 2006 and June 2020, 755 patients received V-V ECMO support at our department. Patients were grouped according to age (18-49.9, 50-59.9, 60-69.9, ≥70 years old), and then retrospectively analyzed for short- and long-term outcomes. Risk factors for in-hospital mortality and death during follow-up were assessed using multivariate regression analysis. RESULTS: Duration of V-V ECMO support was comparable between all groups median (8-10 days, p = 0.256). Likewise, the weaning rate was comparable in all age groups 68.2%-76.5%; (p = 0.354), but in-hospital mortality was significantly climbing with increasing age (<50 years 30.1%/n = 91 vs. 50-59.9 years 37.1%/n = 73, vs. 60-69.9 years 45.6%/n = 78 vs. ≥70 years 51.8%/n = 44; p < 0.001). Older age groups also showed significantly reduced cerebral performance category scores. The multivariate logistic analysis yielded age, acute and chronic hemodialysis, bilirubin on day 1 of support, malignancy, and primary lung disease as relevant risk factors for in-hospital mortality. Age, coronary artery disease, presence of another primary lung disease, malignancy, and immunosuppression were risk factors for death during follow-up. CONCLUSION: In V-V ECMO patients, advanced age is associated with more comorbidity, impaired short- and long-term outcome, and worse neurological outcome.

Omental Flap for Complex Sternal Wounds and Mediastinal Infection Following Cardiac Surgery.

INTRODUCTION: Omental flap (OF) is a traditional surgical option to counteract severe postcardiotomy mediastinal infection and to cover extensive sternal defects. We reviewed our experience with omental flap transfer (OFT) in various clinical circumstances, in which omentoplasty may be considered by cardiac surgeons. METHODS: Twenty-one patients, who underwent OFT from January 2012 to December 2021, were studied. The main indication was treatment of infected foreign material implants including vascular grafts and ventricular assist devices or prevention of its infection (16 patients). In five patients, an OFT was used to cure mediastinitis following deep sternal wound infection after median sternotomy. RESULTS: All patients had a high surgical risk with 3 ± 1.9 previous sternotomies and a mean Euro Score II of 55.0 ± 20.1. OF was successful in its prophylactic or therapeutic purpose in all patients, no complications related to the operative procedure were noted, that is, no early or late flap failure and no herniation of abdominal organs occurred. In-hospital mortality was six patients as three patients each died from multiple organ dysfunction syndrome and cerebral hemorrhage. All fifteen patients discharged demonstrated rapid recovery, complete wound healing without fistula, and no late gastrointestinal complications. The mean follow-up of 18 months was uneventful. CONCLUSION: OFT seems to be an excellent solution for extensive mediastinal and deep sternal wound infections.

Long-Term Results of Patch Repair in Destructive Valve Endocarditis.

OBJECTIVES: Treatment of destructive endocarditis with abscess formation is a surgical challenge and associated with significant morbidity and mortality. A root replacement is often performed in case of an annular abscess. This retrospective study was designed to assess the long-term outcome of extensive debridement and patch reconstruction as an alternative approach. METHODS: Between November 2007 and November 2016, a selected group of 79 patients (29.6% of all surgical endocarditis cases) with native valve endocarditis (NVE, 53.2%) or prosthetic valve endocarditis (PVE, 46.8%) valve endocarditis underwent surgical therapy with extensive annular debridement and patch reconstruction. Their postoperative course, freedom from recurrent endocarditis, and survival at 1, 5, and 7 years were evaluated. RESULTS: About two-thirds of patients were in a stable condition, one-third of patients were in a critical state. The median logistic EuroSCORE I was 17%. Infected tissue was removed, and defect closure was performed, either with autologous pericardium for small defects, or with bovine pericardium for larger defects. Overall, in-hospital mortality was 11.3% (NVE: 9.7%, PVE: 13.2%; p = 0.412). In single valve endocarditis survival at 1, 5, and 7 years was 81, 72, 72%, respectively for NVE, and 80, 57, 57%, respectively for PVE (p = 0.589), whereas in multiple valve endocarditis survival at 1, 5, and 7 years was 82, 82, 82% for NVE, and 61, 61, and 31%, respectively for PVE (p = 0.132). Confirmed late reinfection was very low. CONCLUSION: Surgical treatment of destructive endocarditis with abscess formation using patch repair techniques offers acceptable early and long-term results. The relapse rate was low. PVE and involvement of multiple valves were associated with worse outcomes.

Outcome after veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in elderly patients: A 14-year single-center experience.

BACKGROUND: Use of veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VA-ECMO) in elderly patients is controversial because of presumed poor outcome. Our primary aim was to determine the influence of advanced age on short- and long-term outcome; the secondary aim was to analyze risk factors for impaired outcome. METHODS: Between January 2006 and June 2020, 645 patients underwent VA-ECMO implantation in our department. The patients were categorized into four groups:<50, 50-59.9, 60-69.9 and ≥70 years old. Data were retrospectively analyzed for short- and long-term outcome. Risk factors for in-hospital mortality and mortality during follow-up were assessed using multivariate regression analysis. RESULTS: VA-ECMO support duration was comparable in all age groups (median 3 days). Weaning rates were 60.8%/n = 104 (<50 years), 51.4%/n = 90 (50-59.9 years), 58.8%/n = 107 (60-69.9), and 67.5%/n = 79 (≥70, p = 0.048). Hospital mortality was highest in the patients aged 50-59.9 years (68%/n = 119), but not in the elderly patients (60-69.9, ≥70:62.1%/n = 113, 58,1%/n = 68). At discharge, the cerebral performance category scores were superior in the patients <50 years. Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed chronic kidney failure requiring hemodialysis, duration of cardiopulmonary resuscitation, and elevated blood lactate levels before VA-ECMO, but not age as predictors of in-hospital mortality. Cox's regression disclosed age as relevant risk factor for death during follow-up. The patients' physical ability was comparable in all age groups. CONCLUSION: VA-ECMO support should not be declined in patients only because of advanced age. Mortality and neurological status at hospital discharge and during follow-up were comparable in all age groups.

SAR296968, a Novel Selective Na+/Ca2+ Exchanger Inhibitor, Improves Ca2+ Handling and Contractile Function in Human Atrial Cardiomyocytes.

BACKGROUND: In reverse-mode, cardiac sodium-calcium exchanger (NCX) can increase the cytoplasmic Ca2+ concentration in response to high intracellular Na+ levels, which may contribute to diastolic contractile dysfunction. Furthermore, increased spontaneous Ca2+ release from intracellular stores can activate forward mode NCX. The resulting transient inward current causes delayed afterdepolarization (DAD)-dependent arrhythmias. Moreover, recently, NCX has been associated with impaired relaxation and reduced cardiac function in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF). Since NCX is upregulated in human chronic atrial fibrillation (AF) as well as heart failure (HF), specific inhibition may have therapeutic potential. OBJECTIVE: We tested the antiarrhythmic, lusitropic and inotropic effects of a novel selective NCX-inhibitor (SAR296968) in human atrial myocardium. METHODS AND RESULTS: Right atrial appendage biopsies of 46 patients undergoing elective cardiac surgery in a predominant HFpEF cohort (n = 24/46) were investigated. In isolated human atrial cardiomyocytes, SAR296968 reduced the frequency of spontaneous SR Ca2+ release events and increased caffeine transient amplitude. In accordance, in isolated atrial trabeculae, SAR296968 enhanced the developed tension after a 30 s pause of electrical stimulation consistent with reduced diastolic sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) Ca2+ leak. Moreover, compared to vehicle, SAR296968 decreased steady-state diastolic tension (at 1 Hz) without impairing developed systolic tension. Importantly, SAR296968 did not affect the safety parameters, such as resting membrane potential or action potential duration as measured by patch clamp. CONCLUSION: The novel selective NCX-inhibitor SAR296968 inhibits atrial pro-arrhythmic activity and improves diastolic and contractile function in human atrial myocardium, which may have therapeutic implications, especially for treatment of HFpEF.

Reliability of prognostic biomarkers after prehospital extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation with target temperature management.

BACKGROUND: Extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation (ECPR) performed at the emergency scene in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) can minimize low-flow time. Target temperature management (TTM) after cardiac arrest can improve neurological outcome. A combination of ECPR and TTM, both implemented as soon as possible on scene, appears to have promising results in OHCA. To date, it is still unknown whether the implementation of TTM and ECPR on scene affects the time course and value of neurological biomarkers. METHODS: 69 ECPR patients were examined in this study. Blood samples were collected between 1 and 72 h after ECPR and analyzed for S100, neuron-specific enolase (NSE), lactate, D-dimers and interleukin 6 (IL6). Cerebral performance category (CPC) scores were used to assess neurological outcome after ECPR upon hospital discharge. Resuscitation data were extracted from the Regensburg extracorporeal membrane oxygenation database and all data were analyzed by a statistician. The data were analyzed using non-parametric methods. Diagnostic accuracy of biomarkers was determined by area under the curve (AUC) analysis. Results were compared to the relevant literature. RESULTS: Non-hypoxic origin of cardiac arrest, manual chest compression until ECPR, a short low-flow time until ECPR initiation, low body mass index (BMI) and only a minimal need of extra-corporeal membrane oxygenation support were associated with a good neurological outcome after ECPR. Survivors with good neurological outcome had significantly lower lactate, IL6, D-dimer, and NSE values and demonstrated a rapid decrease in the initial S100 value compared to non-survivors. CONCLUSIONS: A short low-flow time until ECPR initiation is important for a good neurological outcome. Hypoxia-induced cardiac arrest has a high mortality rate even when ECPR and TTM are performed at the emergency scene. ECPR patients with a higher BMI had a worse neurological outcome than patients with a normal BMI. The prognostic biomarkers S100, NSE, lactate, D-dimers and IL6 were reliable indicators of neurological outcome when ECPR and TTM were performed at the emergency scene.

A decade of surgical therapy in an all-comer cohort with type A aortic dissection.

BACKGROUND: We reported on a decade of aortic surgery for type A aortic dissection to assess surgical techniques employed and outcomes over time in an all-comer analysis of a mid-size university cardiosurgical center. METHODS: From 2009 to 2018, 283 patients (189 males and 94 females, mean age 62 years, range 30-85 years), who underwent surgical therapy for type A aortic dissection in our institution were included in a retrospective statistical analysis. RESULTS: Among all the patients, 55.5% of them were hemodynamically stable, 10.3% came in intubated. A neurological deficit was present in 18.9% of cases, extremity malperfusion was noted in 17.4%, and abdominal malperfusion detected in 8.2%. The extent of the aortic dissection corresponded to DeBakey type I in 88% of cases, a thoracoabdominal involvement was seen in 64%. In 51.9% of patients, only the ascending aorta replaced, another 40.6% of patients had proximal arch replacement too. A separate stent placement into the descending aorta was achieved in 13.4% of patients, during surgery (5.7%) or thereafter (7.7%). Overall survival to discharge was 79.5%. Most frequent complications were stroke and paralysis (15.2%), but only visceral malperfusion (OR 9.0) and heart failure mandating ECMO therapy (OR 29.5) were associated with significantly increased mortality. CONCLUSIONS: Surgery for type A aortic dissection is still challenging. Along with the refinement of surgical techniques, the indication for the various procedures has moved from a simplified general strategy to a more individualized concept.

Central Sleep Apnea Predicts Pulmonary Complications After Cardiac Surgery.

BACKGROUND: Postoperative major pulmonary complications (MPCs) continue to be leading causes of increased morbidity and death after cardiac surgery. Although various risk factors have been identified, reports on the association between sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) and postoperative MPCs remain inconclusive. RESEARCH QUESTION: What is the incidence of the composite end point postoperative MPCs? What are predictors for postoperative MPCs in patients without SDB, with OSA, and with central sleep apnea (CSA) who undergo cardiac surgery? STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: In this subanalysis of the ongoing prospective observational study "Impact of Sleep-disordered breathing on Atrial Fibrillation and Perioperative complications in Patients undergoing Coronary Artery Bypass grafting Surgery (CONSIDER AF)," preoperative risk factors for postoperative MPCs were examined in 250 patients who underwent cardiac surgery. Postoperative MPCs (including respiratory failure, acute respiratory distress syndrome, pneumonia, or pulmonary embolism) were registered prospectively within the first seven postoperative days. Presence and type of SDB were assessed the night prior to surgery with the use of portable SDB-monitoring. RESULTS: Patients with SDB experienced significantly more often postoperative MPCs than patients without SDB (24% vs 7%; P < .001). Multivariable logistic regression analysis showed that CSA (OR, 4.68 [95% CI, 1.78-12.26]; P = .002), heart failure (OR, 2.65 [95% CI, 1.11-6.31]; P = .028), and a history of transient ischemic attack or stroke (OR, 2.73 [95% CI, 1.07-6.94]; P = .035) were associated significantly with postoperative MPCs. Compared with patients without MPCs, those with postoperative MPCs had a significantly longer hospital stay (median days, 9 [25th/75th percentile, 7/13] vs 19 [25th/75th percentile, 11/38]; P < .001). INTERPRETATION: Among established risk factors for postoperative MPCs, CSA, heart failure, and history of transient ischemic attack or stroke were associated significantly with postoperative MPCs. Our findings contribute to the identification of patients who are at high-risk for postoperative MPCs. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov identifier NCT02877745.

Extracorporeal Life Support in Postcardiotomy Cardiogenic Shock: A View on Scenario, Outcome, and Risk Factors in 261 Patients.

BACKGROUND: Weaning failure from cardiopulmonary bypass, postoperative low cardiac output (LCO), and cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) are common scenarios preceding extracorporeal life support (ECLS) implantation after cardiac surgery. The impact of these scenarios on short- and long-term outcome are not well described. METHODS: Between March 2006 and December 2018, 261 patients received ECLS support after cardiac surgery. Data of patients with weaning failure (NW), postoperative LCO, and CPR leading to ECLS implantation were retrospectively analyzed regarding outcome. Risk factors for outcome after postcardiotomy ECLS were assessed by uni- or multivariate regression analysis. RESULTS: Median duration of extracorporeal support was 5.5 ± 8.5 days. Overall mortality on ECLS was 39.1%. Scenario analysis revealed weaning failure from cardiopulmonary bypass in 40.6%, postoperative LCO in 24.5%, and postoperative CPR in 34.9% leading to initiation of ECLS. Most common cause of death was refractory LCO (25.3%). Overall follow-up survival was 23.7%. Survival after weaning and during follow-up in all subgroups was 9.2% (CPR), 5.0% (LCO), and 9.6% (NW), respectively. Uni- or multivariate regression analysis revealed age, aortic surgery, and vasopressor medication level on day 1 as risk for death on support, as well as postoperative renal failure, and body mass index (BMI) as risk factors for death during follow-up. CONCLUSION: Mortality after postcardiotomy ECLS is high. Overall, outcome after CPR, NW, weaning failure and LCO is comparable. Postoperative resuscitation does not negatively affect outcome after postcardiotomy ECLS. Neurological status of ECLS survivors is good.

The oral Ca/calmodulin-dependent kinase II inhibitor RA608 improves contractile function and prevents arrhythmias in heart failure.

AIMS: Excessive activation of Ca/calmodulin-dependent kinase II (CaMKII) is of critical importance in heart failure (HF) and atrial fibrillation. Unfortunately, lack of selectivity, specificity, and bioavailability have slowed down development of inhibitors for clinical use. We investigated a novel CaMKIIδ/CaMKIIÉ£-selective, ATP-competitive, orally available CaMKII inhibitor (RA608) on right atrial biopsies of 119 patients undergoing heart surgery. Furthermore, we evaluated its oral efficacy to prevent deterioration of HF in mice after transverse aortic constriction (TAC). METHODS AND RESULTS: In human atrial cardiomyocytes and trabeculae, respectively, RA608 significantly reduced sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca leak, reduced diastolic tension, and increased sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca content. Patch-clamp recordings confirmed the safety of RA608 in human cardiomyocytes. C57BL6/J mice were subjected to TAC, and left ventricular function was monitored by echocardiography. Two weeks after TAC, RA608 was administered by oral gavage for 7 days. Oral RA608 treatment prevented deterioration of ejection fraction. At 3 weeks after TAC, ejection fraction was 46.1 ± 3.7% (RA608) vs. 34.9 ± 2.6% (vehicle), n = 9 vs. n = 12, P < 0.05, ANOVA, which correlated with significantly less CaMKII autophosphorylation at threonine 287. Moreover, a single oral dose significantly reduced inducibility of atrial and ventricular arrhythmias in CaMKIIδ transgenic mice 4 h after administration. Atrial fibrillation was induced in 6/6 mice for vehicle vs. 1/7 for RA608, P < 0.05, 'n - 1' χ2 test. Ventricular tachycardia was induced in 6/7 for vehicle vs. 2/7 for RA608, P < 0.05, 'n - 1' χ2 test. CONCLUSIONS: RA608 is the first orally administrable CaMKII inhibitor with potent efficacy in human myocytes. Moreover, oral administration potently inhibits arrhythmogenesis and attenuates HF development in mice in vivo.

Increasing use of the Impella®-pump in severe cardiogenic shock: a word of caution.

Impella® pumps are increasingly utilized in patients in cardiogenic shock. We report on a case series where Impella support was insufficient, and a switch to venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VA ECMO) became necessary. ECMO patients with previous Impella devices were identified utilizing our institutional ECMO database. Since 2014, 10 patients with a mean age of 62 ± 3 years were identified. Despite correct placement of all Impella pumps, cardiogenic shock persisted with progressive multi-organ failure (Impella type 2.5/CP n = 6/4 patients). Femoro-femoral VA ECMO was implanted percutaneously on the contralateral side with the Impella initially left on standby but retracted into the descending aorta for transport reasons after a mean support time of 20 ± 8 h. All patients were able to unload their heart by left ventricular ejection with a blood pressure amplitude of 15 ± 3 mmHg on VA ECMO support. After VA ECMO implantation haemodynamic parameters improved significantly within 24 h of support (mean serum lactate levels decreased from 92 ± 17 to 44 ± 10 mg/dl, P = 0.031). Survival to hospital discharge was 70%. These data indicate that the Impella 2.5® and CP® might not be sufficient in profound cardiogenic shock. Comparative studies are necessary to specify which patient population benefits from which type of circulatory support.

Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation for Massive Pulmonary Embolism as Bridge to Therapy.

Pulmonary Embolism (PE) is a common illness in western countries. The purpose of this study is to report the institutional experience with massive PE and Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation (ECMO) in inoperable patients on admission. A retrospective analysis using the institutional ECMO-registry including the time between 2006 and 2017 was performed. During the study period, 75 patients (n = 46 patients venoarterial [VA], n = 29 patients venovenous [VV]) were placed on ECMO for massive PE. The primary support for massive PE consists of VA; however, VV support can be applied as well in selected cases as this work demonstrates. In the VA group, more patients (38 vs. 83%, P = 0.001) required mechanical resuscitation whereas in the VV group a more aggressive ventilation before support was noted (e.g. minute ventilation: VA=8.8 ± 3.7 L/min, VV=11.5 ± 4.5 L/min, P = 0.01). Survival to discharge was similar in VV and VA patients (45 vs. 48%, P = 0.9). Patients who received additional therapeutic interventions after stabilization with ECMO - e.g. surgical thrombectomy - displayed a similar survival compared with those being only anticoagulated (44% vs. 49%, P = 0.40). ECMO is feasible for initial stabilization serving as a bridge to therapy in primarily inoperable patients with massive PE. The principal configuration of support is VA; however, VV can be applied as well in selected hemodynamically compromised cases under aggressive ventilation.

Is there really a benefit of using minimized cardiopulmonary bypass in CABG? A retrospective propensity score-matched study with 5000 cases.

The concept of minimized cardiopulmonary bypass targets at reduction of adverse effects triggered by extracorporeal circulation. In this study, benefits of minimized bypass in CABG were evaluated under particular consideration of patient body mass index and surgeon impact. From 2004 to 2014, 5164 patients underwent coronary bypass surgery (CABG). Conventional cardiopulmonary bypass (CCPB) was used in 2376 patients, minimized cardiopulmonary bypass (MCPB) in 2788 cases. Multivariate regression models were used in the entire cohort and in a propensity score-matched subgroup after expert CABG to figure out clinical differences such as mortality, postoperative renal function, and thromboembolic events. Overall mortality was 1.5% (n = 41) in the MCPB group and 3.5% (n = 82) in CCPB patients (p < 0.001). Postoperative renal failure and hemodialysis occurred in 2.6% (n = 72/MCPB) vs. 5.3% (n = 122/CCPB (p < 0.001). Multivariable regression revealed use of CCPB as risk factor for increased mortality (OR 2.01, p = 0.001), renal failure (OR 1.79, p < 0.001), and myocardial infarction (OR 1.98, p < 0.001) comparable to risk factors such as preoperative ventilation (OR 2.26, p = 0.048), diabetes mellitus (OR 1.68, p = 0.001), and cardiogenic shock (OR 3.81, p = 0.002). Body mass index had no effect on the analyzed outcome parameters (OR 0.92, p = 0.002). Propensity score-matching analysis of an expert CABG subgroup revealed CCPB as risk factor for mortality (OR 2.26, p = 0.004) and postoperative hemodialysis (OR 1.74, p = 0.017). Compared to conventional circuits, minimized bypass use in CABG is associated with lower mortality and less postoperative renal failure. A high body mass index is feasible and not a risk factor for MCPB surgery.

Predictors of delirium after cardiac surgery in patients with sleep disordered breathing.

INTRODUCTION: Delirium ranks among the most common complications after cardiac surgery. Although various risk factors have been identified, the association between sleep disordered breathing (SDB) and delirium has barely been examined so far. Here, our objectives were to determine the incidence of post-operative delirium and to identify the risk factors for delirium in patients with and without SDB. METHODS: This subanalysis of the ongoing prospective observational study CONSIDER-AF (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier NCT02877745) examined risk factors for delirium in 141 patients undergoing cardiac surgery. The presence and type of SDB were assessed with a portable SDB monitor the night before surgery. Delirium was prospectively assessed with the validated Confusion Assessment Method for the Intensive Care Unit on the day of extubation and for a maximum of 3 days. RESULTS: Delirium was diagnosed in 23% of patients: in 16% of patients without SDB, in 13% with obstructive sleep apnoea and in 49% with central sleep apnoea. Multivariable logistic regression analysis showed that delirium was independently associated with age ≥70 years (OR 5.63, 95% CI 1.79-17.68; p=0.003), central sleep apnoea (OR 4.99, 95% CI 1.41-17.69; p=0.013) and heart failure (OR 3.3, 95% CI 1.06-10.35; p=0.039). Length of hospital stay and time spent in the intensive care unit/intermediate care setting were significantly longer for patients with delirium. CONCLUSIONS: Among the established risk factors for delirium, central sleep apnoea was independently associated with delirium. Our findings contribute to identifying patients at high risk of developing post-operative delirium who may benefit from intensified delirium prevention strategies.

Conventional or minimized cardiopulmonary bypass support during coronary artery bypass grafting? - An analysis by means of perfusion and body mass index.

The use of minimized cardiopulmonary bypass support to reduce the side effects of extracorporeal circulation is still contradictorily discussed. This study compares perfusion operated by conventional (CCPB) and minimized (MCPB) cardiopulmonary bypass support during coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). This study includes the data of 5164 patients treated at our department between 2004 and 2014. Tissue perfusion during cardiopulmonary bypass support and cardiac arrest was assessed by means of body mass index, hemodilution, blood pressure with corresponding pump flow and venous oxygen saturation, serum lactate, and serum pH. Hemodilution was more pronounced after CCPB: hemoglobin had dropped to 4.47 ± 0.142 g/dL after CCPB and to 2.77 ± 0.148 g/dL after MCPB (P = 0.0022). Despite the higher pump flow in conventional circuits (4.86-4.95 L/min vs. 4.1-4.18 L/min), mean blood pressure was higher during minimized bypass support (53 ± 10 vs. 56 ± 13 mm Hg [aortic clamping], 57 ± 9 vs. 61 ± 12 mm Hg [34°C], 55 ± 9 vs.59 ± 11 mm Hg [aortic clamp removal], P < 0.0001) at all time points. Venous oxygen saturation remained on comparable levels of >70% during both conventional and minimized cardiopulmonary bypass support. The increase in serum lactate was more pronounced after CCPB (8.98 ± 1.28 vs. 3.66 ± 1.25 mg/dL, P = 0.0079), corresponding to a decrease in serum pH to acidotic levels (7.33 ± 0.06 vs. 7.35 ± 0.06, P < 0.0001). These effects were evident in all BMI ranges. Minimized cardiopulmonary bypass support provides efficient perfusion in all BMI ranges and is thus equivalent to conventional circuits.

Postoperative complications after elective coronary artery bypass grafting surgery in patients with sleep-disordered breathing.

BACKGROUND: Sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) may increase the risk of postoperative complications in patients after cardiac surgery. This study evaluated the length of hospital stay as well as postoperative cardiac, respiratory, and renal complications after elective coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) in patients without SDB, with central sleep apnea (CSA), or with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). METHODS: The presence and type of SDB had been assessed with polygraphic recordings in 100 patients the night before elective CABG surgery. SDB was defined as an apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) of ≥ 15/h. Prolonged length of hospital stay (LOS) and postoperative hemodynamic instability due to any cause were retrospectively evaluated as primary endpoints and cardiac, respiratory, and renal complications as secondary endpoints. RESULTS: 37% of patients had SDB, 14% CSA, and 23% OSA. LOS differed significantly between patients without SDB and those with CSA and OSA [median (25;75. percentile): 8.0 days (7.5;11.0) vs. 9.5 days (7.0;12.5) vs. 12.0 days (9.0;17.0), Kruskal-Wallis test between three groups: p = 0.023; OSA vs. no SDB: p = 0.005]. AHI was significantly associated with prolonged LOS [> 9 days; odds ratio (OR) (95% confidence interval): 1.047 (1.001;1.095), p = 0.044]. Prolonged need of vasopressors (≥ 48 h) was observed in 36% of patients without SDB, in 64% with CSA, and in 62% with OSA (p = 0.037). AHI was significantly associated with prolonged (≥ 48 h) need of vasopressors [OR (95% CI): 1.052 (1.002;1.104), p = 0.040], independent of any confounders. CONCLUSIONS: SDB, particularly OSA, is associated with prolonged LOS after CABG, independent of known confounders. Prolonged LOS in patients with SDB may be due to increased postoperative hemodynamic instability due to any cause.

NSE serum levels in extracorporeal life support patients-Relevance for neurological outcome?

BACKGROUND: Good neurological outcome is a major determinant after cardiac resuscitation. Extracorporeal life support may rapidly stabilize the patient, but cerebral ischemia remains a frequent complication relevant for further therapy. The aim of this study was to prove the value of NSE to indicate cerebral injury in patients with extracorporeal support after CPR. METHODS: 159 patients with CPR were included. NSE 48h peak levels and trends were tested for usability as predictive marker of brain injury, in-hospital mortality and long-term outcome. RESULTS: Overall mortality in this cohort was 53.5%. Incidence of relevant brain injury was 34.6% with severe diffuse hypoxia in 23.2%. NSE peaks were comparable in patients with and without focal ischemia, but were increased in patients with severe diffuse hypoxic injury (p<0.0001). ROC analysis (area under the curve) of peak values indicating brain injury and in-hospital mortality was 0.73 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.65-0.82) and 0.74 (95% CI 0.66-0.81), respectively. NSE increased in 56.6% of patients with a sensitivity of 0.82 (95% CI 0.69-0.92) and a specificity of 0.43 (CI 0.0.31-0.55) indicating cerebral injury. Sensitivity and specificity of NSE peak levels >100µg/L was 0.6 (CI 0.49-0.72) and 0.74 (CI 0.63-0.84). In-hospital mortality of patients with NSE >100µg/L was 71.7%. 46.2% of discharged patients are in good neurological status (cerebral performance category scale [CPC] 1-2). Patients with NSE <100µg/L showed an in-hospital mortality of 36.4%, and good neurological status in 67.9%. CONCLUSION: NSE monitoring reliably indicates relevant cerebral injury in patients on extracorporeal support after cardiopulmonary resuscitation.

Long-term survival and quality of life after extracorporeal life support: a 10-year report.

OBJECTIVES: Information is lacking about long-term survival and quality of life (QOL) after treating patients on extracorporeal life support. METHODS: Outcome data were assessed by phone interviews, a QOL analysis using the EuroQol 5-dimensions questionnaire and a retrospective inquiry of the Regensburg ECMO Registry database for the decade 2006-2015. A statistical analysis was obtained by comparing patients with a cardiosurgical intervention (CS = 189 patients) with those without (w/oCS = 307 patients). RESULTS: Survival to discharge in the w/oCS group was higher than that in the CS group (w/oCS: 41.7% vs CS: 29.5%; P = 0.004). A Kaplan-Meier analysis showed a significant difference between both groups in favour of patients w/oCS (log rank P = 0.02). This difference was no longer statistically significant after propensity score matching ( P = 0.07). The 1- and 2-year survival rates of discharged patients were 67% and 50% in the w/oCS group vs 60% and 45% in the CS group (log rank P = 0.29). Eighty-two patients answered the QOL questionnaire after a mean follow-up time of 4.2 ± 2.9 years. A total of 75% could handle their daily life; 57% were not limited in their usual activities. Mobility impairment was noted in 50%; 25% returned to work or school. There were no differences in the EuroQol 5-dimension indices between the patient groups. However, compared to a normative age-matched population, significantly lower indices were calculated. CONCLUSIONS: Long-term survival rates in patients requiring extracorporeal life support are acceptable with a probable advantage for patients without an operation and a narrowed QOL. The results are promising and encouraging, but there is also a need for improvement.