RESUMO
Introduction: Although numerous countries relied on contact-tracing (CT) applications as an epidemic control measure against the COVID-19 pandemic, the debate around their effectiveness is still open. Most studies indicate that very high levels of adoption are required to stop disease progression, placing the main interest of policymakers in promoting app adherence. However, other factors of human behavior, like delays in adherence or heterogeneous compliance, are often disregarded. Methods: To characterize the impact of human behavior on the effectiveness of CT apps we propose a multilayer network model reflecting the co-evolution of an epidemic outbreak and the app adoption dynamics over a synthetic population generated from survey data. The model was initialized to produce epidemic outbreaks resembling the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic and was used to explore the impact of different changes in behavioral features in peak incidence and maximal prevalence. Results: The results corroborate the relevance of the number of users for the effectiveness of CT apps but also highlight the need for early adoption and, at least, moderate levels of compliance, which are factors often not considered by most policymakers. Discussion: The insight obtained was used to identify a bottleneck in the implementation of several apps, such as the Spanish CT app, where we hypothesize that a simplification of the reporting system could result in increased effectiveness through a rise in the levels of compliance.