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Research on false memory in bilinguals using the DRM task has shown that false memories transfer across languages, but comparisons to within-language conditions have yielded mixed results. In two experiments, Spanish-English bilinguals completed standardized language assessments and a DRM task. Experiment 1 (N = 96) had several study-recall cycles before a final recognition test, and Experiment 2 (N = 72) only tested recognition. Relative to within-language conditions, more critical lures were recalled when the language changed from study to test and when words were studied in mixed-language sequences. With no prior recall test, the rate of critical lure recognition did not differ across language conditions. Language proficiency was not associated with the false-memory effects. Associations of false and veridical memory were negative in recall and positive in recognition. Overall, the findings indicate that proficient bilinguals can integrate information across their languages via a shared semantic network to form false memories.
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Two experiments with monolingual and bilingual participants tested memory for sources (speakers) and destinations (listeners) in conversations consisting of self-referential statements. In Experiment 1, participants directly interacted in English conversations with audio-visually recorded confederates. In Experiment 2, participants observed recorded conversations among confederates. In both conversational situations, source memory was more accurate than destination memory, indicating that the attentional resources consumed by self-focus or sentence production/completion do not explain why destinations are less well remembered than sources in direct-interaction conversations. Source and destination memory were positively associated with item memory at the participant level, indicating that stronger item encoding is associated with stronger encoding of contextual information. In the observed conversations, source and destination accuracy were negatively associated at the trial level, indicating that these features of the memory episode are not encoded independently, and there is a tradeoff in the encoding of these contextual features. Item memory did not differ for monolinguals and bilinguals and was positively associated with proficiency only in conversations with direct interaction. In the observational setting (but not the direct-interaction setting), source and destination memory were more accurate for bilinguals than monolinguals. This finding suggests that bilinguals allocate attention more efficiently than monolinguals when the cognitive demands of sentence production are eliminated. Proficiency in English was positively associated with memory for the appropriate conversational partner only when participants had to produce sentence frames and complete them with self-generated information, suggesting that language proficiency is beneficial when cognitive demands are high.
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Recognition of speech in noise is facilitated when spoken sentences are repeated a few minutes later, but the levels of representation involved in this effect have not been specified. Three experiments tested whether the effect would transfer across modalities and languages. In Experiment 1, participants listened to sets of high- and low-constraint sentences and read other sets in an encoding phase. At test, these sentences and new sentences were presented in noise, and participants attempted to report the final word of each sentence. Recognition was more accurate for repeated than for new sentences in both modalities. Experiment 2 was identical except for the implementation of an articulatory suppression task at encoding to reduce phonological recoding during reading. The cross-modal repetition priming effect persisted but was weaker than when the modality was the same at encoding and test. Experiment 3 showed that the repetition priming effect did not transfer across languages in bilinguals. Taken together, the results indicate that the facilitated recognition of repeated speech is based on a combination of modality-specific processes at the phonological word form level and modality-general processes at the lemma level of lexical representation, but the semantic level of representation is not involved.
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Percepção da Fala , Fala , Humanos , Priming de Repetição , Idioma , SemânticaRESUMO
Our aim was to determine the incidence disseminated histoplasmosis and cryptococcal antigenemia among 280 patients with a CD4<350 cells/mm3 attending a large HIV clinic in Trinidad over the period November 2021-June 2022. Sera were screened for cryptococcal antigen (CrAg) using the Immy CrAg Immunoassay (EIA) and the Immy CrAg lateral flow assay (LFA). Urine was screened for Histoplasma antigen using the Immy EIA and the Optimum Imaging Diagnostics (OIDx) LFA. For the purposes of analysis, it was assumed, that all patients with positive urine Histoplasma antigen tests by both EIA and LFA and those with a single positive urine Histoplasma antigen test and clinical features of disseminated histoplasmosis were true positives. The incidence of probable disseminated histoplasmosis and cryptococcal antigenemia were 6.4% (18/280) and 2.5% (7/280) respectively. The sensitivity and specificity of the Immy Histoplasma EIA were 100% (95% CI, 81.5%-100%) and 98.5% (95% CI, 96.1% - 99.6%) respectively as compared to the OIDx Histoplasma LFA of 88.9% (95% CI, 65.3% - 98.6%) and 93.9% (95% CI, 90.3% - 96.5%) respectively, with substantial agreement between the 2 test kits (Kappa value = 0.763; 95% CI 0.685, 0.841). Testing for disseminated histoplasmosis in HIV patients is important in endemic areas.
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Cryptococcus , Infecções por HIV , Histoplasmose , Meningite Criptocócica , Humanos , Histoplasmose/diagnóstico , Histoplasmose/epidemiologia , Infecções por HIV/complicações , Infecções por HIV/epidemiologia , Trinidad e Tobago/epidemiologia , Incidência , Histoplasma , Antígenos de FungosRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Persons living with HIV may be at risk of more severe forms of COVID-19 infection and minimizing health risks largely depends on their acceptance of the COVID-19 vaccinations. OBJECTIVE: This study examined the correlates and predictors of COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy among persons living with HIV in Trinidad and Tobago. METHODS: A cross-sectional survey using a structured interview was conducted. Data were compiled on patient socio-demographics, diagnosed chronic diseases, psychological factors, and decisions to take the COVID-19 vaccine. Pearson χ2 tests examined the associations between study variables and COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy, and multivariable logistic regression analyses examined its predictors. RESULTS: In this study, 84% were virally suppressed, i.e., HIV viral load <1000 copies/ml. COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy was found to be 39%. Univariate analysis showed that higher vaccine hesitancy was significantly associated with females (OR 2.02, 95% CI 1.23-3.33) and patients of mixed ethnicity (OR 1.84, 95% CI 1.07-3.15). In our multivariable analysis, psychological factors namely, confidence in the COVID-19 vaccine (OR 0.16, 95% CI 0.05-0.47), the perceived benefits of the vaccine (OR 0.54, 95% CI 0.37-0.79), and cues to action (OR 0.68, 95% CI 0.47-0.97) were observed as predictors of COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy. CONCLUSION: Psychological factors such as confidence in the COVID-19 vaccine, perceived benefits of the vaccine, and cues to action were possible predictors of COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy. This study underscored the continued need for strategies to increase confidence and knowledge about the benefits of taking the COVID-19 vaccine among persons living with HIV.
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Background: The mixture of different metallic nanoparticles released from intended and unintended wearing of orthopaedic implants such as the Co/Cr cup and head, Co/Cr sleeves or tapers and their interface with Ti stems in the case of hip prostheses are a leading cause of adverse inflammatory responses and cytotoxicity to the host. Methods: This study assessed the in vitro cytotoxic effects of three metallic nanoparticles (Co, Cr and Ti) separately and in combination on macrophages. The in vivo effects were also evaluated after peri-tibial soft tissue injection in mice. Results: The results demonstrated that Co, Cr, and Ti nanoparticles and their combination were phagocytosed by macrophages both in vitro and in vivo. High doses of nanoparticles from each individual metal caused a variable rate of cell death in vitro. However, the mixture of Co/Cr/Ti nanoparticles was more toxic than the Co, Cr or Ti metals alone at low doses. Intracellular distribution of Co, Cr, and Ti in the combined group was heterogeneous and associated with distinct morphological features. The results from in vivo experiments showed a significant increase in the mRNA levels of interleukin (IL)-1ß, IL-6, IL-8 and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α in peri-tibial soft tissue following the administration of Co alone as well as the combination of nanoparticles. Conclusion: This study demonstrated that the combination of Co/Cr/Ti nanoparticles was more cytotoxic than any of the individual metals in vitro and induced higher expression of genes encoding pro-inflammatory cytokines than single metals in vivo. The in vivo model utilised in this study might provide a useful tool for rapid assessment of the effects of unintended release of metal nanoparticles from implants in pre-/post-marketing studies. Translational potential of this article: This study highlights the importance of preclinical assessments of potential nanoparticles produced by wear and tear of metal implants using macrophages and animal models, in particular their combinational toxicity in addition to the assessments of the bulk metallic materials.
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Comprehension or production of isolated words and production of words embedded in sentence contexts facilitated later production in previous research. The present study examined the extent to which contextualized comprehension exposures would impact later production. Two repetition priming experiments were conducted with Spanish-English bilingual participants. In Experiment 1 (N = 112), all encoding stimuli were presented visually, and in Experiment 2 (N = 112), all encoding stimuli were presented auditorily. After reading/listening or translating isolated words or words embedded in sentences at encoding, pictures corresponding to each target word were named aloud. Repetition priming relative to new items was measured in RT and accuracy. Relative to isolated encoding, sentence encoding reduced RT priming but not accuracy priming. In reading/listening encoding conditions, both isolated and embedded words elicited accuracy priming in picture naming, but only isolated words elicited RT priming. In translation encoding conditions, repetition priming effects in RT (but not accuracy) were stronger for lower-frequency words and with lower proficiency in the picture-naming response language. RT priming was strongest when the translation response at encoding was produced in the same language as final picture naming. In contrast, accuracy priming was strongest when the translation stimulus at encoding was comprehended in the same language as final picture naming. Thus, comprehension at encoding increased the rate of successful retrieval, whereas production at encoding speeded later production. Practice of comprehension may serve to gradually move less well-learned words from receptive to productive vocabulary.
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Compreensão , Idioma , Compreensão/fisiologia , Humanos , Leitura , Priming de Repetição/fisiologia , VocabulárioRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Patients who default from HIV care are usually poorly adherent to antiretroviral treatment which results in suboptimal viral suppression. The study assessed the outcomes of retention in care and viral suppression by expansion of an intervention using two patient tracers to track patients lost to follow up at a large HIV clinic in Trinidad. METHODS: Two Social Workers were trained as patient tracers and hired for 15 months (April 2017-June 2018) to call patients who were lost to follow up for 30 days or more during the period July 2016-May 2018 at the HIV clinic Medical Research Foundation of Trinidad and Tobago. RESULTS: Over the 15-month period, of the of 2473 patients who missed their scheduled visits for 1 month or more, 261 (10.6%) patients were no longer in active care-89 patients dead, 65 migrated, 55 hospitalized, 33 transferred to another treatment clinic and 19 incarcerated. Of the remaining 2212 patients eligible for tracing, 1869 (84.5%) patients were returned to care, 1278 (68.6%) were virally unsuppressed (viral load > 200 copies/ml) and 1727 (92.4%) were re-initiated on ART. Twelve months after their return, 1341 (71.7%) of 1869 patients were retained in care and 1154 (86.1%) of these were virally suppressed. Multivariate analysis using logistic regression showed that persons were more likely to be virally suppressed if they were employed (OR, 1.39; 95% CI 1.07-1.80), if they had baseline CD4 counts < 200 cells/mm3 (OR, 1.71; 95% CI 1.26-2.32) and if they were retained in care at 12 months (OR, 2.48; 95% CI 1.90-3.24). Persons initiated on ART for 4-6 years (OR, 3.09; 95% CI 1.13-8.48,), 7-9 years (OR, 3.97; 95% CI 1.39-11.31), > 10 years (OR, 5.99; 95% CI 1.74-20.64 were more likely to be retained in care. CONCLUSIONS: Patient Tracing is a feasible intervention to identify and resolve the status of patients who are loss to follow up and targeted interventions such as differentiated care models may be important to improve retention in care.
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Fármacos Anti-HIV , Infecções por HIV , Fármacos Anti-HIV/uso terapêutico , Contagem de Linfócito CD4 , Seguimentos , Infecções por HIV/diagnóstico , Infecções por HIV/tratamento farmacológico , Infecções por HIV/epidemiologia , Humanos , Trinidad e Tobago/epidemiologia , Carga ViralRESUMO
Cobalt is one of the main components of metal hip prostheses and cobalt nanoparticles (CoNPs) produced from wear cause inflammation, bone lyses and cytotoxicity at high concentrations. Cobalt ions mimic hypoxia in the presence of normal oxygen levels, and activate hypoxic signalling by stabilising hypoxia inducible transcription factor 1α (HIF1α). This study aimed to assess in vitro the functional role of HIF1α in CoNP induced cellular cytotoxicity. HIF1α, lysosomal pH, tumour necrosis factor α and interleukin 1ß expression were analysed in THP-1 macrophages treated with CoNP (0, 10 and 100 µg/mL). HIF1α knock out assays were performed using small interfering RNA to assess the role of HIF1α in CoNP-induced cytotoxicity. Increasing CoNP concentration increased lysosomal activity and acidity in THP-1 macrophages. Higher doses of CoNP significantly reduced cell viability, stimulated caspase 3 activity and apoptosis. Reducing HIF1αactivity increased the pro-inflammatory activity of tumour necrosis factorαand interleukin 1ß,but had no significant impact on cellular cytotoxicity. This suggests that whilst CoNP promotes cytotoxicity and cellular inflammation, the apoptotic mechanism is not dependent on HIF1α.
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Both comprehension and production exposures to words facilitate spoken production of the same words in picture-naming tasks performed several minutes later. Three experiments examined the mechanisms by which different types of comprehension exposures to words facilitate spoken production. Both overt and silent reading and listening tasks elicited substantial priming in picture naming at 10-minute but not 1-week retention intervals. Relative to silent conditions, encoding conditions that involved speaking the target word overtly elicited stronger priming effects in both RT and accuracy and larger frequency effects in RT. Frequency effects were not reliable in accuracy priming or silent-encoding RT priming. Articulatory suppression did not diminish priming effects relative to silent reading/listening, and priming effects did not depend on whether presentations at encoding were visual or auditory. Together, the results indicate that a common modality-general lemma representation is accessed in comprehension and production, that both lemma and phonological retrieval contribute to repetition priming in production, and that phonological retrieval is sensitive to word frequency. These results are consistent with a theory based on transfer-appropriate processing if word comprehension elicits top-down processing or feedback from the concept to the lemma.
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Compreensão , Priming de Repetição , Percepção Auditiva , Humanos , SemânticaRESUMO
Under a recall model in which presentations and rehearsals are treated as equivalent encoding events, we investigated whether rehearsal efficiency differences explain the effects of word frequency and bilingual proficiency on the temporal dynamics of rehearsal and free recall. Experiments 1 and 3 were conducted with monolingual English speakers, and Experiments 2 and 4 were conducted with Spanish-English bilinguals with matched age, education, and socioeconomic status. In Experiments 1 and 2, lower word frequency, lower proficiency, and bilingualism were associated with less accurate free recall of items from early serial positions, beginning recall with items from later serial positions, and making fewer transitions to items from later or adjacent serial positions. These effects were replicated and rehearsal-based explanations were validated in Experiments 3 and 4 using a rehearse-aloud protocol. With lower frequency words or lower language proficiency, rehearsal was less efficient with fewer rehearsals between item presentations. As a result, items from early serial positions had fewer rehearsals that stopped earlier in the study sequence, less spacing between repeated rehearsals, and fewer transitions to items from later or adjacent serial positions. Rehearsal-contingent analyses revealed that these rehearsal patterns were associated with less accurate recall, beginning recall with items from later serial positions, and consistent transition patterns from rehearsal to recall. These patterns support a model in which presentations and rehearsals are treated as equivalent encoding events and the effects of word frequency and language proficiency on recall accuracy are mediated by less efficient rehearsal. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).
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Rememoração Mental/fisiologia , Multilinguismo , Prática Psicológica , Psicolinguística , Adulto , Feminino , Humanos , MasculinoRESUMO
The present study investigated claims that learning vocabulary in an unfamiliar language is more efficient in bilinguals than in monolinguals and the possible effects of language proficiency and dominance. In Experiment 1, monolingual (n = 48) and bilingual participants (n = 96) learned Japanese words paired with English translations and completed cued-recall and associative-recognition tests. Accuracy did not differ across monolingual and bilingual or language dominance groups. Nevertheless, in bilinguals, higher English proficiency was associated with higher accuracy. In Experiment 2, Japanese-English bilinguals (n = 40) learned Spanish-Japanese word pairs, and higher Japanese proficiency was associated with higher accuracy. Associative strategies were reported at a higher rate in bilingual than in monolingual participants but were not associated with more accurate performance. Careful comparisons of the present and previous results support the conclusion that higher proficiency in the language through which bilinguals learn foreign vocabulary enhances associative memory, but bilingualism itself does not.
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Severe injury and hemorrhagic shock (HS) result in multiple changes to hematopoietic differentiation, which contribute to the development of immunosuppression and multiple organ failure (MOF). Understanding the changes that take place during the acute injury phase may help predict which patients will develop MOF and provide potential targets for therapy. Obtaining bone marrow from humans during the acute injury phase is difficult so published data are largely derived from peripheral blood samples, which infer bone marrow changes that reflect the sustained inflammatory response. This preliminary and opportunistic study investigated leucopoietic changes in rat bone marrow 6 h following traumatic injury and HS. Terminally anesthetized male Porton Wistar rats were allocated randomly to receive a sham operation (cannulation with no injury) or femoral fracture and HS. Bone marrow cells were flushed from rat femurs and immunophenotypically stained with specific antibody panels for lymphoid (CD45R, CD127, CD90, and IgM) or myeloid (CD11b, CD45, and RP-1) lineages. Subsequently, cell populations were fluorescence-activated cell sorted for morphological assessment. Stage-specific cell populations were identified using a limited number of antibodies, and leucopoietic changes were determined 6 h following trauma and HS. Myeloid subpopulations could be identified by varying levels CD11b expression, CD45, and RP-1. Trauma and HS resulted in a significant reduction in total CD11b + myeloid cells including both immature (RP-1(-)) and mature (RP-1+) granulocytes. Multiple B-cell lymphoid subsets were identified. The total percentage of CD90+ subsets remained unchanged following trauma and HS, but there was a reduction in the numbers of maturing CD90(-) cells suggesting movement into the periphery. © 2019 The Authors. Cytometry Part A published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of International Society for Advancement of Cytometry.
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Células da Medula Óssea/citologia , Fraturas do Fêmur/imunologia , Células-Tronco Hematopoéticas/citologia , Choque Hemorrágico/imunologia , Ferimentos e Lesões/imunologia , Animais , Peptídeos Catiônicos Antimicrobianos/metabolismo , Linfócitos B/citologia , Linfócitos B/metabolismo , Células da Medula Óssea/imunologia , Células da Medula Óssea/metabolismo , Antígeno CD11b/metabolismo , Linhagem da Célula/imunologia , Citometria de Fluxo , Granulócitos/citologia , Granulócitos/metabolismo , Células-Tronco Hematopoéticas/imunologia , Células-Tronco Hematopoéticas/metabolismo , Imunofenotipagem , Inflamação/imunologia , Inflamação/metabolismo , Antígenos Comuns de Leucócito/metabolismo , Linfopoese/imunologia , Masculino , Insuficiência de Múltiplos Órgãos/imunologia , Insuficiência de Múltiplos Órgãos/patologia , Células Mieloides/citologia , Células Mieloides/metabolismo , Ratos , Ratos Wistar , Choque Hemorrágico/metabolismo , Antígenos Thy-1/metabolismo , Ferimentos e Lesões/metabolismoRESUMO
[Correction Notice: An Erratum for this article was reported in Vol 45(10) of Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition (see record 2019-53018-001). In the article, a formula error in the scoring spreadsheet for bilingual participants in Experiment 3 systematically inflated their accuracy scores. Therefore, statistical information for analyses involving the bilingual sample, and bilingual portions of Table 7 and Figure 3 have been corrected. All versions of this article have been corrected.] Three source-memory experiments were conducted with Spanish-English bilinguals and monolingual English speakers matched on age, education, nonverbal cognitive ability and socioeconomic status. Bilingual language proficiency and dominance were assessed using standardized objective measures. In Experiment 1, source was manipulated visuo-spatially, in Experiment 2, source was manipulated temporally, and in Experiment 3, source was manipulated by presenting stimuli in different modalities. Bilingual source discrimination was more accurate for low-frequency words than for high-frequency words, but it did not differ for the more fluent and less fluent languages (L1 and L2, respectively). These results contrast with the L2 advantage observed in item recognition (Francis & Gutiérrez, 2012; Francis & Strobach, 2013), adding to evidence that the bases of performance for item and source memory differ. The dissociation of word frequency and language effects indicates that word-context associations are made at the conceptual level rather than the word-form level. Bilinguals exhibited more accurate source discrimination than monolinguals, both under intentional and incidental encoding conditions, indicating that this effect cannot be explained entirely by differences in encoding strategies. We reason that relative to monolinguals, bilinguals more efficiently encode associations between word concepts and contexts or other types of information that do not convey meaning preexperimentally. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).
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Associação , Memória Episódica , Multilinguismo , Psicolinguística , Leitura , Reconhecimento Psicológico/fisiologia , Percepção Espacial/fisiologia , Percepção Visual/fisiologia , Adulto , Humanos , Adulto JovemRESUMO
One explanation for why concrete words are recalled better than abstract words is systematic differences across these word types in the availability of context information. In contrast, explanations for the concrete-word advantage in recognition memory do not consider a possible role for context availability. We investigated the extent to which context availability can explain the effects of word concreteness in both free recall (Exp. 1) and item recognition (Exp. 2) by presenting each target word in isolation, in a low-constraint sentence context, or in a high-constraint sentence context at study. Concreteness effects were consistent with those from previous research, with concrete-word advantages in both tasks. Embedding words in sentence contexts with low semantic constraint hurt recall performance but helped recognition performance, relative to presenting words in isolation. Embedding words in sentence contexts with high semantic constraint hurt both recall and recognition performance, relative to words in low-constraint sentences. The effects of concreteness and semantic constraint were consistent for both high- and low-frequency words. Embedding words in high-constraint sentence contexts neither reduced nor eliminated the concreteness effect in recall or recognition, indicating that differences in context availability cannot explain concreteness effects in explicit memory.
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Rememoração Mental/fisiologia , Psicolinguística , Reconhecimento Psicológico/fisiologia , Adulto , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Two experiments investigated how well bilinguals utilise long-standing semantic associations to encode and retrieve semantic clusters in verbal episodic memory. In Experiment 1, Spanish-English bilinguals (N = 128) studied and recalled word and picture sets. Word recall was equivalent in L1 and L2, picture recall was better in L1 than in L2, and the picture superiority effect was stronger in L1 than in L2. Semantic clustering in word and picture recall was equivalent in L1 and L2. In Experiment 2, Spanish-English bilinguals (N = 128) and English-speaking monolinguals (N = 128) studied and recalled word sequences that contained semantically related pairs. Data were analyzed using a multinomial processing tree approach, the pair-clustering model. Cluster formation was more likely for semantically organised than for randomly ordered word sequences. Probabilities of cluster formation, cluster retrieval, and retrieval of unclustered items did not differ across languages or language groups. Language proficiency has little if any impact on the utilisation of long-standing semantic associations, which are language-general.
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Rememoração Mental , Multilinguismo , Semântica , Aprendizagem Verbal/fisiologia , Adulto , Feminino , Humanos , Testes de Linguagem , Masculino , Memória/fisiologia , Adulto JovemRESUMO
RATIONALE: It is presently unclear whether diabetic rats experience greater rewarding effects of nicotine and/or negative affective states produced by nicotine withdrawal. OBJECTIVE: The present study utilized a rodent model of diabetes to examine the rewarding effects of nicotine and negative affective states and physical signs produced by withdrawal. METHODS: Separate groups of rats received systemic administration of either vehicle or streptozotocin (STZ), which destroys insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas and elevates glucose levels. Place conditioning procedures were utilized to compare the rewarding effects of nicotine (conditioned place preference; CPP) and negative affective states produced by withdrawal (conditioned place aversion; CPA) in vehicle- and STZ-treated rats. CPA and physical signs of withdrawal were compared after administration of the nicotinic receptor antagonist mecamylamine to precipitate withdrawal in nicotine-dependent rats. A subsequent study utilized elevated plus maze (EPM) procedures to compare anxiety-like behavior produced by nicotine withdrawal in vehicle- and STZ-treated rats. RESULTS: STZ-treated rats displayed greater rewarding effects of nicotine and a larger magnitude of aversive effects and physical signs produced by withdrawal as compared to vehicle-treated controls. STZ-treated rats also displayed higher levels of anxiety-like behavior on the EPM during nicotine withdrawal as compared to controls. CONCLUSION: The finding that both nicotine reward and withdrawal are enhanced in a rodent model of diabetes implies that the strong behavioral effects of nicotine promote tobacco use in persons with metabolic disorders, such as diabetes.
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Diabetes Mellitus Experimental/psicologia , Nicotina/administração & dosagem , Nicotina/efeitos adversos , Recompensa , Síndrome de Abstinência a Substâncias/psicologia , Animais , Condicionamento Psicológico/efeitos dos fármacos , Condicionamento Psicológico/fisiologia , Diabetes Mellitus Experimental/complicações , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Masculino , Mecamilamina/farmacologia , Antagonistas Nicotínicos/farmacologia , Ratos , Ratos Wistar , Roedores , Síndrome de Abstinência a Substâncias/complicações , Tabagismo/complicações , Tabagismo/psicologiaRESUMO
Previous literature has demonstrated conceptual repetition priming across languages in bilinguals. This between-language priming effect is taken as evidence that translation equivalents have shared conceptual representations across languages. However, the vast majority of this research has been conducted using only concrete nouns as stimuli. The present experiment examined conceptual repetition priming within and between languages in adjectives, a part of speech not previously investigated in studies of bilingual conceptual representation. The participants were 100 Spanish-English bilinguals who had regular exposure to both languages. At encoding, participants performed a shallow processing task and a deep-processing task on English and Spanish adjectives. At test, they performed an antonym-generation task in English, in which the target responses were either adjectives presented at encoding or control adjectives not previously presented. The measure of priming was the response time advantage for producing repeated adjectives relative to control adjectives. Significant repetition priming was observed both within and between languages under deep, but not shallow, encoding conditions. The results indicate that the conceptual representations of adjective translation equivalents are shared across languages.
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Formação de Conceito/fisiologia , Idioma , Multilinguismo , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Tempo de Reação/fisiologia , Adulto JovemRESUMO
We conducted four Stroop color-word experiments to examine how multiple stimuli influence interference. Experiments 1a and 1b showed that interference was strong when the word and color were integrated, and that visual and auditory words made independent contributions to interference when these words had different meanings. Experiments 2 and 3 confirmed this pattern when the word information and color information were not integrated, and hence when overall interference was substantially less. Auditory and visual interference effects are comparable except when the visual distracter is integrated with the color, in which case interference is substantially enhanced. Overall, these results are interpreted as being most consistent with a joint influence account of interference as opposed to a capture account.
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Atenção/fisiologia , Percepção de Cores/fisiologia , Reconhecimento Visual de Modelos/fisiologia , Percepção da Fala/fisiologia , Teste de Stroop , Adulto , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Regenerative medicine therapies, underpinned by the core principles of rejuvenation, regeneration and replacement, are shifting the paradigm in healthcare from symptomatic treatment in the 20th century to curative treatment in the 21st century. By addressing the reasons behind the rapid expansion of regenerative medicine research and presenting an overview of current clinical trials, we explore the potential of regenerative medicine to reshape modern healthcare.