High pressure-assisted enzymatic hydrolysis potentiates the production of quinoa protein hydrolysates with antioxidant and ACE-inhibitory activities.

The impact of different pressure levels in the HHP-assisted hydrolysis by Alcalase of quinoa proteins on the catalytic efficiency, peptide release, phenolic compounds content, and biological activities was investigated. The protein profile (SDS-PAGE) showed a more extensive peptide breakdown for the HHP-assisted proteolysis at 300-400 MPa, which was confirmed by the higher extent of hydrolysis and peptide concentration. Quinoa protein hydrolysates (QPH) produced at 200 and 300 MPa exhibited higher total phenolic contents and antioxidant activities (methanol-acetone and aqueous extracts) when compared to the non-hydrolyzed (QPI) and non-pressurized hydrolyzed samples. Kaempferol dirhamnosyl-galactopyranoside was the prevalent phenolic compound in those samples, increasing total flavonoids by 1.8-fold over QPI. The QPH produced at 300 MPa inhibited ACE more effectively, exhibiting the greatest anti-hypertensive potential, along with the presence of several ACE-inhibitory peptides. The peptide sequences GSHWPFGGK, FSIAWPR, and PWLNFK presented the highest Peptide Ranker scores and were predicted to have ACE inhibitory, DPP-IV inhibitory, and antioxidant activities. Mild pressure levels were effective in producing QPH with enhanced functionality due to the effects of bioactive soluble phenolics and low molecular weight peptides.

Unveiling plant defense arsenal: metabolic strategies in Brassica oleracea during black rot disease.

Alterations in plant metabolism play a key role in the complex plant-pathogen interactions. However, there is still a lack of knowledge about the connection between changes in primary and specialized metabolism and the plant defense against diseases that impact crops. Thus, we aim to study the metabolic reprograming in Brassica oleracea plants upon infection by Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (Xcc). To accomplish this, we utilized a combination of untargeted and targeted metabolomics, through UPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS and 1H-NMR, in two crop lines differing in resistance that were evaluated at two- and four-week intervals following inoculation (T1 and T2, respectively). Besides, to depict the physiological status of the plant during infection, enzymatic activities related to the carbohydrate pathway and oxidative stress were studied. Our results revealed different temporal dynamics in the responses of the susceptible vs. resistant crops lines. Resistant B. oleracea line suppresses carbohydrate metabolism contributing to limit nutrient supplies to the bacterium and prioritizes the induction of defensive compounds such as indolic glucosinolates, salicylic acid, phenylpropanoids and phytoalexins precursors at early infection stages. In contrast, the susceptible line invests in carbohydrate metabolism, including enzymatic activities related to the hexoses turnover, and activates defense signaling related to reactive oxygen species. Thus, each line triggers a different metabolic strategy that will affect how the plant overcomes the disease in terms of resistance and growth. This work provides first insights of a fine-tuned metabolic regulation during Xcc infection in B. oleracea that will contribute to develop new strategies for plant disease management.

Aphid and caterpillar feeding drive similar patterns of induced defences and resistance to subsequent herbivory in wild cotton.

MAIN CONCLUSION: Our results indicate caterpillars and aphids cause similar levels of induced defences and resistance against caterpillars in wild cotton plants. These symmetrical effects are not consistent with patterns predicted by plant defensive signaling crosstalk and call for further work addressing the biochemical mechanisms underpinning these results. Plant-induced responses to attack often mediate interactions between different species of insect herbivores. These effects are predicted to be contingent on the herbivore's feeding guild, whereby prior feeding by insects should negatively impact subsequent feeding by insects of the same guild (induced resistance) but may positively influence insects of a different guild (induced susceptibility) due to interfering crosstalk between plant biochemical pathways specific to each feeding guild. We compared the effects of prior feeding by leaf-chewing caterpillars (Spodoptera frugiperda) vs. sap-sucking aphids (Aphis gossypii) on induced defences in wild cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) and the consequences of these attacks on subsequently feeding caterpillars (S. frugiperda). To this end, we conducted a greenhouse experiment where cotton plants were either left undamaged or first exposed to caterpillar or aphid feeding, and we subsequently placed caterpillars on the plants to assess their performance. We also collected leaves to assess the induction of chemical defences in response to herbivory. We found that prior feeding by both aphids and caterpillars resulted in reductions in consumed leaf area, caterpillar mass gain, and caterpillar survival compared with control plants. Concomitantly, prior aphid and caterpillar herbivory caused similar increases in phenolic compounds (flavonoids and hydroxycinnamic acids) and defensive terpenoids (hemigossypolone) compared with control plants. Overall, these findings indicate that these insects confer a similar mode and level of induced resistance in wild cotton plants, calling for further work addressing the biochemical mechanisms underpinning these effects.

Soil physicochemical properties associated with the yield and phytochemical composition of the edible halophyte Crithmum maritimum.

There is growing interest in the consumption of halophytes due to their excellent nutritional profile and antioxidant properties, and their cultivation offers viable alternatives in the face of irreversible global salinization of soils. Nevertheless, abiotic factors strongly influence their phytochemical composition, and little is known about how growing conditions can produce plants with the best nutritional and functional properties. Crithmum maritimum is an edible halophyte with antioxidant properties and considerable potential for sustainable agriculture in marginal environments. However, it is found naturally in contrasting habitats with variable soil physicochemical properties and the extent to which edaphic factors can influence plant performance, accumulation of phytochemicals and their quality remains unknown. We investigated the influence of soil physicochemical properties (texture, pH, electrical conductivity, organic matter content and mineral element concentrations) on growth and reproductive performance, nutritional traits, and the accumulation of specific metabolites in C. maritimum. Soil, leaf and seed samples were taken from eight C. maritimum populations located on the southern coasts of Spain and Portugal. We found greater vegetative growth and seed production in coarser, sandier soils with lower microelement concentrations. The nutritional traits of leaves varied, with soil organic matter and macronutrient content associated with reduced leaf Na, protein and phenolic (mainly flavonoid) concentrations, whereas soils with lower pH and Fe concentrations, and higher clay content yielded plants with lower leaf Zn concentration and greater accumulation of hydroxycinnamic acids. The nutritional value of the seed oil composition appeared to be enhanced in soils with coarser texture and lower microelement concentrations. The accumulation of specific phenolic compounds in the seed was influenced by a wide range of soil properties including texture, pH and some microelements. These findings will inform the commercial cultivation of C. maritimum, particularly in the economic exploitation of poorly utilized, saline soils.

The growth-immunity tradeoff in Brassica oleracea-Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris pathosystem.

Plant responses against pathogens are influenced by growth immunity tradeoff, which ensure the best use of limited resources. We study how the immobilization of carbon resources and the induction of defensive responses (glucosinolates, phenolic compounds, stomatal closure) can influence the biomass of two Brassica oleracea lines, differing in their resistance, after infection with Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris. Potentially, the growth immunity tradeoff can be influenced by the activation of all these processes. However, on the contrary of which is normally stated, our results suggest that the loss of biomass caused by pathogen infection is mainly due to the differential accumulation of starch and the immobilization of sugars rather than the reallocation of resources to synthesize secondary metabolites. Moreover, resistance may be related to the effectiveness of the tradeoff, since the resistant line immobilizes resources more efficiently than the susceptible one. Both inbred lines show a different phytohormones profile, which support the hypothesis that they are employing different strategies to defend themselves against the pathogen. This study emphasizes the key role of the primary metabolism in the defence strategies of plants against pathogens.

Redução de danos: o papel da família do usuário de crack / Reducción de daños: el papel de la familia de usuarios de crack / Damage reduction: the role of the crack user family

Objetivo: Verificar na literatura científica o papel da família de usuários de crack na redução de danos como rede de apoio. Método: Trata-se de uma revisão integrativa. Realizou-se a busca por artigos; com delimitação nos últimos 5 anos (2015-2020); nos idiomas português, inglês e espanhol; disponíveis na íntegra. Nas seguintes plataformas de dados: BDENF, DOAJ, LILACS, MEDLINE, SciELO, SCOPUS e Web of Science. Resultados: Os dados foram organizados e apresentados em figuras e tabelas. Dos 611 estudos encontrados, 7 estavam disponíveis na BDENF, 33 na DOAJ, 20 na LILACS, 160 na MEDLINE, 2 na SciELO, 154 na SCOPUS e 235 na Web of Science. Contudo, após a leitura permaneceram apenas os que atendiam aos critérios para inclusão e exclusão descritos na metodologia, 6 estudos. Conclusão: Pode-se evidenciar neste estudo a importância da família, como elemento-chave imprescindível no auxílio na rede social de apoio frente a redução de danos.(AU)

Objective: To check the scientific literature the role of the Crack users family in harm reduction as a support network. Method: This is an integrative review. The search for articles was carried out; with delimitation in the last 5 years (2015- 2020); in Portuguese, English and Spanish; available in full. On the following data platforms: BDENF, DOAJ, LILACS, MEDLINE, SciELO, SCOPUS and Web of Science. Results: Data were organized and presented in figures and tables. Of the 611 studies found, 7 were available from BDENF, 33 from DOAJ, 20 from LILACS, 160 from MEDLINE, 2 from SciELO, 154 from SCOPUS and 235 from the Web of Science. However, after reading, only those who met the criteria for inclusion and exclusion described in the methodology remained, 6 studies. Conclusion: This study highlights the importance of the family as an essential key element in helping the social support network in the face of harm reduction(AU)

Objetivo: Verificar la literatura científica sobre el papel de la familia de usuarios de Crack en la reducción de daños como red de apoyo. Método: esta es una revisión integradora. Se realizó la búsqueda de artículos; con delimitación en los últimos 5 años (2015-2020); en portugués, inglés y español; disponible en su totalidad. En las siguientes plataformas de datos: BDENF, DOAJ, LILACS, MEDLINE, SciELO, SCOPUS y Web of Science. Resultados: Los datos se organizaron y presentaron en figuras y tablas. De los 611 estudios encontrados, 7 estaban disponibles en BDENF, 33 en DOAJ, 20 en LILACS, 160 en MEDLINE, 2 en SciELO, 154 en SCOPUS y 235 en Web of Science. Sin embargo, después de la lectura, solo quedaron los que cumplieron con los criterios de inclusión y exclusión descritos en la metodología, 6 estudios. Conclusión: Este estudio destaca la importancia de la familia como elemento clave fundamental para ayudar a la red de apoyo social ante la reducción de daños.(AU)

Desafios da família cuidando da pessoa com transtorno mental / Retos de la familia que atende a una persona con trastornos mentales / Challenges of the family caring for a person with mental disorders

Objetivo: Verificar na literatura científica os desafios enfrentados por familiares no cuidado da pessoa com Transtorno Mental. Método: Trata-se de uma revisão integrativa. Realizou-se a busca por artigos; com delimitação nos últimos 5 anos (2015- 2020); nos idiomas português, inglês e espanhol; disponíveis na íntegra. Nas seguintes plataformas de dados: DOAJ, LILACS, MEDLINE, SciELO, SCOPUS e Web of Science. Resultados: Os dados foram organizados e apresentados em figuras e tabelas. Dos 5740 estudos encontrados, 160 estava disponível na DOAJ, 123 na LILACS, 3056 na MEDLINE, 28 na SciELO, 834 na SCOPUS e 1539 na Web of Science. Contudo, após a leitura permaneceram apenas os que atendiam aos critérios para inclusão e exclusão descritos na metodologia, 9 estudos. Conclusão: Observa-se que as instituições não estão prontas para colocar pessoas com transtorno mental na rua, devolver para suas residências ou expor para residências terapêuticas, sem nenhum apoio da rede.(AU)

Objective: To check the scientific literature the challenges faced by family members in the care of people with Mental Disorders. Method: This is an integrative review. The search for articles was carried out; with delimitation in the last 5 years (2015- 2020); in Portuguese, English and Spanish; available in full. On the following data platforms: DOAJ, LILACS, MEDLINE, SciELO, SCOPUS and Web of Science. Results: Data were organized and presented in figures and tables. Of the 5740 studies found, 160 were available from DOAJ, 123 from LILACS, 3056 from MEDLINE, 28 from SciELO, 834 from SCOPUS and 1539 from the Web of Science. However, after reading, only those who met the criteria for inclusion and exclusion described in the methodology remained, 9 studies. Conclusion: It is observed that institutions are not ready to put people with mental disorders on the street, return them to their homes or expose them to therapeutic homes, without any support from the network(AU)

Objetivo: Verificar la literatura científica sobre los desafíos que enfrentan los familiares en el cuidado de personas con Trastornos Mentales. Método: Esta es una revisión integradora. Se realizó la búsqueda de artículos; con delimitación en los últimos 5 años (2015-2020); en portugués, inglés y español; disponible en su totalidad. En las siguientes plataformas de datos: DOAJ, LILACS, MEDLINE, SciELO, SCOPUS y Web of Science. Resultados: Los datos se organizaron y presentaron en figuras y tablas. De los 5740 estudios encontrados, 160 estaban disponibles en DOAJ, 123 en LILACS, 3056 en MEDLINE, 28 en SciELO, 834 en SCOPUS y 1539 en Web of Science. Sin embargo, después de la lectura, solo quedaron los que cumplieron con los criterios de inclusión y exclusión descritos en la metodología, 9 estudios. Conclusión: Se observa que las instituciones no están preparadas para poner a las personas con trastornos mentales en la calle, devolverlas a sus hogares o exponerlas a hogares terapéuticos, sin ningún apoyo de la red(AU)

Climate affects neighbour-induced changes in leaf chemical defences and tree diversity-herbivory relationships.

Associational resistance theory predicts that insect herbivory decreases with increasing tree diversity in forest ecosystems. However, the generality of this effect and its underlying mechanisms are still debated, particularly since evidence has accumulated that climate may influence the direction and strength of the relationship between diversity and herbivory.We quantified insect leaf herbivory and leaf chemical defences (phenolic compounds) of silver birch Betula pendula in pure and mixed plots with different tree species composition across 12 tree diversity experiments in different climates. We investigated whether the effects of neighbouring tree species diversity on insect herbivory in birch, that is, associational effects, were dependent on the climatic context, and whether neighbour-induced changes in birch chemical defences were involved in associational resistance to insect herbivory.We showed that herbivory on birch decreased with tree species richness (i.e. associational resistance) in colder environments but that this relationship faded as mean annual temperature increased.Birch leaf chemical defences increased with tree species richness but decreased with the phylogenetic distinctiveness of birch from its neighbours, particularly in warmer and more humid environments.Herbivory was negatively correlated with leaf chemical defences, particularly when birch was associated with closely related species. The interactive effect of tree diversity and climate on herbivory was partially mediated by changes in leaf chemical defences.Our findings confirm that tree species diversity can modify the leaf chemistry of a focal species, hence its quality for herbivores. They further stress that such neighbour-induced changes are dependent on climate and that tree diversity effects on insect herbivory are partially mediated by these neighbour-induced changes in chemical defences.

Fine mapping identifies NAD-ME1 as a candidate underlying a major locus controlling temporal variation in primary and specialized metabolism in Arabidopsis.

Plant metabolism is modulated by a complex interplay between internal signals and external cues. A major goal of all quantitative metabolomic studies is to clone the underlying genes to understand the mechanistic basis of this variation. Using fine-scale genetic mapping, in this work we report the identification and initial characterization of NAD-DEPENDENT MALIC ENZYME 1 (NAD-ME1) as the candidate gene underlying the pleiotropic network Met.II.15 quantitative trait locus controlling variation in plant metabolism and circadian clock outputs in the Bay × Sha Arabidopsis population. Transcript abundance and promoter analysis in NAD-ME1Bay-0 and NAD-ME1Sha alleles confirmed allele-specific expression that appears to be due a polymorphism disrupting a putative circadian cis-element binding site. Analysis of transfer DNA insertion lines and heterogeneous inbred families showed that transcript variation of the NAD-ME1 gene led to temporal shifts of tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates, glucosinolate (GSL) accumulation, and altered regulation of several GSL biosynthesis pathway genes. Untargeted metabolomic analyses revealed complex regulatory networks of NAD-ME1 dependent upon the daytime. The mutant led to shifts in plant primary metabolites, cell wall components, isoprenoids, fatty acids, and plant immunity phytochemicals, among others. Our findings suggest that NAD-ME1 may act as a key gene to coordinate plant primary and secondary metabolism in a time-dependent manner.

Plant Responses Underlying Timely Specialized Metabolites Induction of Brassica Crops.

A large subset of plant stress-signaling pathways, including those related with chemical defense production, exhibit diurnal or circadian oscillations. However the extent to which diurnal or circadian time influences the stress mediated accumulation of plant specialized metabolites remains largely unknown. Because plant responses to physical stress (e.g., wounding) is considered a common component of mounting a response against a broad range of environmental stresses, including herbivory, we have utilized mechanical wounding as the stress stimulus to determine the direct contribution of time of day on the induced defenses of Brassica crops. We analyzed glucosinolates (GSLs) from leaves of broccoli (Brassica oleracea) and turnip greens (Brassica rapa) following exposure to mechanical wounding at dawn (ZT0), mid-day (ZT4), and dusk (ZT8). Several GSLs differentially accumulated and their changes depended upon the time of day at wounding was performed. This response varied considerably between species. In a parallel experiment, we investigated whether diurnal activation of Brassica phytochemicals in response to wounding might prime plants against herbivore attack. Results showed that maximal response of plant chemical defense against larvae of the generalist pest Mamestra brassicae occurred at ZT0 in broccoli and ZT8 in turnip greens. Metabolome analysis for global trends of time dependent compounds showed that sulfur-containing phytochemicals, GSL hydrolysis products, auxin-signaling components, and other metabolites activators of plant disease resistance (nicotinamide and pipecolate) had important contributions to the responses of M. brassicae feeding behavior in broccoli at morning. Overall, the findings in this study highlight a significant role for time of day in the wound stress responsive metabolome, which can in turn affect plant-herbivore interactions.

Development of Transgenic Brassica Crops Against Biotic Stresses Caused by Pathogens and Arthropod Pests.

The Brassica genus includes one of the 10 most agronomically and economically important plant groups in the world. Within this group, we can find examples such as broccoli, cabbage, cauliflower, kale, Brussels sprouts, turnip or rapeseed. Their cultivation and postharvest are continually threatened by significant stresses of biotic origin, such as pathogens and pests. In recent years, numerous research groups around the world have developed transgenic lines within the Brassica genus that are capable of defending themselves effectively against these enemies. The present work compiles all the existing studies to date on this matter, focusing in a special way on those of greater relevance in recent years, the choice of the gene of interest and the mechanisms involved in improving plant defenses. Some of the main transgenic lines developed include coding genes for chitinases, glucanases or cry proteins, which show effective results against pathogens such as Alternaria brassicae, Leptosphaeria maculans or Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, or pests such as Lipaphis erysimi or Plutella xylostella.

Humanização da assistência ao parto: opinião dos acadêmicos de enfermagem / Humanization of children's assistance: opinion of nursingacademic / Humanización de la asistencia infantil: opinión de enfermería académica

Objetivo: investigar a opinião dos acadêmicos de enfermagem sobre a humanização da assistência ao parto. Método: estudo descritivo, exploratório com abordagem qualitativa. Para a análise dos depoimentos, utilizou-se a técnica de análise de conteúdo proposta por Bardin12. A coleta de dados ocorreu no mês de junho de 2017, no Departamento de Enfermagem da Universidade Federal de Pernambuco (UFPE). A população estudada constituiu-se em discentes da Graduação em Enfermagem da UFPE. A seleção dos participantes foi casual na qual as pesquisadoras realizaram pessoalmente o convite, sendo incluídos alunos que expressaram o desejo de participar. Resultados: evidenciou-se que dentre as três categorias principais, centradas: 1. no protagonismo da mulher, 2. na humanização dos cenários da assistência ao parto e 3. em ações educativas tanto dos profissionais quanto da parturiente. Observou-se também, diante das respostas colhidas, a existência de subcategorias que reforçam a importância das três principais. Conclusão: entende-se então que, o processo de humanização da assistência ao parto é amplo, e analisá-lo sob a perspectiva de profissionais da saúde e de estudantes de Enfermagem é um caminho.(AU)

Objective: to investigate the opinion of nursing students on the humanization of childbirth care. Method: descriptive, exploratory study with a qualitative approach. For the analysis of the testimonies, the content analysis technique proposed by Bardin12 was used. Data collection took place in June 2017, at the Nursing Department of the Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE). The studied population consisted of undergraduate nursing students at UFPE. The selection of participants was casual, in which the researchers personally made the invitation, including students who expressed the desire to participate. Results: it became evident that among the three main categories, centered: 1. on the role of women, 2. on the humanization of childbirth care scenarios and 3. on educational actions by both professionals and parturients. It was also observed, in view of the responses collected, the existence of subcategories that reinforce the importance of the three main ones. Conclusion: it is understood, then, that the humanization process of childbirth care is broad, and analyzing it from the perspective of health professionals and nursing students is one way.(AU)

Objetivo: investigar la opinión de estudiantes de enfermería sobre la humanización del cuidado del parto. Método: estudio descriptivo, exploratorio con abordaje cualitativo. Para el análisis de los testimonios se utilizó la técnica de análisis de contenido propuesta por Bardin12. La recolección de datos tuvo lugar en junio de 2017, en el Departamento de Enfermería de la Universidad Federal de Pernambuco (UFPE). La población estudiada estuvo constituida por estudiantes de licenciatura en enfermería de la UFPE. La selección de los participantes fue casual, en la que los investigadores hicieron personalmente la invitación, incluidos los estudiantes que manifestaron el deseo de participar. Resultados: se evidenció que entre las tres categorías principales, se centró: 1. en el papel de la mujer, 2. en la humanización de los escenarios de atención al parto y 3. en las acciones educativas tanto de profesionales como de parturientas. También se observó, a la vista de las respuestas recolectadas, la existencia de subcategorías que refuerzan la importancia de las tres principales. Conclusión: se entiende, entonces, que el proceso de humanización del cuidado del parto es amplio, y analizarlo desde la perspectiva de los profesionales de la salud y estudiantes de enfermería es una vía.(AU)

Tecnologias lúdicas para adolescentes utilizadas por profissionais de saúde: revisão integrativa / Tecnologías lúdicas para adolescentes utilizadas por profesionales de la salud: una revisión integradora / Playful technologies for adolescents used by health professionals: an integrative review

Objetivo: identificar as tecnologias lúdicas utilizadas pelos profissionais de saúde para adolescentes. Método: revisão Integrativa. As bases de dados foram: Lilacs, Bdenf, Cinahl, Adolec, Cuiden e Pepsic; SciELO, Cochrane library e Medline/Pubmed. Os descritores extraídos do DeCS e MESH, sendo a amostra final de cinco artigos originais. Período da busca de novembro de 2017 a janeiro de 2018. Resultados: os artigos apresentaram um jogo digital, um jogo papo reto, perguntas e respostas, o círculo de cultura, um dominó e um jogo de cartas. Estavam entre os anos de 2009 a 2018. O nível de evidência seis com rigor metodológico categoria A. Considerações finais: apesar dos artigos estarem voltados para adolescentes, ainda há uma necessidade de se desenvolver novas tecnologias lúdicas pelos profissionais de saúde, abrangendo outras doenças para esse público, sendo estes protagonistas do processo ensino-aprendizagem, mas também multiplicadores das ações de educação em saúde.

Objective: identify the playful technologies used by health professionals for adolescents. Method: Integrative review. The databases were: Lilacs, Bdenf, Cinahl, Adolec, Cuiden and Pepsic; SciELO, Cochrane library and Medline / Pubmed. The descriptors extracted from DeCS and MESH, being the final sample of five original articles. Search period from November 2017 to January 2018. Results: the articles featured a digital game, a straight chat game, questions and answers, the culture circle, a domino and a card game. They were between the years 2009 to 2018. The level of evidence six with methodological rigor category A. Final considerations: despite the articles being aimed at teenagers, there is still a need to develop new playful technologies by health professionals, covering other diseases for this audience, these being protagonists of the teaching-learning process, but also multipliers of health education actions.

Objetivo: identificar las tecnologías lúdicas utilizadas por los profesionales de la salud para adolescentes. Método: revisión integradora. Las bases de datos fueron: Lilacs, Bdenf, Cinahl, Adolec, Cuiden y Pepsic; SciELO, biblioteca Cochrane y Medline / Pubmed. Los descriptores extraídos de DeCS y MESH, siendo la muestra final de cinco artículos originales. Período de búsqueda de noviembre de 2017 a enero de 2018. Resultados: los artículos presentaron un juego digital, un juego de chat directo, preguntas y respuestas, el círculo cultural, un dominó y un juego de cartas. Fueron entre los años 2009 a 2018. Nivel de evidencia seis con categoría de rigor metodológico A. Consideraciones finales: aunque los artículos están dirigidos a adolescentes, aún existe la necesidad de desarrollar nuevas tecnologías lúdicas por parte de profesionales de la salud, que cubran otras enfermedades para este público, siendo estos protagonistas del proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje, pero también multiplicadores de las acciones de educación para la salud.

Role of Major Glucosinolates in the Defense of Kale Against Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris.

Glucosinolates (GSLs) are secondary metabolites present in Brassicaceae species implicated in their defense against plant pathogens. When a pathogen causes tissue damage, the enzyme myrosinase hydrolyzes GSLs into diverse products that exhibit antimicrobial activity against a wide range of bacteria and fungi in vitro. It was demonstrated that modulation of GSL content in vivo affects plant resistance to infection by pathogens in Arabidopsis. However, the roles of specific metabolites and how they interact with pathogens are poorly understood in Brassica crops. We previously developed a set of populations of Brassica oleracea var. acephala L. (kale) differing in content of three GSLs: the aliphatics sinigrin (2-propenyl [SIN]) and glucoiberin (3-methylsulphinylpropyl [GIB]) and the indolic glucobrassicin (3-indolylmethyl [GBS]). These populations can be used to study the effects of major GSLs in kale, with the advantage that genotypes within each selection have the same genetic background. This research aimed to explore the role of SIN, GIB, and GBS in the defense of kale against the necrotrophic fungus Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and the bacterium Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris. Results showed that increasing the amount of a particular GSL did not always result in disease resistance. The effects of GSLs were apparently dependent on the pathogen and the type of GSL. Thus, the aliphatic SIN was inhibitory to infection by S. sclerotiorum and the indolic GBS was inhibitory to infection by X. campestris pv. campestris. Other factors, including the quantity and proportion of other metabolites modified during the pathogen infection process, could also modulate the degree of inhibition to the pathogen.

Dissecting quantitative resistance to Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris in leaves of Brassica oleracea by QTL analysis.

Black rot, caused by the bacterium Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (Xcc), produces important economic losses in crops of Brassica oleracea worldwide. Resistance to race 1, the most virulent and widespread in B. oleracea, is under quantitative control. Knowledge about the genetics of this resistance would help in designing strategies to control initial stages of invasion and development of the disease. QTL analysis of the resistance in the BolTBDH mapping population was performed. Resistance was measured with five traits related to initial stages of the invasion, success of infection and spread of the pathogen. Four single-trait QTLs of resistance were found, from which one represent novel variation. After performing multi-trait QTL, we concluded that spread of Xcc is related to the size of the leaf. Individuals from the mapping population follow two different strategies to cope with the spread of the disease: reducing lesion size or maintain more area of the leaf photosynthetically active, being more tolerant to Xcc invasion. Mechanisms underlying variation for resistance may be related to different aspects of plant immunity, including the synthesis of glucosinolates and phenolics.

Inducibility of chemical defences in young oak trees is stronger in species with high elevational ranges.

Elevational gradients have been highly useful for understanding the underlying forces driving variation in plant traits and plant-insect herbivore interactions. A widely held view from these studies has been that greater herbivory under warmer and less variable climatic conditions found at low elevations has resulted in stronger herbivore selection on plant defences. However, this prediction has been called into question by conflicting empirical evidence, which could be explained by a number of causes such as an incomplete assessment of defensive strategies (ignoring other axes of defence such as defence inducibility) or unaccounted variation in abiotic factors along elevational clines. We conducted a greenhouse experiment testing for inter-specific variation in constitutive leaf chemical defences (phenolic compounds) and their inducibility in response to feeding by gypsy moth larvae (Lymantria dispar L., Lepidoptera) using saplings of 18 oak (Quercus, Fagaceae) species. These species vary in their elevational distribution and together span >2400 m in elevation, therefore allowing us to test for among-species elevational clines in defences based on the elevational range of each species. In addition, we further tested for elevational gradients in the correlated expression of constitutive defences and their inducibility and for associations between defences and climatic factors potentially underlying elevational gradients in defences. Our results showed that oak species with high elevational ranges exhibited a greater inducibility of phenolic compounds (hydrolysable tannins), but this gradient was not accounted for by climatic predictors. In contrast, constitutive defences and the correlated expression of constitutive phenolics and their inducibility did not exhibit elevational clines. Overall, this study builds towards a more robust and integrative understanding of how multivariate plant defensive phenotypes vary along ecological gradients and their underlying abiotic drivers.

Brassica glucosinolate rhythmicity in response to light-dark entrainment cycles is cultivar-dependent.

Coordination of plant circadian rhythms with the external environment provides growth and reproductive advantages to plants as well as enhanced resistance to insects and pathogens. Since glucosinolates (GLSs) play a major role as plant defensive compounds and could affect the palatability and health value of edible crops, the aim of this study was to investigate the species-specific patterns in circadian rhythmicity of these plant phytochemicals. Five different GLS-containing cultivars, from three Brassica crop species were studied. Plants were entrained to light-dark cycles (LD) for five weeks prior to release them into continuous light (LL). GLSs levels were monitored during five consecutive days (two days at LD conditions and three days at LL). The remaining plants were re-entrained to LD cycles (Re-LD plants) and GLS levels were studied as stated before during two consecutive days. Results showed that the period and amplitude of GLSs circadian outputs were cultivar-dependent. In addition, we assessed that the plant endogenous clock can be re-entrained for GLSs accumulation after a period of free-running conditions. Together, these data suggests that Brassica cultivars keep track the time of the day to coordinate their defenses. The demonstration of the cultivar-specific circadian effect on the GLSs levels in plants of different Brassica cultivars have the potential to identify new targets for improving cultivar phytochemicals using temporally informed approaches. In addition, provides an exceptional model to study the complexity of signal integration in plants.

Plant domestication decreases both constitutive and induced chemical defences by direct selection against defensive traits.

Studies reporting domestication effects on plant defences have focused on constitutive, but not on induced defences. However, theory predicts a trade-off between constitutive (CD) and induced defences (ID), which intrinsically links both defensive strategies and argues for their joint consideration in plant domestications studies. We measured constitutive and induced glucosinolates in wild cabbage (Brassica oleracea ssp. oleracea) and two domesticated varieties (B. oleracea var. acephala and B. oleracea var. capitata) in which the leaves have been selected to grow larger. We also estimated leaf area (proxy of leaf size) to assess size-defence trade-offs and whether domestication effects on defences are indirect via selection for larger leaves. Both CD and ID were lower in domesticated than in wild cabbage and they were negatively correlated (i.e. traded off) in all of the cabbage lines studied. Reductions in CD were similar in magnitude for leaves and stems, and CD and leaf size were uncorrelated. We conclude that domestication of cabbage has reduced levels not only constitutive defences but also their inducibility, and that reductions in CD may span organs not targeted by breeding. This reduction in defences in domesticated cabbage is presumably the result of direct selection rather than indirect effects via trade-offs between size and defences.