Evaluation of the Antifungal and Antiproliferative Properties of the Lichen Roccella tinctoria DC. Extracts and Main Components.

In this work, phytochemical analysis on different extracts of Roccella tinctoria DC. was reported using different techniques with respect to the past. Twenty volatile and three non-volatile compounds were identified, some of which were found in this species for the first time. The methanolic extracts and their non-volatile components were then evaluated for their antitumor effects in cancerous A549 and Mz-ChA-1 cells and for their tolerability in non-cancerous BEAS-2B and H69 cells, showing IC50 values from 94.6 µg/mL to 416.4 µg/mL, in general. The same extracts and compounds were also tested for their antifungal effects in Candida albicans, with only compound 2 being active, with an MIC50 value of 87 µg/mL. In addition, they were tested for their anti-Candida adhesion activity, anti-Candida biofilm formation, and anti-Candida mature biofilm inhibition, with efficacy percentages generally above 50% but not for all of them. Lastly, the DF3 extract and compounds 1-2 were tested in vivo according to the Galleria mellonella survival assay, showing positive mortality rates above 50% at different concentrations. All these biological assays were conducted on this species for the first time. Comparisons with other lichens and compounds were also presented and discussed.

Occurrence and Biological Activities of Seco-Iridoids from Jasminum L.

In this paper, the first complete review on the seco-iridoids from the genus Jasminum L. was presented. In particular, their occurrence in the genus was detailed together with their biological activities. The literature survey has clearly pointed out that only a few Jasminum species have been studied for their seco-iridoid content evidencing oleoside derivatives as main compounds. In addition, the biological studies performed on them are very scarce focusing mainly on antioxidant and anti-inflammatory assays with modest effectiveness. All these results greatly underline the need for further in-depth analyses on these compounds under both the aspects.

Phytochemical analysis and biological activities of the aerial parts of Odontites vulgaris Moench.

In this work, the first specific phytochemical analysis on Odontites vulgaris Moench collected in Central Italy was performed. The aerial parts ethanolic extract was studied and eight compounds were identified: pheophytin a (1), aucubin (2), catalpol (3), shanzhiside methyl ester (4), melampyroside (5), 8-epi-loganin (6), caryoptoside (7) and quinic acid (8). To the best of our knowledge, in this study, compounds (7-8) resulted to be isolated from the genus for the first time. The chemophenetic markers of the family and order were evidenced and several important ecological conclusions could be drawn. The ethanolic extract was also tested for several biological activities showing high effects in the antioxidant, cytoprotective and aflatoxin B1 production inhibitory assays. A brief explanation on these activities under the phytochemical standpoint was also included.

Comparison of the metabolic profile of pecan nuts cultivars [Carya illinoinensis (Wangenh.) K. Koch] by NMR spectroscopy.

Pecan nuts (Carya illinoinensis (Wangenh.) K. Koch) contain the highest number of phytochemicals of all nuts, are a natural source of unsaturated fatty acids and other nutrients and can be considered an important addition to the Mediterranean diet al.though several studies have been carried out on pecans, employing several analytical techniques, no systematic study of the metabolic profile is available in literature. In this study, the metabolic profile of pecan nuts of three different cultivars was analysed by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy. The cultivars compared were Wichita, Stuart, and Sioux, all grown in Italy in the same pedoclimatic conditions. 31 metabolites were identified and 28 were quantified and the three species were differentiated based on multivariate PCA analysis. The differences among them, and the levels of scutellarein and GABA, in particular, were attributed to the adaptation of the plants to the climate in their original areas.

Phytochemical Analysis and In Vitro Antileukemic Activity of Alkaloid-Enriched Extracts from Vinca sardoa (Stearn) Pignatti.

Vinca sardoa (Stearn) Pignatti, known as Sardinian periwinkle, is widely diffused in Sardinia (Italy). This species contains indole alkaloids, which are known to have a great variety of biological activities. This study investigated the antileukemic activity against a B lymphoblast cell line (SUP-B15) of V. sardoa alkaloid-rich extracts obtained from plants grown in Italy, in Iglesias (Sardinia) and Rome (Latium). All the extracts showed a good capacity to induce reductions in cell proliferation of up to 50% at the tested concentrations (1-15 µg/mL). Moreover, none of the extracts showed cytotoxicity on normal cells at all the studied concentrations.

Phytochemical analysis on the aerial parts of Teucrium capitatum L. with aspects of chemosystematics and ethnobotany.

The phytochemical analysis on the aerial parts of Teucrium capitatum L. collected from a new population in Central Italy, led to the identification of eight compounds, i.e. pheophytin a (1), poliumoside (2), apigenin (3), luteolin (4), cirsimaritin (5), cirsiliol (6), 8-O-acetyl-harpagide (7) and teucardoside (8) belonging to four different classes of secondary metabolites. Pheophytin a (1) represents a newly identified compound in the genus whereas compounds (7-8) are newly identified compound in the species. The chemotaxonomic and ethnobotanical aspects relative to the presence of these compounds were widely discussed suggesting important conclusions for both.

Leucosceptosides A and B: Two Phenyl-Ethanoid Glycosides with Important Occurrence and Biological Activities.

In this review paper, the occurrence in the plant kingdom, the chemophenetic value and the biological activities associated with two specific phenyl-ethanoid glycosides, i.e., leucosceptoside A and leucosceptoside B, were reported. This is the first work ever conducted on such a subject. Analysis of the literature data clearly led to three important conclusions: leucosceptoside A is much more common in plants than leucosceptoside B; leucosceptoside A exerts more biological activities than leucosceptoside B even if nothing can be generally concluded about which one is actually the most potent; neither of these compounds can be used as a chemophenetic marker. These three aspects and more are discussed in more depth in this work.

Phytochemical analysis on the leaves of Agathis microstachya J.F. Bailey & C.T. White.

The first phytochemical analysis on the leaves of Agathis microstachya J.F. Bailey & C.T. White collected in Rome was reported in this work. The study evidenced the presence of four compounds i.e., 7,4'''-dimethoxy-agathisflavone (1), 7,7''-dimethoxy-cupressuflavone (2), dactylifric acid (3) and shikimic acid (4) which were identified by means of spectroscopic techniques. Compounds (1, 2, 4) were reported in the species for the first time as well as this is the second report on the presence of dactylifric acid (3) in the whole Araucariaceae family. The absence of diterpenoids from the studied accession is also important. All these chemotaxonomic aspects were discussed.

Phytochemical analysis on the seeds of a new Iranian Plantago ovata Forssk. population specimen.

In this paper, the phytochemical analysis of the seeds of a new Iranian Plantago ovata Forssk. population exemplar is reported. This phytochemical analysis was carried out by means of hydroalcoholic maceration, column chromatography, NMR and MS analyses and led to the isolation of sixteen compounds belonging to five different classes of natural compounds. After comparison with previous analyses, a clear difference about their whole phytochemical patterns could be observed in some terms. A possible explanation of this was generally given, too.

An overview of the genus Aloysia Paláu (Verbenaceae): Essential oil composition, ethnobotany and biological activities.

Aloysia Paláu is an important herbal genus from the Verbenaceae family and possesses numerous remedial properties in the folk medicine of Asian, European, and, in particular, South American countries. Only a few reports have discussed some phytochemical characteristics associated with Aloysia species. Right the lack of an exhaustive report prompted us to organize this review article. Accordingly, besides the ethnobotanical knowledge of Aloysia species, their essential oil profiles, phytochemistry of the polar isolated fractions, and the relevant biological activities are discussed in detail.[Formula: see text].

A Systematic Review on Phytochemistry, Ethnobotany and Biological Activities of the Genus Bunium L.

The aim of this review article is to present, for the first time, an appraisal of the phytochemical, ethnobotanical and pharmacological data on Bunium species. The literature search was conducted using the Scopus, Google Scholar and PubMed databases. The genus Bunium has been found to produce both essential oil (EO), mainly comprising monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes, and non-volatile components mainly coumarins and flavonoids. There are several pharmacological activities associated with the Bunium species, especially antioxidant, antibacterial and antifungal properties. The chemotaxonomic appraisal of the phytochemical pattern of the genus is in sink with the current classification of the family. Moreover, this review confirms the significant ethnobotanical and pharmacological potential of different Bunium species.

The Genus Haplophyllum Juss.: Phytochemistry and Bioactivities-A Review.

Herein, a comprehensive review is given focusing on the chemical profiles of the essential oils (EOs), non-volatile compounds, ethnobotany, and biological activities of different Haplophyllum (Rutaceae family) species. To gather the relevant data, all the scientific databases, including Scopus, ISI-WOS (Institute of Scientific Information-Web of Science), and PubMed and highly esteemed publishers such as Elsevier, Springer, Taylor and Francis, etc., were systematically retrieved and reviewed. A wide array of valuable groups of natural compounds, e.g., terpenoids, coumarins, alkaloids, lignans, flavonoids, and organic acids have been isolated and subsequently characterized in different organic extracts of a number of Haplophyllum species. In addition, some remarkable antimicrobial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, cytotoxic, antileishmanial, and antialgal effects as well as promising remedial therapeutic properties have been well-documented for some species of the genus Haplophyllum.

Phytochemical Analysis and Biological Activities of the Ethanolic Extract of Daphne sericea Vahl Flowering Aerial Parts Collected in Central Italy.

In this paper, the first phytochemical analysis of the ethanolic extract of Daphne sericea Vahl flowering aerial parts collected in Italy and its biological activities were reported. Eleven compounds were identified i.e., α-linolenic acid (1), tri-linoleoyl-sn-glycerol (2), pheophorbide a ethyl ester (3), pilloin (4), sinensetin (5), yuanhuanin (6), rutamontine (7), syringin (8), p-coumaric acid (9), p-anisic acid (10) and caffeic acid (11). To the best of our knowledge, compounds (1-4, 7-8 and 10) were isolated from D. sericea for the first time during this work, whereas sinensetin (5) represents a newly identified component of the entire Thymelaeaceae family. The extract was found to possess radical scavenging against both DPPH• and 2,2'-azino-bis(3-thylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS•+) radicals, with at least a 40-fold higher potency against the latter. Moreover, chelating abilities against both ferrous and ferric ions have been highlighted, thus suggesting a possible indirect antioxidant power of the extract. Although the precise bioactive compounds remain to be discovered, the polyphenolic constituents, including phenolic acids, tannins and flavonoids, seem to contribute to the antioxidant power of the phytocomplex. In addition, the extract produced cytotoxic effects in MDA-MB-231 and U87-MG cancer cell lines, especially at the concentration of 625 µg/mL and after 48-72 h. Further studies are required to clarify the contribution of the identified compounds in the bioactivities of the extract and to support possible future applications.

A new diterpene and other compounds from the unripe female cones of Wollemia nobilis.

In this work, the first phytochemical analysis ever performed on the unripe female cones of Wollemia nobilis W. G. Jones, K. D. Hill & J. M. Allen was described. The analysis evidenced the presence of a new derivative of sandaracopimaric acid together with rare diterpenoid derivatives and known compounds of chemosystematic and bioactivity relevance. Some of these were evidenced in the species or in the family for the first time during this study. The further implications of the isolated compounds in the field of chemosystematics, pharmacology and nutraceutics were discussed.

Towards a new application of amaranth seed oil as an agent against Candida albicans.

Amaranthus spp. (Amaranthaceae family), known as amaranth, are plants native of Central America, today produced in many parts of the world. due to their popularity popular as a health food. Because of its composition, amaranth can be considered to be attractive not only as a food but also for pharmaceutical and cosmetics uses. To date, antifungal activity of amaranth extracts has not been totally investigated, therefore the scope of this study was to evaluate the antifungal effect of the apolar fraction from Amaranthus cruentus L. seeds extract, alone and in association with antifungal drugs terbinafine, a common antifungal agent, which itself has only fungistatic effect on Candida albicans strains without exerting fungicidal activity. Our results demonstrate that this amaranth oil in combination with terbinafine has synergic fungistatic and fungicidal activity, with FICI of 0.466 and 0.496, respectively. No fungistatic and fungicidal activity of terbinafine alone at concentrations up to 64 µg/mL and amaranth oil alone at concentrations up to 2000 µg/mL, against all tested C. albicans strains, were observed. does not show activity towards Candida albicans strains but it can effectively potentiate the antifungal activity of terbinafine, a common antifungal agent which itself This result suggests the possible application of amaranth oil in the preparation of formulations with terbinafine for topical use.

First study on the pyrrolizidine alkaloids of Pardoglossum cheirifolium (L.) E.Barbier & Mathez.: GC-MS analysis of their volatile components in the whole plant.

In this work, the first study on the pyrrolizidine alkaloids content of Pardoglossum cheirifolium (L.) E.Barbier & Mathez. was reported. The studied exemplar was collected in Algeria and the analysis was carried out by means of GC-MS on the crude base extract deriving from the whole plant. Nine compounds were tentatively identified and they all represent new phytochemicals at the species level. Their presence confirms the botanical classification of the plant as a member of the Boraginaceae family. In addition, it points out some interesting chemosystematic relations within the family.

Phytochemical analysis of Viburnum davidii Franch. and cholinesterase inhibitory activity of its dihydrochalcones.

One flavonoid (quercetin, 1) and three dihydrochalcones (6''-O-p-hydroxybenzoyl-davidioside, 2, 4'-O-methyl-davidioside, 3, and davidioside, 4) were isolated from the leaves and young branches of Viburnum davidii Franch. All the structures were identified by comparison of their spectroscopic data (NMR and MS) with those present in literature. In addition, compounds 2-4 were evaluated for their cholinesterase inhibitory (ChEI) activity, for the first time. Accordingly, compounds 2 and 4 showed significant inhibition of both acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) with IC50 values equal to 36.883 and 39.274 µM, respectively for the former and 39.504 and 43.101 µM, respectively for the latter.

Harpagide: Occurrence in plants and biological activities - A review.

In this review article, the occurrence of harpagide in the plant kingdom and its associated biological activities are presented and detailed for the first time. The presence of harpagide has been reported in several botanical families within Asteridae, and harpagide has been observed to exert a wide number of biological activities such as cytotoxic, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective. These results show how harpagide can be recovered from several natural sources for several pharmacological purposes even if there is a lot to still be studied. Nowadays, the interest is related to its presence in phytomedicines. Threfore, these studies are useful to support and validate the large use of several plants in the folklore medicine.

Phytochemical Analysis and Trypanocidal Activity of Marrubium incanum Desr.

The rationale inspiring the discovery of lead compounds for the treatment of human parasitic protozoan diseases from natural sources is the well-established use of medicinal plants in various systems of traditional medicine. On this basis, we decided to select an overlooked medicinal plant growing in central Italy, Marrubium incanum Desr. (Lamiaceae), which has been used as a traditional remedy against protozoan diseases, and to investigate its potential against Human African trypanosomiasis (HAT). For this purpose, we assayed three extracts of different polarities obtained from the aerial parts of M. incanum-namely, water (MarrInc-H2O), ethanol (MarrInc-EtOH) and dichloromethane (MarrInc-CH2Cl2)-against Trypanosoma brucei (TC221), with the aim to discover lead compounds for the development of antitrypanosomal drugs. Their selectivity index (SI) was determined on mammalian cells (BALB/3T3 mouse fibroblasts) as a counter-screen for toxicity. The preliminary screening selected the MarrInc-CH2Cl2 extract as the most promising candidate against HAT, showing an IC50 value of 28 µg/mL. On this basis, column chromatography coupled with the NMR spectroscopy of a MarrInc-CH2Cl2 extract led to the isolation and identification of five compounds i.e. 1-α-linolenoyl-2-palmitoyl-3-stearoyl-sn- glycerol (1), 1-linoleoyl-2-palmitoyl-3-stearoyl-sn-glycerol (2), stigmasterol (3), palmitic acid (4), and salvigenin (5). Notably, compounds 3 and 5 were tested on T. brucei, with the latter being five-fold more active than the MarrInc-CH2Cl2 extract (IC50 = 5.41 ± 0.85 and 28 ± 1.4 µg/mL, respectively). Furthermore, the SI for salvigenin was >18.5, showing a preferential effect on target cells compared with the dichloromethane extract (>3.6). Conversely, stigmasterol was found to be inactive. To complete the work, also the more polar MarrInc-EtOH extract was analyzed, giving evidence for the presence of 2″-O-allopyranosyl-cosmosiin (6), verbascoside (7), and samioside (8). Our findings shed light on the phytochemistry of this overlooked species and its antiprotozoal potential, providing evidence for the promising role of flavonoids such as salvigenin for the treatment of protozoal diseases.

Phytochemistry, Chemotaxonomy, and Biological Activities of the Araucariaceae Family-A Review.

In this review article, the phytochemistry of the species belonging to the Araucariaceae family is explored. Among these, in particular, it is given a wide overview on the phytochemical profile of Wollemia genus, for the first time. In addition to this, the ethnopharmacology and the general biological activities associated to the Araucariaceae species are singularly described. Lastly, the chemotaxonomy at the genus and family levels is described and detailed.