Metabolic syndrome, aging, physical inactivity, and incidence of type 2 diabetes in general African population.

The first objective of this study was to determine the baseline prevalence of metabolic syndrome and its individual components using the NCEP-R/ATPIII criteria, IDF criteria for Europe, and IDF criteria for Africa: waist circumference of at least 94 cm for men and women. The second objective was to investigate the incidence and the determinants of type 2 diabetes in a prospective cohort of 807 non-diabetic Central Africans aged >or= 40 years from December 2004 to September 2008. During 3,156 person-years of median follow up, there were 93 type 2 diabetes cases (11.5%), corresponding to an incidence of 29 (95% CI 15-43) per 1,000 person-years. The independent predictors of incident type 2 diabetes were age >or= 45 years, physical inactivity, non-diabetic hyperglycaemia and metabolic syndrome regardless of criteria used. In conclusion, urgent prevention strategies are needed to curb the type 2 diabetes epidemic in Africa.

[Risk factors of stroke among Congolese black hypertensive diabetics]. / Facteurs de risque d'accident vasculaire cérébral chez les diabétiques hypertendus noirs congolais de type 2.

BACKGROUND: The relationship between diabetes mellitus and risk of stroke is well established. This risk is more elevated for hypertensive diabetics men. OBJECTIVE: To determine the incidence and the risk factors of stroke among hypertensive diabetics. METHODS: This prospective study has considered baseline demographic, behavioural and biological parameters collected in 2002 among black Congolese hypertensive diabetics from Kinshasa till the onset of stroke or not in 2006. RESULTS: Out of 492 followed-up patients (279 women, 213 men, 57+/-10 years), 41.9% were old of age > or = 60 years, and 16.5% experienced acute stroke. In univariate analysis, a significant association between age > or = 60 years, cigarette smoking, excessive alcohol intake, diabetes duration > or = 2 years, pulse pressure > or = 60 mmHg, acute bacterian pneumonia, left ventricule hypertrophy, hypertensive retinopathy, diabetic retinopathy, diabetic foot, diabetic neuropathy, congestive heart failure, chronic renal failure, lack of diabetic treatment compliance and the occurrence of acute stroke. However, multivariate analysis identified only acute bacterian pneumonia, diabetic retinopathy, diabetic neuropathy, chronic renal failure and pulse pressure > or = 60 mmHg as the independent risk factors of stroke onset among these black congolese hypertensive diabetics with the following and respective values of relative risk (hazard ratio): 6,2 (IC 95%: 3.2 to 11.9; P<0.0001), 2,2 (IC 95%: 1.2 to 4.1; P<0.01), 3.6 (IC 95%: 1.9 to 6.8; P<0.0001), 6.4 (IC 95%: 2.9 to 14.1; P<0.01) and 4.1 (IC 95%: 1.6 to 10.3; P<0.0001). CONCLUSION: The rate of stroke onset is high among these hypertensive diabetics. This is the consequence of independent and respective action of infection, diabetic retinopathy, diabetic neuropathy, chronic renal failure and arterial stiffness.