Characterization of an omega-class glutathione S-transferase in the stress response of the silkmoth.

The glutathione S-transferase (GST) superfamily is involved in detoxification of various xenobiotics. Using real-time PCR, mRNA encoding an omega-class GST of Bombyx mori (bmGSTO) was shown to be induced after exposure to various environmental stresses. A soluble form of recombinant protein (rbmGSTO) was functionally overexpressed in Escherichia coli cells and purified to homogeneity. Cys 38 and Pro 39 were found to be highly conserved in omega-class GSTs, and their roles were investigated by site-directed mutagenesis/kinetic analysis. Mutations of Cys 38 and Pro 39 residues affected the catalytic efficiency of enzymes, indicating that the presence of Cys 38 and Pro 39 residues is important for bmGSTO activity. Thus, bmGSTO could contribute to increasing the environmental stress resistance of lepidopteran insects.

Detecting young Japanese adults with undetected low skeletal bone density using panoramic radiographs.

OBJECTIVE: The cortical width below the mental foramen of the mandible determined from panoramic radiographs is a useful screening tool for identifying elderly individuals with a low skeletal bone mineral density (BMD). However, whether the mandible cortical width (MCW) is useful for identifying a low skeletal BMD in men and women of 40 years or younger is not known. METHODS: The BMD of the calcaneus was measured by ultrasonography bone densitometry in 158 men and 76 women aged 18-36 years. A logistic regression analysis adjusted for age was used to calculate the odds ratios and 95% confidence interval (CI) of having a low calcaneal BMD, according to the quartiles of the MCW. The areas under the receiver operator characteristic curve (AUC) for identifying participants with a low calcaneal BMD using the MCW were assessed to evaluate the diagnostic efficacy of the MCW. RESULTS: In men, the adjusted odds ratios of a low calcaneal BMD associated with the second, third and lowest quartiles of MCW were 5.66 (95% CI, 0.61-52.23), 5.43 (95% CI, 0.59-50.18) and 33.22 (95% CI, 3.97-276.94), respectively, compared with the highest quartile, while no significant trend in the adjusted odds ratios was observed in women. The AUC for identifying participants with a low calcaneal BMD based on the MCW was 0.796 (95% CI, 0.702-0.890) in men and 0.593 (95% CI, 0.398-0.788) in women. CONCLUSION: MCW determined from panoramic radiographs can be used to identify undetected low calcaneus BMD in young adult men, but not in young adult women.

SS-MIX: a ministry project to promote standardized healthcare information exchange.

OBJECTIVES: To promote healthcare information exchange between providers and to allow hospital information systems (HIS) export information in standardized format (HL7 and DICOM) in an environment of wide-spread legacy systems, which only can export data in proprietary format. METHODS: Through the Shizuoka prefecture EMR project in 2004-2005, followed by the ministry's SS-MIX project, many software products have been provided, which consist of 1) a standardized storage to receive HL7 v2.5 messages of patient demographics, prescription orders, laboratory results, and diagnostic disease in ICD-10, 2) a referral letter creation system, 3) a formatted document creation system, 4) a progress note/nursing record system, and 5) an archive/viewer to incorporate incoming healthcare data CD and allow users to view on HIS terminal. Meanwhile, other useful applications have been produced, such as adverse event reporting and clinical information retrieval. To achieve the above-mentioned objectives, these software products were created and propagated, because users can use these software products, provided that their HIS can export the above information to the standardized storage in HL7 v2.5 format. RESULTS: In 20 hospitals of Japan, the standardized storage has been installed and some applications have been used. As major HIS vendors are shipping HIS with HL7 export function since 2007, HIS of 594 hospitals in Japan became capable of exporting data in HL7 v2.5 format (as of March 2010). CONCLUSIONS: In high CPOE installation rate (85% in 400+ bed hospitals), though most of them only capable of exporting data in proprietary format, prefecture and ministry projects were effective to promote healthcare information exchange between providers. The standardized storage became an infrastructure for many useful applications, and many hospitals started using them. Ministry designation of proposed healthcare standards was effective so as to allow vendors to conform their products, and users to install them.

Online intelligent controllers for an enzyme recovery plant: design methodology and performance.

This paper focuses on the development of intelligent controllers for use in a process of enzyme recovery from pineapple rind. The proteolytic enzyme bromelain (EC 3.4.22.4) is precipitated with alcohol at low temperature in a fed-batch jacketed tank. Temperature control is crucial to avoid irreversible protein denaturation. Fuzzy or neural controllers offer a way of implementing solutions that cover dynamic and nonlinear processes. The design methodology and a comparative study on the performance of fuzzy-PI, neurofuzzy, and neural network intelligent controllers are presented. To tune the fuzzy PI Mamdani controller, various universes of discourse, rule bases, and membership function support sets were tested. A neurofuzzy inference system (ANFIS), based on Takagi-Sugeno rules, and a model predictive controller, based on neural modeling, were developed and tested as well. Using a Fieldbus network architecture, a coolant variable speed pump was driven by the controllers. The experimental results show the effectiveness of fuzzy controllers in comparison to the neural predictive control. The fuzzy PI controller exhibited a reduced error parameter (ITAE), lower power consumption, and better recovery of enzyme activity.

[Tricuspid annuloplasty, pulmonary valve replacement, ventricular septal defect (VSD) patch closure, and right-sided maze procedure 23-years after corrective repair of tetralogy of Fallot].

Postoperative pulmonary valve regurgitation, stenosis of the right ventricular outflow tract, conduit failure, ventricular septal patch leak, secondary tricuspid valve regurgitation, and various arrhythmias are the major complications that develop after surgical repair of tetralogy of Fallot in adults. A 27-year-old male with pulmonary regurgitation, tricuspid regurgitation, residual ventricular septal defect (VSD), low left ventricular function, and chronic atrial fibrillation underwent tricuspid annuloplasty, pulmonary valve replacement with a stentless aortic valve, VSD patch closure, and right-sided maze procedure, and the postoperative course was uneventful. The cardiothoracic ratio decreased, sinus rhythm was restored, and the patient's complaints were relieved. Reoperation at the optimal time after corrective repair of tetralogy of Fallot in adults may improve the outcome.

TAK1 represses transcription of the human telomerase reverse transcriptase gene.

In human cells, telomerase activity is tightly regulated by the expression of its catalytic subunit, namely, the human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT). However, the molecular mechanisms involved in the regulation of hTERT expression have not been completely clarified. We have previously reported that transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) represses the expression of the hTERT gene. In the present study, we demonstrated that TGF-beta-activated kinase 1 (TAK1), originally identified as a mitogen-activated kinase kinase kinase, represses the hTERT core promoter activity in an E-box-independent manner, and it also represses the transcription of the hTERT gene in human lung adenocarcinoma cell line, A549 cells. This TAK1-induced repression was found to be caused by the recruitment of histone deacetylase to Sp1 at the hTERT promoter and a consequent reduction in the amount of acetylated histone H4 at the hTERT promoter. Finally, we demonstrated that TAK1 induces cellular senescence programs in normal human diploid cells. Thus, we assume that TAK1 triggers the repression mechanisms of the hTERT gene as a result of evoking cellular senescence programs. Considered together, TAK1 is thought to play a causative role in the determination of a finite replicative lifespan of normal and cancer cells.

Reduced expression of syndecan-1 affects metastatic potential and clinical outcome in patients with colorectal cancer.

Syndecan-1 is a transmembrane heparansulfate proteoglycan which regulates cell-to-cell or cell-to-extracellular matrix interactions and may influence malignant cell behavior. We investigated the alterations of syndecan-1 expressions in colorectal cancers and analyzed the relationship between histological and clinical characteristics. Syndecan-1 protein expression in colorectal cancer tissues was investigated with immunohistochemical staining of resected specimens. In situ hybridization was performed using syndecan-1 riboprobe to confirm the transcriptional signals. Syndecan-1 mRNA expression in cancer cell lines cultured with or without methylation inhibitor was also analyzed by quantitative PCR. Out of 105 specimens tested, less than 25% of tumor cells were stained with anti-syndecan-1 monoclonal antibody in 36 (34.3%). In situ hybridization showed a similar staining profile to that of immunohistochemistry. Syndecan-1 mRNA expression was increased by the methylation inhibitor 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine, suggesting that the hypermethylation is involved in the suppression of syndecan-1 expression. Clinically, the incidence of metastasis to lymphnode or liver in patients with syndecan-1-negative tumors was significantly high. Among T1 colorectal cancers displaying a primary invasive phase, lymphnode metastasis, undifferentiated characters and 'budding' of cancer cells were more common in syndecan-1-negative tumors. The survival rate in patients with syndecan-1-negative tumors was decreased significantly in a stage-independent manner. These results suggest that the reduction of syndecan-1 expression in colorectal cancer cells, which is supposed to be regulated at the transcription level, is closely related to invasive character. The evaluation of syndecan-1 expression in colorectal cancer may allow prediction of patients' survival after surgery.

Condylar motion in patients with reduced anterior disc displacement.

The influence of reduced anterior disc displacement on condylar motion has not been fully examined in young adults. Reduced anterior disc displacement was hypothesized to inhibit condylar motion. Using a six-degrees-of-freedom jaw-tracking system, we recorded bilateral condylar motion during maximum open-close jaw movement and gum-chewing on both sides in ten young adults with unilateral reduced anterior disc displacement and in ten control subjects without temporomandibular disorders. The bilateral condylar motion during both maximum open-close jaw movement and chewing on the disc-displacement side was inhibited in the test group. The condylar motion on the disc-displacement side during chewing on the non-disc-displacement side was also inhibited in the test group. These results suggest that the limitation of condylar motion on the disc-displacement side may influence condylar motion on the non-disc-displacement side during maximum open-close jaw movement, and mastication on the disc-displacement side in young adults.

A modified "elephant trunk" procedure for aortic arch replacement.

OBJECTIVES: We have devised a modified "elephant trunk" technique for primary aortic arch replacement that strengthens the distal anastomosis by preventing access of the blood stream to the distal suture line. The technique entails suturing an elephant trunk graft to the inner surface of the arch graft circumferentially just distal to the fourth of its 4 limbs. The inner graft is then inserted into the distal aortic lumen while the edge of the arch graft orifice is anastomosed to the aortic stump. This clinical trial was conducted to clarify its usefulness. METHODS: This technique was used in 5 cases of total arch replacement to reinforce distal anastomoses. RESULTS: All patients tolerated surgery well without complications such as paraplegia or thromboembolism. CONCLUSIONS: The advantages of this modified technique include simplicity and reproducibility.

Off-pump coronary artery bypass for a heparin-allergic patient.

A 46-year-old man with no history of drug allergy developed acute myocardial infarction. Coronary angiographic findings revealed triple vessel disease. Serum hepatic enzymes were elevated due to heparin administered to control infarction, and an allergic reaction developed exclusively due to heparin. To avoid heparin use, we adopted heparin-free off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting through median sternotomy. The systemic anticoagulant agent argatroban was administered to maintain active clotting time over 200 seconds. The left internal thoracic artery was anastomosed to the left anterior descending artery, the radial artery to the diagonal branch, and the right gastroepiploic artery to the right coronary artery. Patency was confirmed by postoperative coronary angiography. No complications were noted. For patients with heparin allergy, off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting is a useful maneuver, because it can be conducted using anticoagulant agents other than heparin.

Deglutitive movement of the tongue under local anesthesia.

The purpose of the present study was to investigate whether or not sensory input from the tongue affects deglutitive tongue movement. Subjects were seven healthy volunteers with anesthetic applied to the surface of the tongue (surface group) and seven healthy volunteers with the lingual nerve blocked by anesthetic (blocked group). We established six stages in deglutition and analyzed deglutitive tongue movement and the time between the respective stages by cineradiography before and after anesthesia. After anesthesia in both surface and blocked groups, deglutitive tongue movement slowed and bolus movement was delayed. The deglutitive tongue tip retreated in the blocked group. These results suggest that delay of tongue movement by anesthesia causes weak bolus propulsion and that deglutitive tongue tip position is affected by sensory deprivation of the tongue or the region innervated by the inferior alveolar nerve.

Late leaflet fracture and embolization of a Duromedics mitral prosthesis.

A case of leaflet fracture and embolization of a mitral prosthetic valve is described. A 54-year-old man had received mitral valve replacement with an Edwards-Duromedics 29M prosthetic valve, at 10 years ago. Emergency mitral valve replacement was performed because the patient had severe congestive left heart failure with severe acute mitral regurgitation caused by a fracture in one of the mitral valve leaflets. The leaflet, which was fractured into 2 pieces, was removed from the right common iliac artery at 3 months after valve replacement. Visual inspection revealed that the leaflet contained a midline fracture. The fracture originated within a cavitary erosion pit near the major radius of the leaflet. The patient recovered from acute renal failure, requiring hemodialysis for 80 days, and is currently without complaints. We have used a Duromedics mitral valve in 11 patients, from April 1987 to April 1988. No subsequent valve failure has occurred. The diagnosis, treatment and cause of a mechanical valve fracture are discussed.

Mutation analysis of mitotic checkpoint genes (hBUB1 and hBUBR1) and microsatellite instability in adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma.

Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL) is a neoplasm of T-lymphocytes, and human T-cell lymphotropic virus type-I (HTLV-I) is etiologically considered as the causative virus of ATLL. The karyotypes of ATLL are very complex in both number and structure, although no specific karyotype abnormalities have been identified. HTLV-I is thought to integrate its provirus into random sites in host chromosomal DNA and induces chromosomal instability. The BUB gene is a component of the mitotic checkpoint in budding yeast. Recently, human homologues of the BUB were identified and mutant alleles of hBUB1 and hBUBR1 were detected in two colorectal tumor cell lines, which showed microsatellite instability (MIN). In vitro, BUB proteins form a complex of monomers. These proteins interact with the human MAD1 gene product, a target of the HTLV-1 tax oncogene. We examined the role of checkpoint gene in the chromosomal abnormalities of ATLL by investigating mutations of hBUB1 and hBUBR1, and MIN of replication errors of BAX, insulin-like growth factor, and transforming growth factor beta type II. We analyzed ten cases with ATLL and eight B-cell lymphomas (five diffuse large cell lymphomas, three follicular lymphomas). Complex chromosomal abnormalities were detected in ATLL, while B-cell lymphomas showed only simple or minimal chromosomal abnormalities. Significant mutations/deletion of hBUB1 or hBUBR1 were detected in four of ten cases with ATLL, including two heterozygous point mutations, one homozygous point mutation, and one with a 47 bp deletion. In contrast, only one of eight B-cell lymphomas showed nonsense mutation of hBUBR1. None of the ATLL and B-cell lymphomas showed MIN. In the multistage process of leukemogenesis of ATLL, our findings indicate that mutations of mitotic checkpoint genes may play an important role in the induction of complex chromosomal abnormalities.

A cineradiographic study of deglutitive tongue movement and nasopharyngeal closure in patients with anterior open bite.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the movement of the tip and the dorsal surface of the tongue during deglutition in patients with anterior open bite using cineradiography. The subjects were 10 female patients with anterior open bites and 10 female controls with normal overbites. By cineradiography we established 7 stages of tongue movement and bolus position during deglutition and analyzed the tongue position, tongue movement and the time. The tongue-tip position was more protrusive during deglutition in anterior open bite than in the controls. After the head of the bolus arrived at the opening of the esophagus, the rear part of the dorsal surface of the tongue demonstrated slower movement in patients with anterior open bite than in controls. The nasopharynx closed earlier in patients with anterior open bite than in controls. It is suggested that anterior open bite patients had compensatory coordination of tongue movement, soft palate movement and pharyngeal constrictor muscle activity during deglutition.

Reoperative coronary artery bypass via left thoracotomy.

The patient was a 49-year-old woman. When she was 39 years old, she underwent coronary artery bypass grafting (left internal thoracic artery to left anterior descending artery, saphenous vein graft to first diagonal branch). At the age 48, she had effort angina. On coronary angiography, triple-vessel disease was found, and she was treated conservatively. Progression of the disease was confirmed with detection of the left circumflex artery associated with jeopardized collateral to the right coronary artery showing total occlusion. The patient underwent reoperation. Since the left internal thoracic artery was patent despite occlusion of the saphenous vein graft, the approach of left thoracotomy was employed. Under cardiopulmonary bypass with ventricular fibrillation and left vent through left atrial appendage, the right radial artery was anastomosed to the left circumflex artery from the descending thoracic aorta, and the right gastroepiploic artery was anastomosed to the right coronary artery (4AV branch). Patency of the bypass was confirmed postoperatively. We consider this operative technique was especially useful for reoperation in cases of a patent internal thoracic artery in which left thoracotomy can be conducted safely.

The effects of cell adhesion on the growth and protein productivity of animal cells.

We investigated the effect of cell adhesion on cellgrowth and productivity of recombinant protein inChinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. Cells cultured innormal tissue culture dishes attached to the dishsurfaces and grew as a monolayer, while cells culturedin non-treated dishes proliferated in suspension assingle cells without adhering to the dish surfaces. On an agarose-coated dish surface, cell aggregatesformed without attaching to the dish. Growth rates inboth suspension cultures were slightly lower thanthose in monolayer culture. Cell cycle analysisindicated that the duration of the G(1) phase insuspension cultures was longer than that in monolayerculture, suggesting that attachment to the substratummainly affected the transition from the G(1) to theS phase. Consistent with this, CDK inhibitor p27,that inhibits the G(1)S transition, was induced inthe cells cultured in suspension.To assess the productivity of recombinant proteins,CHO cells were transfected with a plasmid containingmurine interferon gamma (mIFN-gamma) under thecontrol of the cytomegalovirus promoter. Insuspension culture, mIFN-gamma productivity wasslightly lower than that in the monolayer culture. When protein kinase C was activated by phorbol ester,mIFN-gamma production was enhanced in both themonolayer and suspension cultures. However, theproductivity in the suspension culture was lower thanthat in the adherent culture even in the presence ofhigh concentrations of phorbol ester. These resultssuggested that cell adhesion to the substratum affectsvarious features of CHO cells.

Expressions of cyclin E, A, and B1 in Hodgkin and Reed-Sternberg cells: not suppressed by cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21 expression.

p21 Is involved in the control of the mammalian cell cycle through the binding and inhibition of cyclin-dependent kinases. The cyclins are dependent on the phases of the cell cycle, and divided into two classes: mitotic cyclins (A, B1, B2) and G1 cyclins (C, D1, D2, D3, E). The product of the p21 gene is a potent downstream effector of the p53 tumor-suppressor gene function. The Hodgkin and Reed- Sternberg (H & RS) cells in Hodgkin's disease are reported to frequently express p53, p21, and nuclear proliferative activity (Ki-67). To clarify the relationship of p21, p53 and cyclins, we performed the immunohistochemistry of p53, p21, Ki-67, cyclin D1, cyclin E, cyclin A and cyclin B1, using 11 cases with Hodgkin's disease. In addition, we performed p53 gene sequencing of exon 5-8, and in situ hybridization of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) EBER-1 region, whose products have reported to induce the expression of cyclin D. In this study, in all cases, Ki-67 was expressed in almost all H & RS cells, and p53 and p21 were expressed in H & RS cells. No p53 gene mutations were detected in any case, and p53 protein overexpression did not correlate with p53 gene mutations. The number of p21-positive H & RS cells was significantly related with that of the p53-positive cells. The cyclins E, A, B1 and D1 were also expressed in H & RS cells. Unexpectedly, the expression of the cyclins was not suppressed by p21 and p53 expression. In addition, the existence of EBV was not related to the expression of cyclins. It is considered that H & RS cells are, indeed, in cell cycle and commonly express the cell cyclins, and that the cell cycle of H & RS cells may not be specifically fixed in the G1, S, G2 or M phases.

Pulmonary embolectomy for acute massive pulmonary embolism under percutaneous cardiopulmonary support.

Portable percutaneous cardiopulmonary support (PCPS) with heparin-coated circuits and a biopump was employed in a patient who had a massive pulmonary embolism with circulatory collapse after stripping of varicosities of the leg. Emergency pulmonary embolectomy was successfully performed. The main pulmonary incision was facilitated by cross-clamping of the main pulmonary arterial root. The bypass circuit was kept closed, and used with the normothermic beating heart without converting to conventional total cardiopulmonary bypass. Blood flow from the lung was removed by pump suction, stored in the reservoir, and intermittently returned to the venous circulation. Heparin was added to the circuits to keep the activated clotting time greater than 300 sec. In massive pulmonary embolism, PCPS is useful for preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative support.

Poor renal accumulation of 99mTc-DMSA in idiopathic tubular proteinuria.

In Japanese patients idiopathic tubular proteinuria presents mainly as asymptomatic tubular low molecular weight proteinuria. This disease has recently been shown to resemble Dent's disease which is characterized by tubular proteinuria, hypercalciuria, rickets and eventual renal failure. We report on 4 children with idiopathic tubular proteinuria. Although they had normal renal function, as evidenced by serum creatinine or creatinine clearance, they had very poor renal accumulation of 99mTc-DMSA and the presence of large amounts of tracer in the bladder. Additionally, the patient with the largest amounts of tubular proteinuria had the poorest renal accumulation of the 4 patients. The renal accumulation of tracer decreased with time from a maximum at 10 min after injection. These findings demonstrate that the tracer, once taken to be confined to the proximal tubular cells, is immediately excreted to the tubular lumen. We suggest that poor renal accumulation of 99mTc-DMSA is very important in elucidating the mechanism of idiopathic tubular proteinuria, and that 99mTc-DMSA renoscintigraphy is useful in the evaluation of the patient's renal function over time.

[Assessment of saphenous vein graft wall characteristics with intravascular ultrasound imaging].

The wall characteristics of saphenous vein grafts (SVGs) after coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) were assessed with intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) imaging. Twenty-seven SVGs in 25 patients who had undergone CABG were studied with IVUS in vivo. Ten SVGs excised from 6 patients who had undergone reoperation were studied with IVUS in vitro. The results were compared with the histopathologic findings. IVUS images of four SVGs studied within 1 month after CABG showed a thin and single-layer structure, which was almost identical to the IVUS features of a normal, fresh SVG. In five SVGs studied between 3 months and 1 year after CABG, the wall thickness was increased, and there were hypoechoic areas. In sixteen SVGs studied more than 2 years after CABG, two patterns were noted on IVUS imaging. One pattern was a triple-layer structure of alternating hyperechoic, hypoechoic, and hyperechoic bands seen in the angiographically normal sections of the SVGs. The second pattern was a heterogeneous, echogenic monolayer found in the angiographically irregular and diseased sections of the SVGs. Comparison of the in vitro IVUS images with the histopathology of the SVGs showed a strong correlation between the triple-layer structure and fibrointimal proliferation, and between the heterogeneous monolayer and atherosclerosis. In conclusion, IVUS is useful for assessing SVGs and for long-term qualitative monitoring of vein graft disease after CABG.