Update on Managing the Risks of Exposure to Lentiviral and Retroviral Vectors.

OBJECTIVE: This paper aims to review the risks associated with using lentiviral and retroviral vectors in research and clinical settings and to propose an update to an effective treatment plan. METHODS: Risks of exposure were evaluated based on vector design, safety features, viral tropism, transgene, and means and modes of transmission. These risks were weighed against the potential risks and benefits of current HIV medications. RESULTS: We recommend the following post-exposure prophylactic treatment for significant lentiviral vector exposures: 1) dolutegravir 50 mg. taken once a day for 7 days; and 2) tenofovir disoproxil fumarate 300 mg. taken once a day for 7 days (28 days of both medications for replication-competent vectors). CONCLUSIONS: Due to the highly efficient delivery of transgenes by modern lentiviral and retroviral vectors, post-exposure prophylaxis is indicated to prevent vector integration and oncogenic risks.

Biosafety Practices When Working with Bats: A Guide to Field Research Considerations.

Introduction: Field work with bats is an important contribution to many areas of research in environmental biology and ecology, as well as microbiology. Work with bats poses hazards such as bites and scratches, and the potential for exposure to infectious pathogens such as rabies virus. It also exposes researchers to many other potential hazards inherent to field work, such as environmental conditions, delayed emergency responses, or challenging work conditions. Methods: This article discusses the considerations for a thorough risk assessment process around field work with bats, pre- and post-occupational health considerations, and delves into specific considerations for areas related to biosafety concerns-training, personal protective equipment, safety consideration in field methods, decontamination, and waste. It also touches on related legal and ethical issues that sit outside the realm of biosafety, but which must be addressed during the planning process. Discussion: Although the focal point of this article is bat field work located in northern and central America, the principles and practices discussed here are applicable to bat work elsewhere, as well as to field work with other animal species, and should promote careful considerations of how to safely conduct field work to protect both researchers and animals.