Prenylated acetophenones from the roots of Calendula officinalis and their anti-inflammatory activity.

Calendula officinalis is a medicinal plant in the Asteraceae family, and it has a broad range of biological activities. In this study, we focused on the roots of C. officinalis, which have remarkable anti-inflammatory properties. By using a bioassay-guided fractionation approach, prenylated acetophenones 1 and 2-of which 1 was previously unknown-were isolated, and their structures were determined by spectroscopic analysis. Both compounds decreased lipopolysaccharide-stimulated NO production in J774.1 cells. This study could lead to the use of the Calendula roots as a natural source of inflammatory mediators.

Catechol-O-methyltransferase Inhibitors from Calendula officinalis Leaf.

Calendula officinalis is commonly known as marigold and its flowers are used in herbal medicines, cosmetics, perfumes, dyes, pharmaceutical preparations, and food products. However, the utility of its leaves has not been studied in depth. The purpose of the present study was to identify the major compounds in C. officinalis leaves and to determine the inhibitory properties of the isolated compounds toward human catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT), a key neurotransmitter involved in Parkinson's disease and depression. We isolated and identified ten compounds, including two phenylpropanoids and seven flavonoids, from C. officinalis leaf extracts, of which four flavonoids were identified from C. officinalis leaves for the first time. Eight compounds exhibited COMT inhibitory activities with IC50 values of less than 100 µM. Our results indicate that compounds in C. officinalis leaves are potentially effective for preventing Parkinson's disease and depression. Thus, C. officinalis leaves may hold promise as dietary supplements.

Nymphaeol-C, a prenylflavonoid from Macaranga tanarius, suppresses the expression of fibroblast growth factor 18.

BACKGROUND: Fibroblast growth factor 18 (FGF18) is one of the key factors in human signaling pathways and has been reported to be associated with the formation of various tissues. Additionally, FGF18 has been reported to maintain the telogen stage of the hair cycle, and its over-expression has also been observed in cancer cells. HYPOTHESIS/PURPOSE: We searched for natural compounds that inhibit the expression of FGF18 expression in vitro and evaluated their inhibitory mechanisms. STUDY DESIGN: Various plant samples were screened using a luciferase assay targeting FGF18. One active compound was selected by the screening, isolated and identified. METHODS: The active compound was isolated using chromatographic techniques and identified by specific rotation measurements, LC-MS and NMR. Additionally, its inhibitory mechanism was evaluated using real-time RT-PCR and Western blotting. RESULTS: As a result of screening various plant leaf samples, Macaranga tanarius was identified as the most active plant and a prenylflavonoid nymphaeol-C was isolated as the active compound. Using real-time RT-PCR and Western blotting analysis, this compound was confirmed to strongly suppress the expression of FGF18. The compound lowered the ß-catenin level in the Wnt/ß-catenin pathway. Thus, it was suggested that nymphaeol-C suppresses the expression of FGF18 by suppressing ß-catenin expression. Additionally, the compound lowered the extracellular signal-regulated kinase1/2 (ERK1/2) phosphorylation level in the mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade (MAPK cascade). Therefore, nymphaeol-C suppressed downstream signals of FGF18 by suppressing the expression of FGF18. CONCLUSION: We isolated and identified prenylflavonoid nymphaeol-C from M. tanarius. The compound suppresses the expression of FGF18 and affects FGF18 related signals.