Método simple para minimizar la discrepancia en la longitud de las extremidades y restaurar el offset en la artroplastia total de cadera / A Simple method to minimize limb length discrepancy and restore offset in total hip arthroplasty

Introducción: Existen más de 20 técnicas diferentes para corregir la discrepancia de miembros inferiores. El método que aquí se evalúa se basa en una clavija fija posicionada en el ala ilíaca asociada a un "calibre" móvil, con otra clavija con la que se marca la referencia en el trocánter mayor. Objetivo: Evaluar la confiabilidad de este dispositivo de medición usado durante la artroplastia total de cadera para restaurar la longitud del miembro inferior y el offset femoral. Materiales y Métodos: Se formaron dos grupos: grupo A con pacientes en quienes no se había usado el dispositivo y grupo B con pacientes en quienes sí se había usado el dispositivo. Se realizaron las mediciones en la radiografía panorámica de pelvis obtenida con el paciente de pie, antes de la cirugía y 3 meses después. Resultados: Se obtuvo una muestra de 80 pacientes (40 por grupo). Se logró corregir la discrepancia de la longitud de los miembros, pero no se hallaron diferencias estadísticamente significativas en la corrección promedio, entre ambos grupos (p = 0,07). Sin embargo, al analizar la varianza en la corrección de la discrepancia de la longitud de cada grupo se obtuvo una diferencia estadísticamente significativa (p <0,001). Conclusiones: Este dispositivo que permite una medición cuantificable más objetiva no asegura una corrección de la discrepancia de la longitud exacta a 0 mm, pero sí permite trabajar dentro de un rango más confiable y seguro. Nivel de Evidencia: III

Introduction: There are more than 20 different techniques to correct lower limb length discrepancy. The method evaluated in this study is based on a fixed pin in the iliac wing connected to a mobile gauge and another pin in the greater trochanter with which the reference is marked. The objective is to evaluate the reliability of this measurement device used during THA to restore lower limb length and femoral offset. Materials and Methods: Two groups were formed: Group A (patients who did not use the device) and Group B (patients who did use the device). Measurements were taken in the pre-surgery panoramic pelvic radiograph with the patient standing and three months later. Results: A sample of 80 patients was obtained, with 40 in each group. The difference in limb length could be corrected in each group, however the average correction achieved by both groups did not result in a statistically significant difference (p=0.07). However, when the variance in the correction of the difference in length of each group was examined, a statistically significant difference (p<0.001) was obtained. Conclusions: We can conclude that while this device, which serves as a more objective quantifiable measurement technique, does not guarantee a correction of the exact length discrepancy to 0 mm, it does allow us to work within a more dependable and safe range. Level of Evidence: III

Sexist Attitudes in Adolescents: Prevalence and Associated Factors.

Gender violence is a major public health issue. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of sexist attitudes that could be associated with said violence, and to identify some sociodemographic variables that predict sexism. A cross-sectional observational study was conducted with 723 adolescents between the ages of 14 to 19. Their explicit sexist attitudes were measured with the EVAMVE and EARG scales, and their implicit attitudes were measured with a series of assessment items regarding the behavior of the protagonists of a video and a story in which a young couple interacts. Explicit and implicit sexist attitudes were detected in adolescents of both sexes. Qualitatively, the assessment of the behavior of the female protagonist is striking. Regarding the sexism predictors, it was found that male adolescents, those born outside of Spain, those who were studying in a public school, those whose parents did not have university studies, and those who consumed the most pornography presented attitudes that were significantly more sexist. These results suggest that it is necessary to strengthen education in equality and prevention of gender violence in adolescents, and to develop affective-sexual education programs.

Effectiveness of 2 interventions for independent oral feeding in preterms.

INTRODUCTION: Oral feeding of preterm newborns (PTNB) is hampered by their immaturity and intercurrent diseases, which can prolong their hospital stay. The objective of this study was to assess the effectiveness of a program that combines tactile, kinesthetic and oral stimulation (T + K + OS) compared to another intervention based on exclusively oral stimulation (OS), in the time necessary to achieve independent feeding and hospital discharge. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A clinical study of 2 randomized groups (OS vs. T + K + OS) was carried out on 42 PTNB with gestational age between 27-32 weeks and birth weight > 900 g. The stimulation programs were carried out in sessions of 15 min, for 10 days. RESULTS: The PTNBs in the T + K + OS group achieved independent oral feeding earlier, compared to the OS group (24.9 ± 10.1 vs. 34.1 ± 15.6 days, P = .02). An analysis of covariance was performed, which confirmed that the birth weight and gestational age covariates had significant effects on time to reach suction feeding (birth weight: F[1, 38] = 5.79; P = .021; gestational age: F[1, 38] = 14.12; P = .001) and that once its effect was controlled, the intervention continued to have a significant effect (F[1, 38] = 6.07; P = .018). The T + K + OS group, compared to the OS group, achieved an earlier hospital discharge (39 ± 15 vs. 45 ± 18 days), although the differences were not significant (P = .21). CONCLUSIONS: Combined therapies that include T + K + OS are more effective than OS alone, in order to achieve independent oral feeding in PTNBs.

Factores de riesgo de inestabilidad en el reemplazo total de cadera por fractura medial de cadera / Instability risk factors in total hip arthroplasty for femoral neck fracture

Introducción: Una de las complicaciones más importantes de la artroplastia total de cadera en el tratamiento de las fracturas es la luxación, con una tasa del 10%, cinco veces mayor que la de la artroplastia total de cadera por osteoartrosis. El objetivo de este estudio fue conocer nuestra incidencia de luxación en pacientes sometidos a artroplastia total de cadera por fractura del cuello femoral y evaluar la causa de la luxación. Materiales y Métodos: Estudio retrospectivo en 110 pacientes sometidos a artroplastia total de cadera por fractura medial de cadera (edad promedio 69 años; 71% mujeres). Se evaluaron el tipo de fijación de la prótesis, el tamaño de la cabeza, el offset y el abordaje quirúrgico. Se midieron los ángulos de inclinación y de anteversión acetabulares y se registraron las comorbilidades. Resultados: El 72% de las cirugías fueron por vía posterolateral. La vía anterolateral se asoció con una copa 7° más vertical (p = 0,001). El 65,4% de las cabezas eran de 32 mm. El 15% (3/20) de las cabezas chicas (22 y 28 mm) y el 1% (1/90) de las grandes se luxaron (p = 0,0027). No se luxó ninguna cabeza de 36 mm. Las comorbilidades neurológicas más frecuentes fueron depresión, Parkinson y Alzheimer. Conclusiones: Las cabezas de pequeño diámetro junto con el mal posicionamiento de la prótesis y las enfermedades neurocognitivas se asocian a una inestabilidad mayor. El uso de cabezas de 36 mm y la correcta orientación de los componentes son suficientes para asegurar la estabilidad. Nivel de Evidencia: III

Introduction: One of the most relevant complications of total hip arthroplasty (THA) in the treatment of fractures is a dislocation rate of 10%, which is 5 times higher than that of THA for osteoarthritis. Our objective was to determine the dislocation rate in patients treated with THA due to femoral neck fracture and to evaluate the cause of dislocation. Materials and Methods: We carried out a retrospective study on 110 THAs in patients with femoral neck fractures (the average age was 69 years, and 71% were women). The type of fixation of the prosthesis, the size of the head, the offset, and the surgical approach were evaluated. The angle of acetabular inclination and anteversion and the comorbidities were measured. Results: 72% of surgeries were performed through the posterolateral approach. The anterolateral approach is associated with a 7° more vertical cup (p=0.001). 65.4% of the heads were 32 mm. 15% of the small heads (22 and 28mm) (3/20) and only 1% of the large heads (1/90) dislocated (p=0.0027). No 36-mm heads were dislocated. Depression, Parkinson's, and Alzheimer's disease were the most frequent neurological comorbidities. Conclusions: Small-diameter heads, in combination with poor positioning of the prosthesis and neurocognitive diseases, are associated with greater instability. Using prosthetic heads with a diameter of 36 mm and a correct orientation of the components is sufficient to ensure stability. Level of Evidence: III

Prevalencia y resultados de cultivos positivos inesperados en revisiones de reemplazo total de cadera presumiblemente asépticas / Prevalence and outcomes of unexpected positive cultures in presumed aseptic revision total hip arthroplasty

Introducción: Las tasas de infección periprotésica, a veces, son subestimadas, ya que muchos casos de presunta falla aséptica pueden deberse a una infección no reconocida. Los objetivos de este estudio fueron: 1) estimar la prevalencia de cultivos positivos intraoperatorios inesperados, 2) determinar si las comorbilidades o los factores de riesgo de los pacientes tuvieron relación con la presencia de cultivos positivos inesperados, 3) determinar la supervivencia del implante en un seguimiento mínimo de 12 meses. Materiales y Métodos: Se realizó un estudio retrospectivo y observacional. En las historias clínicas electrónicas, se identificaron todas las revisiones de artroplastia total de cadera de una única institución entre 2014 y 2021. Resultados: De las 49 revisiones de artroplastia total de cadera en un tiempo, 9 pacientes (18,4%) tuvieron un resultado positivo inesperado. Los microorganismos aislados fueron: Staphylococcus aureus (3), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (1), Staphylococcus lugdunensis (1), Staphylococcus epidermidis (2), Staphylococcus haemolyticus (1), Streptococcus epidermidis (1). Ninguna comorbilidad tuvo significancia estadística para favorecer cultivos positivos inesperados en las revisiones asépticas. El 2% de la muestra, con un período de seguimiento de 49 meses, se reinfectó. Conclusiones: Nuestro estudio arrojó una prevalencia de cultivos positivos inesperados del 18,4%. Ninguno de los factores de riesgo reportados en la bibliografía se asoció con un mayor riesgo de cultivos positivos inesperados, excepto los niveles altos de velocidad de sedimentación glomerular. Nuestros hallazgos son compatibles con los publicados y sugieren que los cultivos positivos inesperados en revisiones presumiblemente asépticas no tienen consecuencias significativas en la supervivencia del implante. Nivel de Evidencia: III

Introduction: Periprosthetic infection rates are sometimes underestimated, given that many cases of presumed aseptic failure may be due to unrecognized infection. The objectives of this study were: (1) to estimate the prevalence of unexpected positive intraoperative cultures; (2) to determine if any of the patient's comorbidities or risk factors were related to the presence of unexpected positive cultures; (3) to determine the implant survival during a follow-up of at least 12 months. Materials and Methods: A retrospective and observational study was carried out where, through electronic medical records, all revision total hip arthroplasties (THAs) from a single institution between 2014 and 2021 were identified. Results: Out of 49 single-stage revision THAs, 9 patients (18.4%) had an unexpected positive culture. The isolated microorganisms were Staphylococcus aureus (3), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (1), Staphylococcus lugdunensis (1), Staphylococcus epidermidis (2), Staphylococcus haemolyticus (1), Streptococcus epidermidis (1). In addition, when we evaluated the comorbidities of the patients, none had statistical significance in favoring unexpected positive cultures in aseptic revisions. We discovered that 2% of our sample with a follow-up period of 49 months developed reinfection. Conclusion: Our study showed a prevalence of unexpected positive cultures of 18.4%. None of the risk factors reported in the literature was associated with a higher risk of unexpected positive cultures, except for high ESR values. Our findings in the analyzed sample suggest that unexpected positive cultures in presumably aseptic revisions do not have significant consequences on implant survival, as found in the literature. Level of Evidence: III

[Effectiveness of 2 interventions for independent oral feeding in pre-terms]. / Eficacia de 2 intervenciones para la alimentación oral independiente en pretérminos.

INTRODUCTION: Oral feeding of pre-term newborns (PTNB) is hampered by their immaturity and intercurrent diseases, which can prolong their hospital stay. The objective of this study was to assess the effectiveness of a program that combines tactile, kinesthetic and oral stimulation (T+K+OS) compared to another intervention based on exclusively oral stimulation (OS), in the time necessary to achieve independent feeding and hospital discharge. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A clinical study of 2 randomized groups (OS vs. T+K+OS) was carried out on 42 PTNB with gestational age between 27-32 weeks and birth weight>900g. The stimulation programs were carried out in sessions of 15min, for 10 days. RESULTS: The PTNBs in the T+K+OS group achieved independent oral feeding earlier, compared to the OS group (24.9±10.1 vs. 34.1±15.6 days, P=.02). An analysis of covariance was performed, which confirmed that the birth weight and gestational age covariates had significant effects on time to reach suction feeding (birth weight: F[1, 38]=5.79; P=.021; gestational age: F[1, 38]=14.12; P=.001) and that once its effect was controlled, the intervention continued to have a significant effect (F[1, 38]=6.07; P=.018). The T+K+OS group, compared to the OS group, achieved an earlier hospital discharge (39±15 vs. 45±18 days), although the differences were not significant (P=.21). CONCLUSIONS: Combined therapies that include T+K+OS are more effective than OS alone, in order to achieve independent oral feeding in PTNBs.

Influencia de la fusión espinal en la orientación del implante acetabular / Influence of spinal fusion on acetabular implant orientation

Introducción: Las enfermedades degenerativas de la cadera y la columna vertebral son causas comunes de discapacidad y dolor y los síntomas suelen superponerse. Cuando algún parámetro se altera, otro debe modificarse para evitar el choque femoroacetabular y una posible luxación. Se piensa que la fijación lumbar afectaría la adaptación de la unidad espino-pélvica en las diferentes posturas. El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar el comportamiento espino-pélvico en pacientes con artroplastia total de cadera y artrodesis lumbar. Materiales y Métodos: Se realizó un estudio no aleatorizado, retrospectivo, de casos y controles en pacientes con artroplastia total de cadera evaluados con radiografía lumbopélvica de frente y de perfil en posición erecta y en sedestación, divididos en dos grupos: con artrodesis lumbar o sin ella. Se midieron parámetros espino-pélvicos y femoroacetabulares. Resultados: La muestra tenía 50 pacientes: 25 en cada grupo. Quince tenían artroplastia total de cadera bilateral y el nivel de fijación lumbar más frecuente era L5-S1. No hubo diferencia estadísticamente significativa en la edad y el sexo entre ambos grupos. Los pacientes con artrodesis lumbar necesitaron más flexión de cadera para sentarse, sin un aumento significativo asociado en la tasa de luxación. Conclusiones: La composición ideal de los componentes aún es difícil de alcanzar. La reconsideración de las "zonas seguras" de los componentes ha comenzado a alejarse de los valores del plano coronal de Lewinnek. Se ha propuesto un nuevo enfoque en las zonas seguras del plano sagital más apropiadas y precisas en pacientes seleccionados con enfermedad espino-pélvica grave. Nivel de Evidencia: III

Introduction: Degenerative diseases of the hip and spine are common causes of disability and pain, and the symptoms usually overlap. When a parameter is altered, another one should be modified to avoid femoroacetabular impingement and a potential dislocation. It is believed that lumbar fixation would affect the adaptation of the spinopelvic unit in different postures. This article aims to analyze the spinopelvic behavior in patients with Total Hip Arthroplasty (THA) and lumbar arthrodesis. Materials and Methods: A non-randomized retrospective study of cases and controls was carried out in patients with THA, who were assessed using anterior and lateral X-ray views in functional sitting and standing postures, divided into two groups depending on the presence or absence of lumbar arthrodesis. Spinopelvic parameters as well as femoroacetabular parameters were measured. Results: A sample of 50 patients was selected, 25 in each group. In total, 15 patients had bilateral THA, and the most common level of lumbar fixation was L5-S1. There was no statistically significant difference in gender and age between both groups. Lumbar arthrodesis patients required more hip flexion to sit, without being associated with a significant increase in the rate of dislocation. Conclusion: The ideal composition of the components is still difficult to achieve. The review of the "safe zones" of the components has started to depart from the values of the body plane proposed by Lewinnek. A new approach has been proposed to the safe zones of the sagittal plane, which are more appropriate and accurate in selected patients with severe spinopelvic pathology. Level of Evidence: IIII

[Functional urology during COVID-19: Recommendations during de-escalation.] / La urología funcional en la era COVID-19. Consejos para la desescalada.

OBJECTIVES: Due to the COVID-19 Pandemic, all surgical activity that was not life threatening was cancelled , as well as most face-to-face consultations. Currently the beginning of the de-escalation phases that will led us to a new normal, forces us to establish some degree of priority in the interventions as well as in the medical consultations. Our objective is to establish some recommendation on Functional Urology office visits and surgical interventions that serve as a tool to facilitate decision-making. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Experts in Functional Urology from different autonomous communities of Spain were contacted to design a strategy to reorganize the activity of both, diagnosis and treatment. A modified nominal group technique has been used due to the extraordinary restrictions of assembly and mobility during the COVID pandemic. The first signer (EMC) made the first draft with the measures adopted and the strategy to be followed during the evolution of the COVID-19 pandemic. The proposal was sent to the rest of the authors, in order to unify criteria and experiences to reach a quick consensus on the relative priority of the different activities, problems and solutions. A final version was approved by all authors May 27, 2020. RESULTS: Tables of recommendation have been prepared for outpatient consultation, surgical and technical interventions, according to de-escalation phases proposed by the Spanish Associations of Surgeons. CONCLUSIONS: The change that COVID-19 Pandemich as involved in our clinical practice force us to seek alternative methods to treat our patients, some of which may already be established. Mean while, a consensusin decision making is necessary. Documents such as the current one, are intended to guide the management of patients with urological functional pathology in exceptional situations. Logically, it should be adapted to material and human availability, and to the idiosyncrasy of each Urology service.

OBJETIVOS: Debido a la Pandemia COVID-19 se suspendió toda actividad quirúrgica que no fuera una urgencia vital, así como la mayoría de consultas presenciales. Actualmente el inicio de las fases dedesescalada que nos llevarán a una nueva normalidad nos obliga a establecer unos grados de prioridad en las intervenciones así como en las consultas médicas. Nuestro objetivo es establecer una serie de recomendaciones sobre las consultas de Urología Funcional y las intervenciones quirúrgicas que sirva como herramientade ayuda en la toma de decisiones.MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Expertos en Urología Funcionalde distintas comunidades autónomas de España fueron contactados para diseñar una estrategia parareorganizar la actividad tanto de diagnóstico como de tratamiento. Se ha utilizado una técnica de grupo nominal modificada debido a las restricciones extraordinarias de reunión y movilidad durante la pandemia COVID. El primer firmante (EMC) realizó el primer borrado rcon las medidas adoptadas y la estrategia a seguir durante la evolución de la pandemia COVID19. Se remitió la propuesta al resto de autores, con el fin de unificar criterios y experiencias para llegar a un rápido consenso sobre la importancia relativa de las distintas actividades, problemas y soluciones. Se realizó una versión definitiva, aprobada por todos los autores, el día 27 de mayo de 2020. RESULTADOS: Se han elaborado tablas de recomendaciones tanto para consultas externas, como para intervenciones quirúrgicas y técnicas, de acuerdo con las fases de desescalada propuestas por la Asociación Española de Cirujanos (AEC). CONCLUSIONES: El cambio que ha supuesto la Pandemia COVID-19 en nuestra práctica clínica nos obliga a buscar métodos alternativos para seguir y tratar a nuestros pacientes, algunos de los cuales pueden ya quedar instaurados. Mientras, es necesario un consenso en la toma de decisiones. Documentos como el actual, pretenden orientar en el manejo de los pacientes con patología funcional urológica en situaciones excepcionales. Lógicamente, deberá adaptarse alas disponibilidades materiales y humanas, y a la idiosincrasia de cada servicio de Urología.

[Effectiveness of an intervention to improve breastfeeding knowledge and attitudes among adolescents]. / Eficacia de una intervención para mejorar conocimientos y actitudes sobre lactancia materna en adolescentes.

OBJECTIVE: Breastfeeding constitutes a priority in Public Health due to the multiple benefits it offers. The decision to breastfeed is usually made before pregnancy, and therefore it is important to include adolescents in breastfeeding promotion programs. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a programme to improve knowledge and attitudes toward breastfeeding among teenager. METHODS: Pretest-posttest randomized controlled study, carried out in 2008 in Tenerife. 970 teenagers participated (14,6±0.9 years), 506 experimental group (EG) and 524 control group (CG). Before the intervention and 4 weeks after, students completed a questionnaire to evaluate their knowledge and attitudes towards breastfeeding. The performed intervention consisted of: a talk, video projection, informative leaflets, narrative short stories and role-play activities. Chi-square test, student's t-test, Cronbach's alpha coefficient, repeated measures variance analysis and covariance analysis were used. RESULTS: There were no significant differences between the two groups regarding knowledge (EG: 3.9±1.5, CG: 3.8±1.5) or attitudes towards breastfeeding, before the intervention. The same applies when compared by gender, school year, parents' occupation and type of school. The post-intervention questionnaire showed a significant increase in the level of knowledge of students from EG (EG: 6.9 ± 1.5, CG: 4.4 ± 1.8; p <0.001) as well as a higher percentage of positive attitudes towards breastfeeding (GE: 71.13±28.5, GC: 54.27±28.9, p <0,001). Covariance analysis showed a significant effect (p <0,05) on attitudes towards breastfeeding of the variables gender and previous contact with breastfeeding. CONCLUSIONS: The educational program carried out is effective as a method to improve knowledge and attitudes toward breastfeeding among teenagers.

OBJETIVO: La lactancia materna (LM) por sus múltiples beneficios constituye una prioridad en salud pública. La decisión de amamantar generalmente se toma antes del embarazo, siendo importante incluir a los adolescentes en los programas de promoción. El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar la eficacia de un programa dirigido a mejorar los conocimientos y actitudes de los adolescentes sobre la LM. METODOS: Estudio longitudinal pre-post-intervención, controlado y aleatorizado, realizado en 2008 en Tenerife. Participaron 970 adolescentes (14,6±0.9 años), 506 en el grupo experimental (GE) y 524 en el grupo control (GC). Antes de la intervención y a las 4 semanas cumplimentaron un cuestionario sobre co- nocimientos y actitudes hacia la LM. La intervención incluyó: charla, vídeo, folletos informativos, relatos y rol-play. Se han utilizado las pruebas chi-cuadrado, t de student, coeficiente Alfa de Cronbach, análisis de varianza de medidas repetidas y análisis de covarianza. RESULTADOS: Antes de la intervención no había diferencias significativas entre ambos grupos en los conocimientos (GE: 3.9±1.5, GC: 3.8±1.5) y actitudes sobre LM, ni diferencias asociadas al sexo, curso escolar, profesión de los padres y tipo de colegio. Tras la intervención, el GE registró un aumento significa- tivo en sus conocimientos (GE: 6.9±1.5, GC: 4.4±1.8 p <0.001), así como un mayor porcentaje de actitudes positivas hacia la LM (GE: 71.13±28.5, GC: 54.27±28.9, p <0,001). El análisis de covarianza reflejó un efecto significativo (p <0,05) de las variables sexo y contacto previo con la LM en las actitudes. CONCLUSIONES: El programa educativo desarrollado es eficaz para mejorar los conocimientos y actitudes sobre LM en adolescentes.

Costo efectividad de un programa de rehabilitación cardiovascular para personas post infarto agudo al miocardio: un análisis teórico / Cardiovascular rehabilitation program in post myocardial infarction: a theoretical analysis of cost effectiveness

Pese a que la efectividad de los programas de prevención secundaria en pacientes con enfermedades cardiovasculares (ECV) ha sido ampliamente demostrada, su implementación tanto Chile como a nivel internacional ha sido pobre. Objetivo: Determinar la tasa costo-efectividad de una propuesta teórica de Programa de Rehabilitación cardiovascular (PRC) basada en la evidencia y validada por expertos, en personas post Infarto Agudo al Miocardio (IAM) en el nivel secundario de atención en salud, pertenecientes al Servicio de Salud Metropolitano Norte, Región Metropolitana. Método: Se elaboró un protocolo teórico de un PRC integral basado en las guías clínicas internacionales (AHA, AACVPD, NICE, ESC, NHMRC, Victoria), ajustado a la realidad chilena, el cual fue costeado. Luego se estimó los años de vida por muerte prematura con y sin participación en un PRC, para obtener finalmente los Años de Vida Ganados (AVG). Con ello se calculó la tasa de costo-efectividad. Resultados: El costo anual del centro de rehabilitación cardíaca es de $64.407.065 CLP. La Razón Incremental de Costo Efectividad (ICER), considerando una reducción de la mortalidad tardía del 25%, es de CLP$475.209,72/AVG. Valor que al ser menor al Producto Interno Bruto per cápita, se considera como una intervención muy costo efectiva. Conclusión: Un programa de rehabilitación cardiaca integral post-IAM parece muy costo-efectivo.

Although the effectiveness of secondary prevention programs in patients with cardiovascular disease (CVD) has been widely demons-trated, its implementation both in Chile and other countries has been scarce. Aim: To determine the cost-effectiveness of an evidence-based theoretical comprehensive cardiac rehabilitation (CCR), validated by experts, for post-acute myocardial infarction (AMI) patients at the secondary level from the Chilean Public Health System. Methods: A theoretical protocol of a CCR program based on recommendations from international guidelines (AHA, AACVPD, NICE, ESC, NHMRC, Victoria) was elaborated and adjusted to the Chilean conditions. A cost analysis was performed. Life years due to premature death were estimated with and without participation in the cardiac rehabilitation program (CRP). We obtained gained life-years, and calculated the ratio of cost-effectiveness. Results: The annual cost of the cardiac rehabilitation center is $ 64,407,065 CLP. The Incremental Cost Effectiveness Ratio (ICER) considering a reduction in late mortality of 25%, is CLP$475.209,72/ AVG. Since it is less than one per capita gross domestic product, it is considered as a very cost-effective intervention. Conclusion: A comprehensive cardiac rehabilitation program post AMI is very cost-effective for use in a in public health service. It should be considered to review Optimal frequency and intensity of exercise in order to achieve optimal results should be determined.

Relaciones entre el autoconcepto relacional, la elección de metas y la satisfacción de necesidades psicológicas en estudiantes universitarios / Relations between the Relational Self-Construal, the Choice of Goals and Psychological Need Satisfaction of University Students

El objetivo de este trabajo fue estudiar cómo ciertas características del autoconcepto pueden influir en la elección de unas u otras metas en estudiantes universitarios. Se utilizó una adaptación al castellano de la escala Relational-Interdependent Self-Construal ([RISC]; Cross, Bacon, & Morris, 2000) para medir el grado en el que los estudiantes incorporan sus relaciones interpersonales significativas en la construcción del autoconcepto. En una muestra de 389 universitarios españoles (rango de edad 16-47, M = 19.28; DE = 3.15) se efectuaron distintos contrastes que mostraron diferencias significativas asociadas al género ($ = 59% y S = 41% con tamaños de efecto d 0.25-0.55) y a las puntuaciones (altas frente a bajas, d 0.42-0.91) en la escala del RISC. Asimismo, esta variable de diferencias individuales apareció como predictora significativa en la elección de determinado tipo de metas y de la satisfacción de las necesidades psicológicas de autonomía, competencia y vinculación. Estos resultados tienen implicaciones en la elección de estudios y en lo que los estudiantes esperan encontrar en la universidad.

The aim of this study was to explore the role of specific features of the self-concept that could be associated with the choice of life goals. We developed an adaptation of the RISC (Relational-Interdependent Self-Construal; Cross, Bacon, & Morris 2000) to directly assess the degree to which individuals define themselves in terms of close relationships. The scale was translated into Spanish and its psychometric properties were analyzed with data from a sample of 389 university students (age range 16-47, M = 19.28, ST=3.15). A set of contrast showed significant differences between men and women ($=59% y S= 41% effect size d 0.25-0.55). Significant differences appeared also regarding extrinsic and intrinsic goals, interpersonal goals and needs satisfaction when students with a highly relational self-construal were compared with students with a low relational one (d 0.42-0.91). These results have implications for the choice of studies and what students expect in university life.

Tongue and lip frenectomy in Spanish medical texts of the 16th-18th centuries.

The frena of the tongue and lip are normal structures of the buccal cavity, and surgical resection is only necessary in cases of hypertrophy. This article looks at medical texts of the Early Modern Era to analyze the origins and quality of our knowledge on this topic and examine any therapeutic measures proposed. This review shows that while the indications for carrying out tongue frenectomy are very similar to those today (speech and breastfeeding difficulties), those for carrying out a lip frenectomy are very different. Interestingly, apart from purely surgical or medicinal treatments, some authors indicated the need to complement such treatment with educational intervention and what can only be called basic speech therapy.

How to apply for research grants in allergology.

This is a guide for grant application for researchers seeking research grants in the field of allergy and related diseases for the first time. It outlines how to organize proposals and the potential issues to be considered in order to fulfil the criteria of the funding bodies and thus improve chances of obtaining the desired funding when applying for a research grant. We will use this paper as an example of a grant proposal to be presented to the FIS "Fondo de Investigación Sanitaria" (Health Research Fund) of Spain. The general framework can be used for a research proposal to any funding agency. The main research designs are reviewed. Other topics such as hypothesis, objectives, methodology, ethics and legal issues, and budget are presented.