Surfing Time-Motion Characteristics Possible to Gain Using Global Navigation Satellite Systems: A Systematic Review.

The popularity of surfing has increased exponentially, reaching its recent debut in the Olympic Games. However, surfing suffers from a relative immature technological market, while in other sports some technologies such as global navigation satellite systems (GNSSs) have become an essential work material for strength and conditioning and head coaches. This article aims to systematically review surfers' time-motion demands based on GNSSs. A systematic review of relevant articles was carried out using five main databases (PubMed, ProQuest Central, SCOPUS, SPORTDiscus, and FECYT (Web of Sciences, CCC, CIDW, KJD, MEDLINE, RSCI, and SCIELO)) until 23 March 2024. From the 238 studies initially found, 9 were included in the qualitative synthesis. In these, GNSS devices were employed with male (n = 143) and female (n = 28) surfers from different levels during competition and training situations. The studies show that the intermittent nature of the sport is evident, with substantial periods spent paddling and waiting punctuated by relatively brief high-intensity efforts when riding waves at high speeds. Notable differences emerged between competition and training demands, suggesting potential mismatches in how athletes currently prepare compared to event requirements. These novel insights allow quantifying surfing's harsh physiological requirements and could guide conditioning practices to better meet the sport's unique characteristics across populations. Therefore, training should emulate the lengthy aerobic capabilities needed for the paddling volumes observed, while also targeting the anaerobic systems to meet the repeated high-intensity surf riding efforts. However, inconsistencies in methods and reporting practices limit direct comparisons and comprehensive profiling of the sport's physical characteristics.

Match and Training High Intensity Activity-Demands Profile During a Competitive Mesocycle in Youth Elite Soccer Players.

The monitoring of the high intensity activity-demands profile during official matches (OMs) and training sessions (TSs) provides a deeper understanding of the relationship between training and competition loads as well as players' fitness characteristics. The aims of this study were to: 1) describe the training and match high intensity activity-demands profile in U-19 soccer players; 2) compare the profile depending on the type of session (OM or TS) throughout match-weeks; and 3) differentiate between profiles depending on the match location (home or away). Twenty-five U-19 Spanish soccer players were monitored during TSs and OMs for a one-month competitive period using a WIMU PROTM wearable inertial device. The variables of the study were: high speed running distance (HSRD), total sprints (SPs), maximum speed (MS) and player load (PL). OMs required higher demands than TSs in HSRD (460.99 ± 206.18 vs. 315.45 ± 180.12 m; p < 0.01; d = 0.75), SPs (10.86 ± 6.64 vs. 7.23 ± 4.82; p < 0.01; d = 0.69), MS (29.99 ± 2.54 vs. 28.50 ± 2.4 km/h; p < 0.01; d = 0.59) and PL (103.08 ± 24.15 vs. 83.18 ± 17.96 a.u.; p < 0.01; d = 0.94). The interaction between the type of session and mean week's demands presented differences with medium effect size in MS (p < 0.01; ωp 2 = 0.06) and small effect size in HSRD (p = 0.04; ωp 2 = 0.03), and SP (p = 0.05; ωp 2 = 0.03), but there were no differences in PL (p = 0.18; ωp 2 = 0). Finally, no differences were found in the match location comparison (p > 0.33; d = 0.22-0.33). Therefore, the profiles presented could be useful for future scientific purposes and serve as valid information for coaches trying to optimize performance.

Are there differences between the loading of an anaerobic capacity test and an agility test in basketball players? / Há diferenças entre a carga de um teste de capacidade anaeróbica e um teste de agilidade em jogadores de basquete?

Abstract The objective of this article was to know players' needs in the selected tests, to search for differences between categories and to know if there is any relationship between different tests. The sample consists of 2 teams (u-14, u-16, n=24), which were equipped with a WimuR inertial device. The selected tests were 2 agility tests and a lactic anaerobic capacity test. Neuromuscular and kinematic variables were selected. Descriptive analysis, inferential analysis and analysis of correlation among variables were carried out. Once players' needs are described, there are no significant differences among kinematic variables depending on the sample category. Nonetheless, there is relationship between kinematic and neuromuscular variables of the different tests. It is frequently claimed that capacity tests are those that cause more fatigue in athletes. For this reason, an analysis was carried out comparing a lactic anaerobic capacity test with an agility test in its two versions. The obtained results can facilitate the work and the evaluation time of a physical condition test since results of athletes in a capacity test could be known by performing tests of lesser requirement. In addition, this would avoid players from experiencing a situation of maximum effort and possible injury, also saving training time.

Resumo O objetivo desse trabalho foi conhecer as demandas dos jogadores nos testes selecionados, buscar diferenças entre categorias e buscar conhecer se havia alguma diferença entre distintas provas. A amostra foi formada por duas equipes (sub-14, sub-16; n = 24) que foram monitorados com dispositivo de inércia WimuR. Selecionaram-se dois testes de agilidade e um teste de capacidade anaeróbica lática, e testes para variáveis neuromusculares e cinemáticas. Empregou-se a análise descritiva e inferencial. Não houve diferenças significativas entre as variáveis cinemáticas, dependendo da categoria da amostra, porém houve relação entre as variáveis cinemáticas e neuromusculares. Afirma-se frequentemente queos testes de capacidade são os que causam maior fadiga no atleta. Por esse motivo, foi realizada uma análise na qual um teste de capacidade anaeróbica lática foi comparado com um teste de agilidade em suas duas versões. Os resultados obtidos podem facilitar o trabalho e o tempo de avaliação do teste de aptidão física, pois, ao realizar testes de menor exigência, os resultados do atleta podem ser conhecidos em um teste de capacidade, evitando que ele enfrente uma situação de esforço máximo, uma possível lesão e economia tempo de treinamento .

Analysis of sex-related differences in external load demands on beach handball / Análise das diferenças relacionadas ao sexo nas demandas de carga externa no handebol de praia

Abstract The purpose of the present study was to analyze the sex-related differences in beach handball workload. A total sample of 105 handballers (male, n=50; female, n=55) belonging to six U'16 teams, seven U'18 teams and eight senior teams were monitored in the final round of 2018-2019 beach handball tournament celebrated during 3-days congested-fixture design. The external load variables Steps, Jumps, Player Load, Total Impacts (>2G) and Total Impacts per Intensities (very low, 2-4G; low, 4-6G; moderate, 6-8G; high, 8-10G; very high, >10G) through WIMUTM inertial devices. Statistical analysis was composed by t-test and Cohen's d for anthropometrical variables and by MANOVA and omega partial square for sex and categories related differences. Greater values in male handballers were found in height, weight and age in each categories (U'16: p<0.05; d=0.50-2.26; U'18: p<0.05; d=0.95-2.21; senior: p<0.05; d=1.01-1.99), except in age in U'18 (p=0.97; d=0.01). Respect to external workload, differences were found related to category (p<0.01; ωp²= 0.02-0.05, small) and sex (p<0.01; ωp²= 0.04-0.21, small to high), except in Steps (p=0.47; ωp²= 0.00), finding the greatest sex-related differences in U'16 category. From the differences found in anthropometrical characteristics and external workload, their evaluation during competition allows designing specific training sessions with the purpose of sports performance enhancement in beach handball.

Resumo Objetivou-se analisar as diferenças relacionadas ao sexo na carga de trabalho de handebol de praia. Uma amostra total de 105 jogadores de handebol (masculino, n = 50; feminino, n = 55) pertencentes a seis equipes sub-16, sete equipes sub-18 e oito equipes seniores foi monitorada na rodada final do torneio de handebol de praia 2018-2019 durante 3 dias de projeto. As variáveis ​​de carga externa Etapas, Saltos, Carga do jogador, Impactos totais (> 2G) e Impactos totais por intensidade (muito baixo, 2-4G; baixo, 4-6G; moderado, 6-8G; alto, 8-10G; muito alto,> 10G) foram mensurados por meio de dispositivos inerciais WIMUTM. A análise estatística foi composta pelo teste t, d de Cohen e MANOVA. Maiores valores nos handebolistas masculinos foram encontrados em estatura, massa corporal e idade em cada categoria (U'16: p <0,05; d = 0,50-2,26; U'18: p <0,05; d = 0,95-2,21; sénior: p <0,05 ; d = 1,01-1,99), exceto na idade nos U'18 (p = 0,97; d = 0,01). No que diz respeito à carga de trabalho externa, foram encontradas diferenças relacionadas à categoria (p <0,01; ωp² = 0,02-0,05, pequeno) e sexo (p <0,01; ωp² = 0,04-0,21, pequeno a alto), exceto nas etapas (p = 0,47; ωp² = 0,00), encontrando as maiores diferenças relacionadas ao sexo na categoria U'16. A partir das diferenças encontradas nas características antropométricas e na carga de trabalho externa, sua avaliação durante a competição permite projetar sessões de treinamento específicas com o objetivo de melhorar o desempenho esportivo no handebol de praia.

Proposal of accuracy analysis of indoor tracking systems in basketball / Proposta de análise de precisão de sistemas de rastreamento interno em basquetebol

ABSTRACT The development of tracking technology caused a exponentially grow-up of research into this topic. The use of standardized methodologies is useful to contrast data of different studies. On the other hand, a low-cost reference system is needed. For this reason, the main aim of the present research is the description of a specific protocol to accuracy assessment of tracking location in indoor conditions in basketball. It can resume in three steps with detailed and easily procedures in the method section. The accuracy analysis method presented can report the centimeter of accuracy in each coordinate that the tracking system measure. A standardized protocol to evaluate the location on indoor conditions in basketball will provide to the sport science professionals a useful tool to analyze the accuracy and reliability of all tracking system, being the results can compare both within and between-court.

RESUMO O desenvolvimento da tecnologia de rastreamento causou um crescimento exponencial das pesquisas sobre esse tópico. O uso de metodologias padronizadas é útil para contrastar dados de diferentes estudos. Por outro lado, é necessário um sistema de referência de baixo custo. Por este motivo, o principal objetivo da presente pesquisa é a descrição de um protocolo específico para avaliação da acurácia do rastreamento de localização em condições internas no basquete. Pode retomar em três etapas com procedimentos detalhados e fáceis na seção do método. O método de análise de precisão apresentado pode relatar o centímetro de precisão em cada coordenada medida pelo sistema de rastreamento. Um protocolo padronizado para avaliar a localização em condições internas no basquetebol fornecerá aos profissionais de ciências do esporte uma ferramenta útil para analisar a precisão e a confiabilidade de todo o sistema de rastreamento, sendo que os resultados podem ser comparados dentro e entre as quadras.

Influencia de la modificación de la lógica interna en las emociones percibidas en estudiantes adolescentes durante las sesiones de expresión corporal / Influência da modificação da lógica interna nas emoções percebidas em adolescentes escolares durante as sessões de expressão corporal / Influence of changes in internal logic on emotions perceived in school teenagers students during body expression sessions

El objetivo de esta investigación es analizar la influencia de la modificación de la lógica interna en las emociones percibidas durante las actividades de expresión corporal en alumnos de educación secundaria. Ochenta alumnos (edad: 13.01±0.98 años; sexo: chicos n=49, chicas n=31; curso escolar: 1º ESO n=28, 2º ESO n=30, 3º ESO n=22) participaron voluntariamente en este estudio. Se realizaron dos sesiones compuestas por cinco actividades, separadas por una semana, donde se modificó la lógica interna entre sesiones. Se utilizó la Escala de Juegos y Emociones Deportivas (GES) modificada para el análisis de las emociones. Una modificación en la lógica interna influye directamente en las emociones negativas, manteniéndose altos los valores de emociones positivas. La satisfacción durante la práctica esta relacionada con la emoción de la alegría e inversamente relacionada con la emoción de la vergüenza. En conclusión, el trabajo y análisis de emociones es importante para alcanzar un mayor placer y satisfacción en los alumnos

O objetivo desta pesquisa é analisar a influência da modificação da lógica interna nas emoções percebidas durante as atividades de expressão corporal em alunos do ensino médio. Oitenta estudantes (idade: 13,01±0,98 anos, sexo: meninos n=49, meninas n=31, ano escolar: 1ºESO n=28, 2ºESO n=30, 3ºESO n=22) participaram voluntariamente deste estudo. Duas sessões foram compostas por cinco atividades, separadas por uma semana, em que a lógica interna entre sessões foi modificada. Foi utilizada a Escala de Jogos e Emoções Esportivas (GES) modificada para a análise das emoções. Uma modificação na lógica interna influencia diretamente as emoções negativas, mantendo altos os valores das emoções positivas. A satisfação durante a prática está relacionada à emoção da alegria e inversamente relacionada à vergonha da emoção. Em conclusão, o trabalho e análise de emoções é importante para alcançar maior prazer e satisfação nos alunos

This study analyzed the influence of changes in internal logic on emotions perceived during body expression lessons with secondary education students. Participants were 80 volunteers (age: 13.01±0.98 years; sex: boys n=49, girls n=31; school year of mandatory secondary education: 1st n=28, 2nd n=30, 3rd n=22). Two sessions were performed, separated by 7 days, with five activities each. In each session, the internal logic of the activities was changed. The Games and Emotions Scale (GES) was used to analyze the perceived emotions. A change in internal logic directly influences negative emotions, keeping scores of positive emotions high. Satisfaction during practice is related to emotion of joy and inversely related to the emotion of shame. In conclusion, to work and analyze emotions perceived by the students is important to increase their enjoyment and satisfaction

Impact of Contextual Factors on External Load During a Congested-Fixture Tournament in Elite U'18 Basketball Players.

An understanding of basketball physical demands during official matches is fundamental for designing specific training, tactical, and strategic plans as well as recovery methods during congested fixture periods. Such assessments can be performed using wearable indoor time motion tracking systems. The purpose of this study was to analyze the time-motion profile of under 18-years of age (U'18) basketball players and compare their physical demands in relation to team ranking, playing position, match periods and consecutive matches during a 7-day tournament. Relative Distance (RD), percentage of High-Intensity Running (%HIR), Player Load (PL), Acceleration (Acc), Deceleration (Dec), Peak Speed (PSpeed), and Peak Acceleration (PAcc) were recorded from 94 players (13 centers, 47 forwards, and 34 guards) belonging to eight elite teams (age: 17.6 ± 0.8 years; height: 1.91 ± 0.08 m; body mass: 82.5 ± 8.8 kg). WIMU PROTM inertial measurement units with ultra-wide band (UWB) indoor-tracking technology recorded 13 matches during the Adidas Next Generation Tournament Finals in the 2016-2017 season. Paired t-tests and one-way analyses of variance with omega partial squared ( ω p 2 ) and Cohen's effect sizes (d) were used to analyze for differences between variables. According to team quality, the best teams had lower RD (p = 0.04; d = -0.14). Guards presented higher RD (p < 0.01; ω p 2 = 0.03), PSpeed (p < 0.01; ω p 2 = 0.01) and PAcc (p < 0.01; ω p 2 = 0.02) compared to forwards and centers. The first quarter showed differences with higher RD (p < 0.01; ω p 2 = 0.03), %HIR (p < 0.01; ω p 2 = 0.02), and PL (p < 0.01; ω p 2 = 0.04) compared to all other quarters. The third match of the tournament presented higher demands in RD (p < 0.01; ω p 2 = 0.03), HIR (p < 0.01; ω p 2 = 0.01) and PL (p < 0.01; ω p 2 = 0.02) compared with the first two matches. This study showed that team quality, playing position, match period, and consecutive matches throughout an U'18 basketball tournament influenced the kinematic demands experienced by players during official competition. Therefore, each of these contextual factors should be considered in managing the load and developing individualized strategies for players in tournament settings.

Comparative Analysis of Load Profile between Small-Sided Games and Official Matches in Youth Soccer Players.

The purposes of the present study are: (a) to characterize the external (eTL) and internal load (iTL) of official matches and small-sided games (SSGs) in relation to their objective, (b) to compare demands between SSG, and (c) to analyze the SSG requirements in relation to official matches during a one-month competition period. Twenty under-18 national-level soccer players were recorded using WIMUTM inertial devices (RealTrack Systems, Almeria, Spain) during four official matches and 12 training sessions where four SSGs with different objectives were performed: (SSG1) keeping the ball; (SSG2) keeping the ball and progressing; (SSG3) keeping the ball, progressing and ending in mini-goals; and (SSG4) keeping the ball, progressing and ending in an official goal with a goalkeeper. Statistical analysis included Kruskall-Wallis' H and Mann-Whitney's U with Cohen's d effect size. The SSGs presented walking and jogging intensity movements (0.7⁻7 to 7⁻14 km/h), with a 5-to-8 %HIA (high intensity activity, >16 km/h), where low intensity accelerations, decelerations and impacts were predominant (1⁻2.5 m/s²; 5⁻7 G), and %HRMAX (maximum heart rate percentage) was between 70⁻90%. Only SSG4 presented similar demands to competition, finding differences between SSGs (p < 0.05; d = 1.40 - 0.36). In conclusion, the objective of the SSGs directly influenced the demands on the players in training sessions. For this reason, it is important to monitor demands for designing specific training sessions.