Conventional and living guideline for schizophrenia: barriers and facilitating factors in guideline implementation.

This study aims to investigate the barriers and facilitators to guideline adherence for the print format of the German schizophrenia guideline as well as for the concept of a digital living guideline for the first time. For this purpose, the schizophrenia guideline was transferred to a digital guideline format within the web-based tool MAGICapp. An online survey was performed under participation of mental healthcare professionals (medical doctors, psychologists/psychotherapists, psychosocial therapists, caregivers) in 17 hospitals for psychiatry in Southern Germany and a professional association for German neurologists and psychiatrists. 524 participants opened the survey, 439 completed the demographic questions and commenced the content-related survey and 309 provided complete data sets. Results indicate a higher occurrence of knowledge-related barriers for the living guideline. The print version is associated with more attitude-related and external barriers. Older professionals reported more attitude-related barriers to a living guideline compared to younger professionals. Differences between professions regarding barriers were found for both formats. Various barriers exist for both guideline formats and a need for facilitators was expressed across professions. Many of the mentioned obstacles and facilitators can be more easily addressed with living guidelines. However, also living guidelines face barriers. Thus, the introduction of these new formats alone cannot lead to sustainable behavior change regarding guideline adherence. Yet, living guidelines seem to be a cornerstone to improved and tailored guideline implementation as they facilitate to keep recommendations up to date and to address the need of individual professional groups.

Guideline for schizophrenia: implementation status and attitude toward an upcoming living guideline.

The implementation status of clinical guidelines is, despite their important role in connecting research with practice, frequently not satisfactory. This study aims to investigate the implementation status of the current German guideline for schizophrenia. Moreover, the attitude toward a living guideline has been explored for the first time by presenting screenshots of the German schizophrenia guideline transferred to a digital living guideline format called MAGICapp. A cross-sectional online survey was performed under the participation of 17 hospitals for psychiatry and psychosomatic medicine in Southern Germany and one professional association for German neurologists and psychiatrists. 439 participants supplied sufficient data for analysis. 309 provided complete data sets. Regarding the current guideline for schizophrenia and key recommendations, a large awareness-to-adherence gap was found. Group comparisons between different professions (caregivers, medical doctors, psychologists/psychotherapists, psychosocial therapists) detected differences in the implementation status showing higher awareness and agreement with the schizophrenia guideline and its key recommendations among medical doctors compared to psychosocial therapists and caregivers. Moreover, we detected differences in the implementation status of the guideline as a whole and its key recommendations between specialist and assistant doctors. The attitude toward an upcoming living guideline was mostly positive, especially among younger healthcare professionals. Our findings confirm an awareness-to-adherence gap, not only for the current schizophrenia guideline in general but also for its key recommendations with apparent differences between professions. Overall, our results show promising positive attitudes toward the living guideline for schizophrenia among healthcare providers, suggesting that a living guideline may be a supportive tool in everyday clinical practice.

The role of hepatic and renal functions in the development of retinopathy of prematurity: Is proteinuria a new risk factor?

PURPOSE: To investigate the association of hepatic and renal parameters with the development of retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) in premature infants with a gestational age ≤ 32 weeks. METHODS: Medical records of 240 preterm infants were reviewed retrospectively, 85 of them were grouped as type 1, type 2 ROP, and control group. The 4th week hepatic and renal function test results of the groups, on the day of their first ROP examinations, were compared for the risk of development of ROP and the development of type 1 ROP. RESULTS: In this study, 12, 35, and 38 infants were enrolled in the type 1, type 2 ROP, and control group, respectively. The average gestational age and birth weight were higher; however, the duration of oxygen treatment was lower in the control group (p < 0.001). The blood glucose level was significantly higher in the type 1 ROP group than in the other groups (p = 0.023). The mean of total serum bilirubin of the type 1 ROP group was significantly lower than those of the type 2 ROP and control group (p = 0.032). Proteinuria was present in 85.7% of preterms with treatment-requiring ROP and proteinuria increased the risk of ROP by 3.9 times (OR with 95% CI 3.9 (1.19-12.75), p = 0.042). CONCLUSION: We found significantly higher blood glucose and lower total bilirubin level in the type 1 ROP group. Moreover, our findings suggest that proteinuria may not be only a comorbidity factor but also related to a higher frequency of ROP and type 1 ROP in preterm infants.

Structured implementation of digital, systematically updated guideline recommendations for enhanced adherence in schizophrenia (SISYPHOS)-protocol of a cluster-randomized trial.

BACKGROUND: Despite high acceptance rates in the field, the implementation of the 2019 published German evidence and consensus-based S3 guideline is unsatisfactory. This study aims to assess the superiority of an adaptive online version with a better visualization of the recommendations in terms of guideline conformity, application of shared decision making, and digital health expertise compared to the classic pdf print version of the guideline. METHODS: The study is a multicenter, controlled, cluster-randomized trial with two arms: one arm investigating the implementation of the German schizophrenia guideline in form of a digital format (intervention group using the evidence ecosystem MAGICapp), the other arm in form of the classic print pdf version (control group). Physicians and psychologists working in specialized hospitals will be included in the study. The guideline-knowledge before and after the intervention is defined as primary outcome measure. Secondary endpoints include digital health expertise and application of shared decision making. DISCUSSION: This is the first study evaluating if an adaptive-digital version of the schizophrenia guideline is superior to the classic pdf print version. Therefore, the guideline is digitally prepared in the evidence-ecosystem MAGICapp, which covers the whole process of the development of a living guideline. We intend to use the results of the cluster-randomized trial for developing the German S3 guideline for schizophrenia in form of a living guideline in future. TRIAL REGISTRATION: The study is registered (10 May 2022) in the German Clinical Trials Register (DRKS) and the WHO International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (ICTRP) under registration number DRKS00028895 .

From conventional to living guidelines - faster updates for better informed guidance? A scoping review.

OBJECTIVE: The goal of living guidelines is keeping recommendations in guidelines up-to-date as new evidence becomes available. This review aims at scoping the prevalence and formal characteristics of living guidelines in the field of medicine and explore differences between formats. METHODS: A selective search of living guidelines in MEDLINE via PubMed, Google Scholar and six relevant online repositories for guidelines (MAGICApp, AWMF, GIN, NICE, WHO-Iris, BIGG) was conducted. Authors and editors were contacted to receive previous non-living guideline versions. Living guidelines were subsequently analyzed according to pre-defined methodological criteria as described below (inter-comparison). Differences between living and their conventional (non-living) versions were assessed (intra-comparison). RESULTS: 83 living guidelines were identified and selected for further screening, out of which 26 were eligible for analysis. 61.5% were new publications (de-novo guidelines) and 38.5% updates of pre-existing guidelines. There are some concepts defining, for example, the update cycle (AWMF, maximum of 12 months) but not all living guidelines follow or refer to existing concepts. The analysis shows that living guidelines in line with the established standards for (non-living) clinical guidelines involve an evidence standard, an extensive consensus process (often in the form of a Delphi process), and the inclusion of stakeholders (patients/relatives) in the development process, despite the high frequency of updates. When comparing living and conventional guidelines with the descriptive approach changes were found in update frequency (being more frequent with living guidelines, annually at the latest) and publication format (towards more digital) and public consultation (living guidelines offered more possibilities), no substantial methodological differences were observed in the description of consensus processes, changes in number of recommendations, inclusion of patient representatives. Given the small number of comparable pairs, the results reflect a tendency in the analyzed sample. CONCLUSIONS: The definition and development of living guidelines varied. Standardization (i. e. in the form of a checklist, procedure template) is needed to assess quality of the living process.

Anodal transcranial direct current stimulation sustainably increases EEG alpha activity in patients with schizophrenia.

AIMS: Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) applied to the prefrontal cortex has been frequently used to elicit behavioral changes in patients with schizophrenia. However, the interaction between prefrontal tDCS and electrophysiological changes remains largely uncharted. The present study aimed to investigate cortical electrophysiological changes induced by tDCS in frontal areas by means of repeated electroencephalography (EEG) in patients with schizophrenia. METHODS: In total, 20 patients with schizophrenia received 13 minutes of anodal tDCS (1 mA) applied to the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC). Repeated resting EEG was recorded before (once) and following (at five follow-up time-bins) tDCS to trace post-tDCS effects. We used sLORETA for source reconstruction to preserve the localization of brain signals with a low variance and to analyze frequency changes. RESULTS: We observed significant changes after the stimulation in areas highly connected with the stimulated DLPFC areas. The alpha 1 (8.5-10.0 Hz) activity showed a highly significant, long-lasting, increase for up to 1 hour after the stimulation in the postcentral gyrus (Brodmann area 2, 3, and 40). Significant yet unstable changes were also seen in the alpha-2 frequency band precentral at 10 minutes, in the beta-1 frequency band occipital at 20 minutes, and in the beta-3 frequency band temporal at 40 minutes. CONCLUSION: We were able to show that anodal tDCS can induce stable EEG changes in patients with schizophrenia. The results underline the potential of tDCS to induce long-lasting neurophysiological changes in patients with schizophrenia showing the possibility to induce brain excitability changes in this population.

The two-way relationship between nicotine and cortical activity: a systematic review of neurobiological and treatment aspects.

Nicotine intake and cortical activity are closely related, as they can influence each other. Nicotine is implicated in the induction and modification of cortical plasticity and excitability, whereas a change on cortical plasticity and excitability can also lead to a modification of the smoking behaviour of an individual. The aim of this systematic review was, on the one hand, to evaluate the effects of nicotinergic modulation on cortical excitability and plasticity, and, on the other hand, to assess if modifying the brain's excitability and plasticity could influence one's smoking behaviour. Two systematic literature searches in the PubMed/MEDLINE and PsycINFO databases were conducted. Studies focusing either on the impact of nicotinergic modulation on cortical activity or the treatment effect of non-invasive brain stimulation techniques (NIBS) on smoking behaviour were included. A total of 22 studies for the first systematic search and 35 studies for the second one were included after full-text screening. Nicotine's effect on cortical activity appeared to depend on smoking status of the individual. While deprived smokers seem to generally profit from nicotine consumption in terms of cortical excitability and plasticity, the contrary was true for non-smokers. Regarding the questions of how changes in cortical excitability can influence smoking behaviour, a trend points towards NIBS being a potential intervention technique for smoking cessation.

Can Complete Blood Count Parameters Predict Retinopathy of Prematurity?

Objectives: To predict the risk of retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) development according to routine complete blood count (CBC) parameters. Materials and Methods: The medical records and CBC results of 150 premature neonates were retrospectively evaluated. As ROP develops 1 month after birth, first month CBC profiles of neonates without ROP (non-ROP), with ROP (ROP group), and those with Type 1, Type 2, and Stage 1+2 ROP were compared. Besides known statistical methods like Student's t-test, logistic regression and classification & regression tree (C&RT) analysis were also done to identify a reliable quantitative predictive parameter. Results: Mean gestational age and birth weight of the ROP group (n=99) and non-ROP (n=43) group were 29.39±3.43 and 32.05±2.20 weeks and 1382.44±545.30 and 1691.51±360.84 grams, respectively (p<0.001, p<0.001). Average hemoglobin (Hb) (p<0.001), hematocrit (HCT) (p<0.001), erythrocyte (p=0.005), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) (p=0.020), and MCH concentration (p=0.019) values of the ROP group were lower than those of the non-ROP group. Leukocyte was higher in the ROP group (p=0.018). Hb [odds ratio (OR)=0.668, 95% confidence interval (CI)=0.555-0.804, p<0.001], red cell distribution width (RDW) (OR=1.282, 95% CI=1.012-1.624, p=0.040), leukocyte (OR=1.157, 95% CI=1.053-1.271, p=0.002), and platelet (OR=0.997, 95% CI: 0.994-0.999, p=0.036) values differed significantly between the two groups. Platelet, MCV, and MCH parameters were found to be lower in the Type 1 ROP group compared to the Stage 1+2 ROP group (p<0.005). MCH was the most prominent predictor (cut-off: 34.43 pg) according to the results of C&RT analysis. Conclusion: As Hb plays an important role in oxygen transport, low levels of Hb and especially MCH may cause increased vascular endothelial growth factor secretion from the hypoxic retina, thereby causing ROP. Therefore, the results of this study are encouraging regarding the use of the abovementioned CBC parameters as a simple screening test to predict ROP.

Retinopathy of prematurity risk factors: Does human milk prevent retinopathy of prematurity?

Akyüz-Ünsal AI, Key Ö, Güler D, Bekmez S, Sagus M, Akcan AB, Kurt-Omurlu I, Anik A, Oruç-Dündar S, Türkmen M. Retinopathy of prematurity risk factors: Does human milk prevent retinopathy of prematurity? Turk J Pediatr 2019; 61: 13-19. The aim of this study was to investigate the risk factors for Retinopathy of Prematurity (ROP) development and the potential effect of human breast milk among these factors. For this purpose, infants admitted to a tertiary referral clinic for ROP screening and treatment between April 2013 and May 2015, were included in this retrospective study. The demographic data, accompanying diseases, previous surgery, type of feeding and duration of human breast milk intake were recorded. According to the ROP screening examination results, infants were divided into two groups as those with ROP (infants at any stage of ROP) and those without ROP. Relationship between the risk factors and ROP were evaluated. The comparison of 221 infants without ROP and 99 infants with ROP; revealed that gestational age at birth, birth weight, mechanical ventilation support, bronchopulmonary and cardiac diseases, hydrocephaly, any previous surgery, infections, steroid treatment percentages were high and human breast milk intake percentage was low among infants with ROP. Mean breast feeding time for infants with ROP (3.81 ± 2.33 month) was shorter than the infants without ROP (5.51 ± 1.43 month) (p < 0.001). In logistic regression analysis, the duration of breast feeding was inversely related with ROP (OR 0.744; 95% CI 0.621-0.891; p < 0,001). These results suggest that gestational age at birth and accompanying diseases are the main risk factors for the development of ROP. As the duration of the breast feeding of the infants without ROP was longer than the infants with ROP; breast feeding may have a preventive effect on ROP development.

Effect of intracanal cryotherapy on the fracture resistance of endodontically treated teeth.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of intracanal cryotherapy on the fracture resistance of endodontically treated teeth. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Sixty single-rooted maxillary lateral incisor teeth with single root canals were selected and randomly divided into two groups (n = 30). The specimens were immersed in distilled water, which was heated to 37 °C during the procedures. The root canals were chemomechanically prepared up to the apical size of 50 and assigned to either the control group or the cryotherapy group. The specimens in the cryotherapy group were irrigated with 20 mL sterile cold (2.5 °C) saline solution, which was delivered with an EndoVac system for 5 min, whereas the specimens in the control group received a sterile saline solution at room temperature. The fracture resistance of the specimens was then tested with a universal testing machine. The data was analyzed using the independent sample t test with a 5% significance threshold. RESULTS: The fracture strength of the specimens in the intracanal cryotherapy group was significantly lower than that of the control group (p< .05). CONCLUSIONS: Application of intracanal cryotherapy as a final irrigant reduced the vertical fracture resistance of prepared roots when compared to the control group.

Efficacy of novel thermomechanically treated reciprocating systems for gutta-percha removal from root canals obturated with warm vertical compaction.

Background. The present study aimed to test the efficacy of novel reciprocating systems in terms of gutta-percha removal of roots obturated with warm vertical compaction technique. Methods. Ninety straight rooted maxillary incisors were enlarged with hand files up to a # 50/02 apical size and obturated using warm vertical compaction technique. The specimens were divided into four groups according to system used for filling removal, as Reciproc Blue, Reciproc, WaveOne Gold and hand-instrumentation. The residual filling materials and time required for root canal removal were calculated. Statistical analyses were performed using one-way analysis of variance and Tukey tests with 5% significance threshold. Results. There were no significant differences among Reciproc, Reciproc Blue and WaveOne Gold (P > 0.05). Hand-instrumentation group left significantly greater root canal filling material (P < 0.05). The time required for root canal filling removal was significantly shorter in the Reciproc group followed by WaveOne Gold, Reciproc Blue and hand-instrumentation groups (P< 0.05). Conclusion. Efficacy of Reciproc Blue, WaveOne Gold and Reciproc instruments for root canal filling removal were similar and superior to hand-instrumentation.

Cyclic Fatigue Resistance of XP-Endo Shaper, K3XF, and ProTaper Gold Nickel-titanium Instruments.

INTRODUCTION: The aim of this study was to compare the cyclic fatigue resistance of the ProTaper Gold (PTG; Dentsply Maillefer, Ballaigues, Switzerland), K3XF (SybronEndo, Orange, CA), and XP-endo Shaper (FKG Dentaire, La Chaux-de-Fond, Switzerland) nickel-titanium rotary instruments at intracanal temperatures. METHODS: Eighteen XP-endo Shaper (30.01), 18 K3XF (30.04), and 18 PTG F3 (30.09v) instruments were used to test the cyclic fatigue resistance at an intracanal temperature of 35° ± 2°C. The instruments were tested in a metal block that simulated a canal curvature angle of 60° and a curvature or radius of 5 mm. All instruments were operated until fracture occurred, and then the number of cycles to failure was calculated. The lengths of fractured fragments were measured with a digital caliper. The data were analyzed statistically using 1-way analysis of variance and the Tukey post hoc test with significance set at P < .05. RESULTS: The XP-endo Shaper instruments showed a significantly higher number of cycles to fracture than the K3XF and PTG instruments (P < .05). There was no difference between the PTG and K3XF instruments (P > .05). CONCLUSIONS: The XP-endo Shaper instruments exhibited greater cyclic fatigue resistance compared with the other instruments at the intracanal temperature.

Effect of intracanal time of triple antibiotic paste on its removal from simulated immature roots using passive ultrasonic irrigation and XP-endo Finisher.

Background. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of different irrigation techniques in the removal of triple antibiotic paste (TAP), which was applied for 7, 21 or 90 days, from simulated root canals of immature teeth. Methods. The root canal spaces of 190 maxillary canine teeth were filled with TAP and randomly divided into a control and 3 experimental groups according to the intracanal medicament period (7, 21 or 90 days). Syringe irrigation (SI), passive ultrasonic irrigation (PUI) and XP-endo Finisher (XP) were used for the removal of TAP (n=20). The amount of remaining medicament was calculated under a stereomicroscope using a 4-grade scoring system. Kruskal-Wallis H and Wilcoxon signedrank tests were used for statistical analyses (P<0.05). Results. The mean percentage of residual TAP was significantly greater in the SI group compared to PUI and XP at all the time intervals (P<0.05). Paste removal efficacy of PUI was not affected by the intracanal time of TAP (P>0.05), whereas the efficacy of SI and XP was significantly affected (P<0.05). No significant differences were detected between PUI and XP at 7- and 21-day intervals (P>0.05); however, at 90-day interval, PUI removed significantly greater amount of TAP than XP did (P<0.05). Conclusion. The time of the TAP in the root canal negatively affected the removal efficacy of the SI and XP-Endo Finisher; however, it did not affect the efficacy of the PUI.

Evaluation of Ovarian Reserve with Anti-Müllerian Hormone in Familial Mediterranean Fever.

Objective. To investigate ovarian reserves in attack-free familial Mediterranean fever (AF-FMF) patients at the reproductive age by anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH), antral follicle count (AFC), ovarian volume, and hormonal parameters. Methods. Thirty-three AF-FMF patients aging 18-45 years and 34 healthy women were enrolled and FSH, LH, E2, PRL, and AMH levels were measured in the morning blood samples at 2nd-4th days of menstruation by ELISA. Concomitant pelvic ultrasonography was performed to calculate AFC and ovarian volumes. Results. In FMF patient group, median AMH levels were statistically significantly lower in the M69V mutation positive group than in the negative ones (P = 0.018). There was no statistically significant difference in median AMH levels between E148Q mutation positive patients and the negative ones (P = 0.920). There was also no statistically significant difference in median AMH levels between M680I mutation positive patients and the negative ones (P = 0.868). No statistically significant difference was observed in median AMH levels between patients who had at least one mutation and those with no mutations (P = 0.868). We realized that there was no difference in comparisons between ovarian volumes, number of follicles, and AMH levels ovarian reserves when compared with FMF patients and healthy individuals. Conclusions. Ovarian reserves of FMF pateints were similar to those of healthy subjects according to AMH. However, AMH levels were lower in FMF patients with M694V mutation.