Repaired Congenital Heart Disease in Older Children and Adults: Up-to-Date Practical Assessment and Characteristic Imaging Findings.

Because of a recent increase in survival rates and life expectancy of patients with congenital heart disease (CHD), radiologists are facing new challenges when imaging the peculiar anatomy of individuals with repaired CHD. Cardiac computed tomography and magnetic resonance are paramount noninvasive imaging tools that are useful in assessing patients with repaired CHD, and both techniques are increasingly performed in centers where CHD is not the main specialization. This review provides general radiologists with insight into the main issues of imaging patients with repaired CHD, and the most common findings and complications of each individual pathology and its repair.

Thromboembolic events and need for anticoagulation therapy following left atrial appendage occlusion in patients with electrical isolation of the appendage.

INTRODUCTION: Electrical isolation of the left atrial appendage (LAA) is an important adjunctive ablation strategy in patients with nonparoxysmal atrial fibrillation (AF). Patients who have impaired LAA contractility following isolation may require long-term oral anticoagulant (OAC) therapy irrespective of their CHADS2 -VASc score. Percutaneous LAA occlusion (LAAO) is a potential alternative to life-long OAC therapy. We aimed to assess the rate of OAC discontinuation and thromboembolic (TE) events following percutaneous LAAO in patients who underwent LAA electrical isolation (LAAI). METHODS: This is a retrospective two-center study of patients who underwent percutaneous LAAO following LAAI. Patients with at least 3-month follow-up were included in the study. The antithrombotic therapy and TE events at the time of the last follow-up were noted. RESULTS: The LAA was successfully occluded in 162 (with Watchman device in 140 [86.4%] and Lariat in 22 [13.6%]). A total of 32 patients had leaks detected on the 45-day transesophageal echocardiogram (TEE); 21 (15%) Watchman and 11 (50%) Lariat cases (P = 0.0001). Two (one Watchman and one Lariat) of the 32 leaks were more than 5 mm. After the 45-day TEE, 150 (92.6%) patients were off-OAC. No TE events were reported in the 150 patients who stopped the anticoagulants. Four (2.47%) patients experienced stroke following the LAAO (three Watchman and one Lariat) procedure while on-OAC, two of which were fatal. At the median follow-up of 18.5 months, 159 (98.15%) patients were off-anticoagulant. CONCLUSION: Up to 98% of patients with LAAI could safely discontinue OAC after undergoing the appendage closure procedure.

Use of non-warfarin oral anticoagulants instead of warfarin during left atrial appendage closure with the Watchman device.

BACKGROUND: In the stroke prevention trials of left atrial appendage closure with the Watchman device (Boston Scientific), a postimplantation antithrombotic regimen of 6 weeks of warfarin was used. OBJECTIVE: Given the clinical complexity of warfarin use, the purpose of this study was to study the relative feasibility and safety of using non-warfarin oral anticoagulants (NOACs) instead of warfarin during the peri- and initial postimplantation periods after Watchman implantation. METHODS: This was a retrospective multicenter study of consecutive patients undergoing Watchman implantation and receiving peri- and postprocedural NOACs or warfarin. Transesophageal echocardiography or chest computed tomography was performed between 6 weeks and 4 months postimplant to assess for device-related thrombosis. Bleeding and thromboembolic events also were evaluated at the time of follow-up. RESULTS: In 5 centers, 214 patients received NOACs (46% apixaban, 46% rivaroxaban, 7% dabigatran, and 1% edoxaban) in either an uninterrupted (82%) or a single-held-dose (16%) fashion. Compared to a control group receiving uninterrupted warfarin (n = 212), the rates of periprocedural complications, including bleeding events, were similar (2.8% vs 2.4%, P = 1). At follow-up, the rates of device-related thrombosis (0.9% vs 0.5%, P = 1), composite of thromboembolism or device-related thrombosis (1.4% vs 0.9%, P = 1), and postprocedure bleeding events (0.5% vs 0.9%, P = .6) also were comparable between the NOAC and warfarin groups. CONCLUSION: NOACs proved to be a feasible peri- and postprocedural alternative regimen to warfarin for preventing device-related thrombosis and thromboembolic complications expected early after appendage closure with the Watchman device, without increasing the risk of bleeding.

Role of N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide in ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction: experience from a tertiary centre in India.

BACKGROUND: Role of biomarkers in ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) is paramount, as they aid in diagnosis and gauge prognosis of the disease. In this project, we sought to study the short-term outcome and clinical associates of N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) in the setting of STEMI at a tertiary center in India. METHODS: In all, 173 STEMI patients (mean age: 57 ± 12 years, 38 women) had their NT-proBNP assayed in addition to troponins and high-sensitive C-reactive protein. Subjects were divided according to NT-proBNP levels into 2 groups: group 1 (NT-proBNP ≤100 pg/mL) and group 2 (NT-proBNP >100 pg/mL). RESULTS: NT-proBNP values (pg/mL) were elevated in group 2 (group 1: 61.7 ± 6.2; group 2: 1006.5 ± 990.6, P < 0.0001). Significantly greater number of females had elevated NT-proBNP (P < 0.05) that could be predicted by the duration of chest pain related to STEMI (area under the curve: 0.72), and age at presentation (area under the curve: 0.66). Multiple regression analysis showed a strong inverse association between NT-proBNP and left ventricular ejection fraction and a strong positive association between the peptide and high-sensitive C-reactive protein. A significant positive association was also noted between NT-proBNP and troponin I (all P < 0.05, Global R = 0.47). Diabetes mellitus and/or hypertension, and infarction localization showed no effect on NT-proBNP levels along with death, primary coronary intervention-related bleeding, and arrhythmias, (χ, P = ns). CONCLUSIONS: The data suggest that women are more likely to have increased NT-proBNP while presenting with STEMI. Duration of chest pain and age at presentation are the best predictors of elevated NT-proBNP, though without much bearing on short-term morbidity and mortality.

Study of left ventricular rotation and torsion in the acute phase of ST-elevation myocardial infarction by speckle tracking echocardiography.

BACKGROUND: The mechanics of the complex left ventricular (LV) myocardial fiber architecture may accurately be assessed by speckle tracking echocardiography (STE). The role of STE to assess LV mechanical dysfunction in the setting of ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (AMI) is still poorly studied. PATIENTS AND METHODS: 29 consecutive patients (55 +/- 13 years) presenting with AMI underwent STE within 72 hours of admission. Reperfusion was achieved with thrombolysis in 15 patients and with primary percutaneous coronary intervention in 14. LV rotational and torsion data were registered during peak systole. Standard Doppler data included LV ejection fraction (EF), mitral inflow deceleration time (DT), and conventional E/A ratio. E/E' ratio (mitral inflow E velocity/tissue Doppler E velocity) was calculated as a marker of LV filling pressure. Twelve subjects with clinically indicated but negative dobutamine stress echocardiogram served as Controls. RESULTS: Peak systolic torsion was not only significantly lower in AMI compared with Controls (13.3 +/- 7.6 vs. 21.8 +/- 6.1; P < 0.01), it was also lower in subjects with LVEF <40% (5.0 +/- 2.9) compared with those who had LVEF >40% (10.6 +/- 6.6; P < 0.02). Torsion had a modest but significantly positive linear relation (R = 0.6; P < 0.05) with DT, not with E/E' or LVEF. CONCLUSION: LV systolic torsion is decreased in AMI and more markedly decreased in patients with LVEF <40%. The most significant linear relationship between DT and torsion may possibly indicate that the LV mechanical dysfunction is also associated with altered filling dynamics.