Limited family structure and BRCA gene mutation status in single cases of breast cancer.

CONTEXT: An autosomal dominant pattern of hereditary breast cancer may be masked by small family size or transmission through males given sex-limited expression. OBJECTIVE: To determine if BRCA gene mutations are more prevalent among single cases of early onset breast cancer in families with limited vs adequate family structure than would be predicted by currently available probability models. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: A total of 1543 women seen at US high-risk clinics for genetic cancer risk assessment and BRCA gene testing were enrolled in a prospective registry study between April 1997 and February 2007. Three hundred six of these women had breast cancer before age 50 years and no first- or second-degree relatives with breast or ovarian cancers. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: The main outcome measure was whether family structure, assessed from multigenerational pedigrees, predicts BRCA gene mutation status. Limited family structure was defined as fewer than 2 first- or second-degree female relatives surviving beyond age 45 years in either lineage. Family structure effect and mutation probability by the Couch, Myriad, and BRCAPRO models were assessed with stepwise multiple logistic regression. Model sensitivity and specificity were determined and receiver operating characteristic curves were generated. RESULTS: Family structure was limited in 153 cases (50%). BRCA gene mutations were detected in 13.7% of participants with limited vs 5.2% with adequate family structure. Family structure was a significant predictor of mutation status (odds ratio, 2.8; 95% confidence interval, 1.19-6.73; P = .02). Although none of the models performed well, receiver operating characteristic analysis indicated that modification of BRCAPRO output by a corrective probability index accounting for family structure was the most accurate BRCA gene mutation status predictor (area under the curve, 0.72; 95% confidence interval, 0.63-0.81; P<.001) for single cases of breast cancer. CONCLUSIONS: Family structure can affect the accuracy of mutation probability models. Genetic testing guidelines may need to be more inclusive for single cases of breast cancer when the family structure is limited and probability models need to be recreated using limited family history as an actual variable.

Maternal phenylketonuria syndrome and case management implications.

Well-established dietary protocols have prevented mental retardation for infants born with phenylketonuria (PKU). Dietary protocols for managing females with PKU in their reproductive years exist but are not followed by most of them. Infants who are born to mothers with PKU who are not on dietary treatment usually have serious medical problems, such as mental retardation, heart defects, and other serious congenital anomalies (e.g., orofacial clefting and bladder exstrophy)--a condition known as maternal PKU syndrome. The focus of this article is to review the pathophysiology, associated developmental issues, and existing management protocols used to manage these two separate but highly connected disorders.