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Background: A recent study has reported that the radiographic measurement of posterior tibial slope (PTS) is larger in male pediatric patients with tibial spine fractures (TSF) than in controls. However, they found no difference in PTS between female patients and controls. Purpose: (1) To identify whether PTS is larger in female pediatric patients with TSF than in female controls and (2) to validate the relationship between PTS and pediatric TSF in male patients. Study Design: Cross-sectional study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: After an a priori power analysis, 84 pediatric patients with TSF (50 female patients and 34 male patients) and 84 age- and sex-matched controls were enrolled in this study. Demographic information, including sex, age, and race, was recorded. Skeletal maturity was determined based on the stage of epiphyseal union on knee radiographs. PTS was defined as the angle between a line perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the tibia and the posterior inclination of the medial tibial plateau on standard knee lateral radiographs. Results: The mean age when the TSF occurred was 11.2 ± 2.7 years for female patients and 12.9 ± 2.5 years for male patients. There was no significant difference in skeletal maturity between female patients and female controls or between male patients and male controls. The mean PTS was not significantly different between female patients (8.8°± 2.8°) and female controls (8.3°± 3.1°) (P = .366) or between male patients (9.0°± 2.8°) and male controls (9.3°± 2.6°) (P = .675). Those with a PTS >1 SD (2.9°) above the mean (8.8°) had no greater odds (1.0 [95% CI, 0.4-2.5]; P≥ .999) of having a TSF than others. Conclusion: PTS was not found to be a risk factor for pediatric TSF in female or male patients in this study.
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Osteochondritis dissecans (OCD) describes a pathologic condition centered at the osteochondral junction that may result in an unstable subchondral fragment (progeny), disruption of the overlying cartilage, which may separate from the underlying parent bone. It is one of the causes of chronic knee pain in children and young adults. The current literature on OCD lesions focuses primarily on the medial femoral condyle (MFC), but inconsistent use of terminology, particularly in the distinction of OCD lesions between skeletally immature and mature patients has created uncertainty regarding imaging workup, treatment, and long-term prognosis. This article reviews the pathophysiology of MFC OCD lesions, highlighting the role of endochondral ossification at the secondary growth plate of the immature femoral condyles, the rationale behind the imaging work-up, and key imaging findings that can distinguish between stable lesions, unstable lesions, and physiologic variants. This overview also provides a case-based review to introduce imaging correlates with the ROCK (Research in Osteochondritis of the Knee) arthroscopic classification.
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Purpose: To define the surgical anatomy of the meniscotibial ligament complex of the pediatric medial and lateral menisci and their relation to the proximal tibial physis and posterior joint capsule. Methods: Fourteen pediatric cadaveric knee specimens (aged 3 months to 11 years) were dissected to clarify the relation of the posterior knee capsule, the meniscus, and the meniscotibial ligament complex. Metallic markers were placed marking the meniscotibial ligament capsular attachment on the proximal tibia. Specimens underwent computed tomography scanning to evaluate pin placement and relation to the physis. A digital measurement tool was used to measure the distances between the proximal tibial physis and the pins (placed at 5 points on both the lateral and medial menisci). Results: In each specimen, clear separation was noted between the posterior joint capsule from the meniscus and meniscotibial ligament complex in the medial and lateral compartments. There was an increase in the distance between the proximal tibial physis and the insertion points of the meniscotibial ligament complex with increasing specimen age. For both the medical and lateral menisci in group 1, the median meniscotibial ligament insertion points were often less than 7 mm (interquartile range, 0.00-7.8 mm) away from the physis. The median meniscotibial ligament insertion points in group 2 tended to be farther from the physis but always less than 20 mm (interquartile range, 2.5-17.5 mm)-and as close as less than 5 mm (lateral posterior root). Conclusions: In this anatomic study of pediatric knees, we observed a distinct recess/cul-de-sac space between the posterior knee capsule and meniscal attachments in all specimens. This defines a distinct plane between the posterior knee capsule and the meniscotibial ligament complex, with a distance between the physis and meniscotibial ligament capsular attachments that increases with age. Clinical Relevance: The anatomic parameters evaluated in our study should be considered as future meniscal repair and transplantation techniques aim to restore the meniscal anatomy, stability, and mobility provided by the meniscotibial ligament complex and capsule structures.
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OBJECTIVES: To compare the timeline for post-operative quadriceps and hamstrings strength recovery following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) using either a quadriceps tendon (QT) or hamstring tendon (HT) autograft. METHODS: Patients (≤18 years) who underwent ACLR using autograft QT or HT were included. Isokinetic strength was extracted at 3, 6, and 12 months post-operatively. Effects of time and graft type on quadriceps or hamstring limb symmetry index (qLSI/hLSI) was assessed with two-way repeated measures ANOVA. Between group differences at each time point were assessed with unpaired t-tests. Chi-square and Kaplan-Meir analysis analyzed the proportions of subjects able to achieve ≥90% LSI. RESULTS: A total of 75 subjects (QT n = 38 HT n = 37,15.8 years) were included. There were significant differences in qLSI, with greater symmetry within the HT group at all time points. A higher proportion of subjects with HT grafts were able to achieve ≥90% qLSI within 12 months of surgery (81% vs 45%, p = 0.001). CONCLUSION: Compared to those with HT autografts, adolescents with QT autografts demonstrate a prolonged timeline for quadriceps recovery. While mean strength values above 90% are achieved, a significantly lower percentage of QT patients are able to achieve 90% qLSI by 12 months post-op.
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Reconstrução do Ligamento Cruzado Anterior , Autoenxertos , Tendões dos Músculos Isquiotibiais , Força Muscular , Músculo Quadríceps , Humanos , Reconstrução do Ligamento Cruzado Anterior/reabilitação , Adolescente , Masculino , Feminino , Força Muscular/fisiologia , Tendões dos Músculos Isquiotibiais/transplante , Músculo Quadríceps/fisiologia , Recuperação de Função Fisiológica , Lesões do Ligamento Cruzado Anterior/cirurgia , Lesões do Ligamento Cruzado Anterior/fisiopatologia , Transplante Autólogo , AtletasRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The likelihood of healing of osteochondritis dissecans decreases with skeletal maturity and there are theories that abnormal biomechanical forces contribute to the development and progression of these lesions. OBJECTIVE: To characterize, according to regional skeletal maturity, the morphology and alignment indices of the patellofemoral joint on MRI in patients with patellar osteochondritis dissecans. MATERIALS AND METHODS: MRI examinations of patients with patellar osteochondritis dissecans obtained between January 2008 and May 2023 were retrospectively reviewed to determine regional skeletal maturity, osteochondritis dissecans lesion size and location, patellar and trochlear morphology (Wiberg/Dejour classifications), and to calculate trochlear sulcus angles, trochlear depth index, lateral trochlear inclination, Insall-Salvati index, Caton-Deschamps index, patellar tendon-lateral trochlear ridge, and tibial tubercle-trochlear groove distances. Values were compared between skeletally immature and mature groups. RESULTS: Sixty-eight children (22 girls, 46 boys, age: 14.0 ± 1.7 years) yielded 74 knees with patellar osteochondritis dissecans lesions, 14 (19%) of which were skeletally mature. The most common anatomic location was over the central patella [median ridge (34/74 - 46%) on the axial images and over the middle third (45/74 - 61%) on the sagittal images]. Overall, mean trochlear sulcus angle (high, 151 ± 11°), trochlear depth index (low, 2.8 ± 1.4 mm), and Insall-Salvati index (borderline, 1.3 ± 0.1) were abnormal for the entire sample. Skeletally mature knees were significantly more likely to have higher (more dysplastic) Dejour types when compared to skeletally immature knees (p < 0.01). Knees in the mature group, compared to immature, had significantly more abnormal mean lateral trochlear inclination (15 ± 8° vs. 19 ± 6°, p = 0.03) and patellar tendon-lateral trochlear ridge distance (5.55 ± 4.31 mm vs. 2.89 ± 4.69 mm, p = 0.04). Half of the knees had ≥ 4 abnormal features that predispose to patellofemoral maltracking; mature knees were significantly (p = 0.02) more likely to have a higher number of abnormal features (> 6 features, 7/14, 50.0%) versus immature knees (0-3 features, 33/60, 55.0%). CONCLUSION: In children with patellar osteochondritis dissecans, abnormal patellofemoral morphology and alignment indices were common in all patients and more severe in mature knees.
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Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética , Osteocondrite Dissecante , Articulação Patelofemoral , Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Osteocondrite Dissecante/diagnóstico por imagem , Articulação Patelofemoral/diagnóstico por imagem , Articulação Patelofemoral/patologia , Adolescente , Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética/métodos , Estudos Retrospectivos , Patela/diagnóstico por imagem , CriançaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Tibial spine fractures (TSFs) are uncommon injuries that may result in substantial morbidity in children. A variety of open and arthroscopic techniques are used to treat these fractures, but no single standardized operative method has been identified. PURPOSE: To systematically review the literature on pediatric TSFs to determine the current treatment approaches, outcomes, and complications. STUDY DESIGN: Meta-analysis; Level of evidence, 4. METHODS: A systematic review of the literature was performed in accordance with the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses) guidelines using PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane databases. Studies evaluating treatment and outcomes of patients <18 years old were included. Patient demographic characteristics, fracture characteristics, treatments, and outcomes were abstracted. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize categorical and quantitative variables, and a meta-analytic technique was used to compare observational studies with sufficient data. RESULTS: A total of 47 studies were included, totaling 1922 TSFs in patients (66.4% male) with a mean age of 12 years (range, 3-18 years). The operative approach was open reduction and internal fixation in 291 cases and arthroscopic reduction and internal fixation in 1236 cases; screw fixation was used in 411 cases and suture fixation, in 586 cases. A total of 13 nonunions were reported, occurring most frequently in Meyers and McKeever type III fractures (n = 6) and in fractures that were treated nonoperatively (n = 10). Arthrofibrosis rates were reported in 33 studies (n = 1700), and arthrofibrosis was present in 190 patients (11.2%). Range of motion loss occurred significantly more frequently in patients with type III and IV fractures (P < .001), and secondary anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury occurred most frequently in patients with type I and II fractures (P = .008). No statistically significant differences were found with regard to rates of nonunion, arthrofibrosis, range of motion loss, laxity, or secondary ACL injury between fixation methods (screw vs suture). CONCLUSION: Despite variation in TSF treatment, good overall outcomes have been reported with low complication rates in both open and arthroscopic treatment and with both screw and suture fixation. Arthrofibrosis remains a concern after surgical treatment for TSF, but no significant difference in incidence was found between the analysis groups. Larger studies are necessary to compare outcomes and form a consensus on how to treat and manage patients with TSFs.
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Lesões do Ligamento Cruzado Anterior , Fraturas do Joelho , Fraturas da Tíbia , Humanos , Masculino , Adolescente , Criança , Feminino , Artroscopia/métodos , Técnicas de Sutura , Articulação do Joelho/cirurgia , Tíbia/cirurgia , Fraturas da Tíbia/etiologia , Fraturas da Tíbia/cirurgia , Lesões do Ligamento Cruzado Anterior/cirurgia , Fixação Interna de Fraturas/métodos , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Elbow pain is common among youth baseball players and elbow MRI is increasingly utilized to complement the clinical assessment. OBJECTIVE: To characterize, according to skeletal maturity, findings on elbow MRI from symptomatic youth baseball players. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This IRB-approved, HIPAA-compliant retrospective study included pediatric (<18 years of age) baseball players with elbow pain who underwent MRI examinations between 2010 and 2021. Two radiologists, blinded to the outcome, independently reviewed examinations to categorize skeletal maturity and to identify osseous and soft tissue findings with consensus used to resolve discrepancies. Findings were compared between skeletally immature and mature patients and logistic regression models identified predictors of surgery. RESULTS: This study included 130 children (115 boys, 15 girls): 85 skeletally immature and 45 mature (12.8±2.3 and 16.2±1.0 years, respectively, p<0.01). Kappa coefficient for interobserver agreement on MRI findings ranged from 0.64 to 0.96. Skeletally immature children, when compared to mature children, were more likely to have elbow effusion (27%, 23/85 vs 9%, 4/45; p=0.03), medial epicondyle marrow edema (53%, 45/85 vs 16%, 7/45; p<0.01), avulsion fracture (19%, 16/85 vs 2%, 1/45; p=0.02), and juvenile osteochondritis dissecans (OCD, 22%, 19/85 vs 7%, 3/45; p=0.04), whereas skeletally mature children were more likely to have sublime tubercle marrow edema (49%, 22/45 vs 11%, 9/85; p<0.01) and triceps tendinosis (40%, 18/45 vs 20%, 17/85; p=0.03). Intra-articular body (OR=4.2, 95% CI 1.5-47.8, p=0.02) and osteochondritis dissecans (OR=3.7, 95% CI 1.1-11.9, p=0.03) were independent predictors for surgery. CONCLUSION: Differential patterns of elbow MRI findings were observed among symptomatic pediatric baseball players based on regional skeletal maturity. Intra-articular body and osteochondritis dissecans were independent predictors of surgery.
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Beisebol , Articulação do Cotovelo , Osteocondrite Dissecante , Masculino , Adolescente , Feminino , Humanos , Criança , Cotovelo/diagnóstico por imagem , Estudos Retrospectivos , Articulação do Cotovelo/diagnóstico por imagem , Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética , Dor , EdemaRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: Previous research on patellar and trochlear groove osteochondritis dissecans (OCD) is limited by small sample sizes. This study aims to describe the presentation of patients with OCD lesions of the patella and trochlea and characterize the outcomes of operative and nonoperative treatments. METHODS: This retrospective cohort study identified all patients from a single institution from 2008 to 2021 with patellar and/or trochlear OCD lesions. Patients were excluded from the study if surgical records were unavailable or if the patient had knee surgery for a different injury at index surgery or in the 12 months postoperative. Minimum follow-up was 12 months. Outcomes included a return to sports (RTS), pain resolution, radiographic healing, and treatment "success" (defined as full RTS, complete pain resolution, and full healing on imaging). RESULTS: A total of 68 patients (75 knees) were included-45 (60%) with patellar OCD and 30 (40%) with trochlear. Of the patients, 69% were males. The median age at knee OCD diagnosis was 14 years. At the final follow-up, 62% of knees (n = 44) recovered sufficiently to allow a full RTS and 54% of knees (n = 39) had full pain resolution. Of the 46 knees with radiographic imaging at least 1 year apart, 63% had full healing of the lesion. There was no significant difference in RTS, pain resolution, radiographic healing, or overall success when comparing treatments. CONCLUSIONS: This study provides valuable epidemiologic demographic and outcome data regarding the scarcely reported patellar and trochlear OCD. While over half of patients fully returned to sports and reported full pain resolution, a large proportion continued to experience symptoms over a year after presentation. Future research should aim to better define the treatment algorithms for these OCD subtypes. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level III.
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Osteocondrite Dissecante , Masculino , Humanos , Adolescente , Feminino , Osteocondrite Dissecante/diagnóstico por imagem , Osteocondrite Dissecante/epidemiologia , Osteocondrite Dissecante/terapia , Patela , Estudos Retrospectivos , Dor , Articulação do Joelho/cirurgia , DemografiaRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To systematically investigate the prevalence of knee MRI findings among symptomatic pediatric soccer players with respect to skeletal maturity and to identify predictors of surgery. METHODS: This IRB-approved, HIPAA-compliant retrospective study included soccer players (< 18 years of age) who underwent MRI examinations in the past 5 years (2018-2023). Two radiologists retrospectively and independently reviewed all examinations to categorize skeletal maturity and to identify osseous and soft tissue findings. Findings were compared between maturation groups, and logistic regression models were used to identify predictors of surgery. RESULTS: Ninety-seven players (45 boys, 52 girls) included 39 skeletally immature, 21 maturing, and 37 mature knees. Kappa coefficient for interobserver reliability ranged between 0.65 and 1.00. Osgood-Schlatter disease (OSD) was more common among immature than maturing and mature knees (25% vs 14% and 5%, p = 0.04); anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury was more common among maturing and mature than immature knees (59% and 48%, vs 15%, p < 0.01); and meniscal tears were more common among mature than immature and maturing knees (medial, 41% vs 18% and 14%, p = 0.03; lateral, 43% vs 21% and 19%, p = 0.04). Players in the mature group were more likely to undergo surgery (p = 0.01). The presence of an effusion (OR = 19.5, 95% CI 2.8-240.9, p = 0.01), ACL injury (OR = 170.0, 95% CI 1.3-6996.9, p < 0.01), and lateral meniscal tears (OR = 10.8, 95% CI 1.8-106.1, p = 0.02) were independent predictors of surgery. CONCLUSION: Differential patterns of injury were found among symptomatic pediatric soccer players; the presence of an effusion, ACL injury, and lateral meniscal tears were independent predictors of surgery, likely contributing to the higher rates of surgery among skeletally mature players.
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BACKGROUND: Surgical treatment options of discoid lateral meniscus in pediatric patients consist of saucerization with or without meniscal repair, meniscocapular stabilization, and, less often, subtotal meniscectomy. PURPOSE: To describe a large, prospectively collected multicenter cohort of discoid menisci undergoing surgical intervention, and further investigate corresponding treatment of discoid menisci. STUDY DESIGN: Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3. METHODS: A multicenter quality improvement registry (16 institutions, 26 surgeons), Sports Cohort Outcomes Registry, was queried. Patient characteristics, discoid type, presence and type of intrasubstance meniscal tear, peripheral rim instability, repair technique, and partial meniscectomy/debridement beyond saucerization were reviewed. Discoid meniscus characteristics were compared between age groups (<14 and >14 years old), based on receiver operating characteristic curve, and discoid morphology (complete and incomplete). RESULTS: In total, 274 patients were identified (mean age, 12.4 years; range, 3-18 years), of whom 55.6% had complete discoid. Meniscal repairs were performed in 55.1% of patients. Overall, 48.5% of patients had rim instability and 36.8% had >1 location of peripheral rim instability. Of the patients, 21.5% underwent meniscal debridement beyond saucerization, with 8.4% undergoing a subtotal meniscectomy. Patients <14 years of age were more likely to have a complete discoid meniscus (P < .001), peripheral rim instability (P = .005), and longitudinal tears (P = .015) and require a meniscal repair (P < .001). Patients ≥14 years of age were more likely to have a radial/oblique tear (P = .015) and require additional debridement beyond the physiologic rim (P = .003). Overall, 70% of patients <14 years of age were found to have a complete discoid meniscus necessitating saucerization, and >50% in this young age group required peripheral stabilization/repair. CONCLUSION: To preserve physiological "normal" meniscus, a repair may be indicated in >50% of patients <14 years of age but occurred in <50% of those >14 years. Additional resection beyond the physiological rim may be needed in 15% of younger patients and 30% of those aged >14 years.
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Doenças das Cartilagens , Artropatias , Lesões do Menisco Tibial , Humanos , Criança , Adolescente , Meniscos Tibiais/cirurgia , Meniscos Tibiais/patologia , Estudos de Coortes , Artroscopia/métodos , Lesões do Menisco Tibial/cirurgia , Artropatias/cirurgia , Estudos RetrospectivosRESUMO
PURPOSE: To compare the clinical and patient-reported outcomes of adolescent patients who underwent anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) with quadriceps tendon (QT) versus hamstring tendon (HT) autograft. METHODS: This was a retrospective cohort study of adolescent patients aged 18 years or younger treated at a single tertiary care children's hospital who underwent primary transphyseal ACLR using QT or HT between January 2018 and December 2019. All patients had minimum 6-month follow-up. Outcomes included isokinetic strength testing, postoperative Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System and International Knee Documentation Committee scores, and complications; these were compared between the QT and HT cohorts. RESULTS: A total of 84 patients (44 HT and 40 QT patients) were included. The QT cohort had a higher proportion of male patients (62.5% vs 34.1%, P = .01). At 3 months, HT patients had a lower hamstring-quadriceps (H/Q) strength ratio (60.7 ± 11.0 vs 79.5 ± 18.6, P < .01) and lower Limb Symmetry Index in flexion (85.6 ± 16.1 vs 95.5 ± 15.7, P = .01) whereas QT patients had a lower Limb Symmetry Index in extension (67.3 ± 9.5 vs 77.4 ± 10.7, P < .01). The H/Q ratio at 6 months was lower in HT patients (59.4 ± 11.5 vs 66.2 ± 7.5, P < .01). Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System and International Knee Documentation Committee scores were not different at 3 months or latest follow-up. QT patients had more wound issues (20.0% vs 2.3%, P = .01). Patients receiving HT autograft had more ipsilateral knee injuries (18.2% vs 2.5%, P = .03), but there was no difference in graft failure for ACLR using HT versus QT (9.1% vs 2.5%, P = .36). CONCLUSIONS: There were no differences in patient-reported outcome measures between patients receiving QT autografts and those receiving HT autografts. Patients with QT grafts had more postoperative wound issues but a lower rate of ipsilateral knee complications (graft failure or meniscal tear). Differences in quadriceps and hamstring strength postoperatively compared with the contralateral limb were observed for adolescent ACLR patients receiving QT and HT autografts, respectively. This contributed to higher H/Q ratios seen at 3 and 6 months postoperatively for patients receiving QT autografts. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level III, retrospective comparative therapeutic study.
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BACKGROUND: Radiographic measurements of limb alignment in skeletally immature patients with anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) tears are frequently used for surgical decision-making, preoperative planning, and postoperative monitoring of skeletal growth. However, the interrater and intrarater reliability of these radiographic characteristics in this patient population is not well documented. HYPOTHESIS: Excellent reliability across 4 raters will be demonstrated for all digital measures of length, coronal plane joint orientation angles, mechanical axis, and tibial slope in skeletally immature patients with ACL tears. STUDY DESIGN: Cohort study (diagnosis). METHODS: Three fellowship-trained orthopaedic surgeons and 1 medical student performed 2 rounds of radiographic measurements on digital imaging (lateral knee radiographs and long-leg radiographs) of skeletally immature patients with ACL tears. Intrarater and interrater reliability for continuous radiographic measurements was assessed with intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) across 4 raters with 95% CIs for affected and unaffected side measurements. Interrater reliability analysis used an ICC (2, 4) structure and intrarater reliability analysis used an ICC (2, 1) structure. A weighted kappa coefficient was calculated for ordinal variables along with 95% CIs for both interrater and intrarater reliability. Agreement statistic interpretations are based on scales described by Fleiss, and Cicchetti and Sparrow: <0.40, poor; 0.40 to 0.59, fair; 0.60 to 0.74, good; and >0.74, excellent. RESULTS: Radiographs from a convenience sample of 43 patients were included. Intrarater reliability was excellent for nearly all measurements and raters. Interrater reliability was also excellent for nearly all reads for all measurements. CONCLUSION: Radiographic reliability of long-leg radiographs and lateral knee x-rays in skeletally immature children with ACL tears is excellent across nearly all measures and raters and can be obtained and interpreted as reliable and reproducible means to measure limb length and alignment. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level III.
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Lesões do Ligamento Cruzado Anterior , Criança , Humanos , Lesões do Ligamento Cruzado Anterior/diagnóstico por imagem , Lesões do Ligamento Cruzado Anterior/cirurgia , Estudos de Coortes , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Extremidades , Bolsas de EstudoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Research has indicated that lower socioeconomic status is associated with delays in the treatment of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries; however, there is a paucity of literature evaluating its association with patient-reported outcomes (PROs). Using the Area Deprivation Index (ADI), a validated proxy for socioeconomic status, the study aimed to determine how relative socioeconomic disadvantage is related to PROs after primary ACL reconstruction (ACLR) in pediatric patients. METHODS: This retrospective cohort study included all patients 18 years old or above who underwent primary ACLR at an academic institution between 2018 and 2021. Exclusion criteria included multiligament injury, congenital ACL absence, and absent outcomes data. The minimum follow-up was 6 months. A Patient-reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) 50 Pediatric self-report questionnaire was completed at postoperative visits, and domain scores for pain, physical function/mobility, fatigue, anxiety, depression, and peer relationships were generated. The National ADI percentile was calculated using the patients' addresses. Patients were divided into quartiles (low, moderate, moderate-severe, and severe ADI), and comparative analyses were performed to determine the relationship between ADI and PROMIS. RESULTS: A total of 413 patients were identified, including 49% (n=207), 33% (n=139), 11% (n=48), and 7% (n=30) from the low, moderate, moderate-severe, and severe deprivation areas, respectively. As compared with those in the low-deprivation quartile, patients in the severe deprivation quartile had delayed time to the first clinic visit (11 vs. 16.5 d, P=0.044) and surgery (51 vs. 80 d, P=0.004). There were no differences in the number of additional procedures required at index surgery. All quartiles had progressive improvements in physical function/mobility and pain scores throughout recovery, but at 9 months, there was significantly more pain in the severe deprivation cohort, despite no difference in self-reported physical function and mobility. Those with severe socioeconomic disadvantage had worse psychosocial outcomes, including significantly increased depression, fatigue, and anxiety and decreased peer relationship scores. CONCLUSIONS: Although there were no differences in preoperative PROMIS scores, pediatric patients living in areas with higher levels of socioeconomic deprivation/disadvantage had worse psychosocial PROs after ACLR. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level III-retrospective comparative study.
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Lesões do Ligamento Cruzado Anterior , Privação Social , Humanos , Adolescente , Criança , Estudos Retrospectivos , Lesões do Ligamento Cruzado Anterior/cirurgia , Fadiga , Dor , Medidas de Resultados Relatados pelo PacienteRESUMO
Background: Operative treatment of displaced tibial spine fractures consists of fixation and reduction of the fragment in addition to restoring tension of the anterior cruciate ligament. Purpose: To determine whether residual displacement of the anterior portion of a tibial spine fragment affects the range of motion (ROM) or laxity in operatively and nonoperatively treated patients. Study Design: Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: Data were gathered from 328 patients younger than 18 years who were treated for tibial spine fractures between 2000 and 2019 at 10 institutions. ROM and anterior lip displacement (ALD) measurements were summarized and compared from pretreatment to final follow-up. ALD measurements were categorized as excellent (0 to <1 mm), good (1 to <3 mm), fair (3 to 5 mm), or poor (>5 mm). Posttreatment residual laxity and arthrofibrosis were assessed. Results: Overall, 88% of patients (290/328) underwent operative treatment. The median follow-up was 8.1 months (range, 3-152 months) for the operative group and 6.7 months (range, 3-72 months) for the nonoperative group. The median ALD measurement of the cohort was 6 mm pretreatment, decreasing to 0 mm after treatment (P < .001). At final follow-up, 62% of all patients (203/328) had excellent ALD measurements, compared with 5% (12/264) before treatment. Subjective laxity was seen in 11% of the nonoperative group (4/37) and 5% of the operative group (15/285; P = .25). Across the cohort, there was no association between final knee ROM and final ALD category. While there were more patients with arthrofibrosis in the operative group (7%) compared with the nonoperative group (3%) (P = .49), this was not different across the ALD displacement categories. Conclusion: Residual ALD was not associated with posttreatment subjective residual laxity, extension loss, or flexion loss. The results suggest that anatomic reduction of a tibial spine fracture may not be mandatory if knee stability and functional ROM are achieved.
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Purpose: To characterize growth abnormalities after surgical treatment of tibial spine fractures and to investigate risk factors for these abnormalities. Methods: A retrospective analysis of children who underwent treatment of tibial spine fractures between January 2000 and January 2019 was performed, drawing from a multicenter cohort among 10 tertiary care children's hospitals. The entire cohort of surgically treated tibial spine fractures was analyzed for incidence and risk factors of growth disturbance. The cohort was stratified into those who were younger than the age of 13 years at the time of treatment in order to evaluate the risk of growth disturbance in those with substantial growth remaining. Patients with growth disturbance in this cohort were further analyzed based on age, sex, surgical repair technique, implant type, and preoperative radiographic measurements with χ2, t-tests, and multivariate logistic regression. Results: Nine patients of 645 (1.4%) were found to have growth disturbance, all of whom were younger than 13 years old. Patients who developed growth disturbance were younger than those without (9.7 years vs 11.9 years, P = .019.) There was no association with demographic factors, fracture characteristics, surgical technique, hardware type, or anatomic placement (i.e., transphyseal vs physeal-sparing fixation) and growth disturbance. Conclusions: In this study, we found an overall low incidence of growth disturbance after surgical treatment of tibial spine fractures. There was no association with surgical technique and risk of growth disturbance. Level of Evidence: Level III, retrospective comparative study.
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The purpose of this study was to estimate monthly and annual trends in youth sports-related injury over the years 2016-2020 using the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System (NEISS) database to measure the impact of COVID-19 on overall and sport-specific rates of injury. Children and adolescents (0-19 years) presenting to USA emergency departments with sport participation injury from 2016 to 2020 were identified. Descriptive statistical analyses were performed of injury patterns. An interrupted time series analysis was applied to estimate changes in injury trends during COVID-19. Proportional changes in injury characteristics during this period were examined. An estimated 5â 078â 490 sports-related injuries were identified with an annual incidence of 1406 injuries per 100â 000 population. Seasonal peaks in injuries occurred during September and May. About 58% of injuries were associated with contact sports, such as basketball, football, and soccer, and the most common injuries were sprains and strains. After the pandemic onset, there was a statistically significant 59% decrease in national youth sports-related injuries compared with the average estimates for 2016-2019. While the distribution of injury characteristics did not appear to change, the location of injury appeared to shift away from school toward alternative settings. A significant reduction in youth sports-related injuries was identified in 2020 coinciding with the COVID-19 pandemic, persisting throughout the rest of the year. No changes in the anatomic or demographic distribution of injuries were identified. This study expands our epidemiologic understanding of youth sports-related injury trends and how they changed following the pandemic onset.
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BACKGROUND: Tibial spine fractures are common in the pediatric population because of the biomechanical properties of children's subchondral epiphyseal bone. Most studies in porcine or adult human bone suggest that suture fixation performs better than screw fixation, but these tissues may be poor surrogates for pediatric bone. No previous study has evaluated fixation methods in human pediatric knees. PURPOSE: To quantify the biomechanical properties of 2-screw and 2-suture repair of tibial spine fracture in human pediatric knees. STUDY DESIGN: Controlled laboratory study. METHODS: Cadaveric specimens were randomly assigned to either 2-screw or 2-suture fixation. A standardized Meyers-Mckeever type 3 tibial spine fracture was induced. Screw-fixation fractures were reduced with two 4.0-mm cannulated screws and washers. Suture-fixation fractures were reduced by passing 2 No. 2 FiberWire sutures through the fracture fragment and the base of the anterior cruciate ligament. Sutures were secured through bony tunnels over a 1-cm tibial cortical bridge. Each specimen was mounted at 30° of flexion. A cyclic loading protocol was applied to each specimen, followed by a load-to-failure test. Outcome measures were ultimate failure load, stiffness, and fixation elongation. RESULTS: Twelve matched pediatric cadaveric knees were tested. Repair groups had identical mean (8.3 years) and median (8.5 years) ages and an identical number of samples of each laterality. Ultimate failure load did not significantly differ between screw (mean ± SD, 143.52 ± 41.9 7 N) and suture (135.35 ± 47.94 N) fixations (P = .760). Screws demonstrated increased stiffness and decreased elongation, although neither result was statistically significant at the .05 level (21.79 vs 13.83 N/mm and 5.02 vs 8.46 mm; P = .076 and P = .069, respectively). CONCLUSION: Screw fixation and suture fixation of tibial spine fractures in human pediatric tissue were biomechanically comparable. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Suture fixations are not biomechanically superior to screw fixations in pediatric bone. Pediatric bone fails at lower loads, and in different modes, compared with adult cadaveric bone and porcine bone. Further investigation into optimal repair is warranted, including techniques that may reduce suture pullout and "cheese-wiring" through softer pediatric bone. This study provides new biomechanical data regarding the properties of different fixation types in pediatric tibial spine fractures to inform clinical management of these injuries.
Assuntos
Fraturas do Joelho , Fraturas da Tíbia , Adulto , Animais , Criança , Humanos , Fenômenos Biomecânicos , Parafusos Ósseos , Cadáver , Fixação Interna de Fraturas/métodos , Técnicas de Sutura , Suturas , Suínos , Fraturas da Tíbia/cirurgiaRESUMO
PURPOSE: In adolescent patients, meniscal tear injury can occur either in isolation (e.g., discoid lateral meniscus tears) or in association with other traumatic injuries including tibial eminence fracture or ACL tear. Damage to meniscal integrity has been shown to increase contact pressure in articular cartilage, increasing risk of early onset osteoarthritis. In symptomatic patients failing conservative management, surgical intervention via meniscus repair or meniscus transplant is indicated. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the radial dimensions of pediatric menisci throughout development. The hypothesis was that the average radial meniscus dimensions will increase as specimen age increases, and mean medial and lateral region measurements will increase at a linear rate. METHODS: Seventy-eight skeletally immature knee cadaver specimens under age 12 years were included in this study. The meniscal specimens were photographed in the axial view with ruler in the plane of the tibial plateau and analyzed using computer-aided design (CAD) software (Autodesk Fusion 360). Measurements were taken from inner to outer meniscus rims at five 45 degree intervals using the clockface as a reference (12:00, 1:30, 3:00, 4:30, 6:00), and total area of meniscus and tibial plateau was recorded. Generalized linear models were used to evaluate the associations of radial width measurements with age, tibial coverage, and lateral vs. medial meniscus widths. RESULTS: All radial width measurements increased significantly with specimen age (p ≤ 0.002), and all lateral-medial meniscal widths increased (p < 0.001). The anterior zones of the meniscus were found to increase at the slowest rate compared to other regions. Tibial plateau coverage was found to not significantly vary with age. CONCLUSIONS: Meniscus radial width and lateral-medial meniscus width are related to age. The anterior width of the meniscus varied least with age. Improved anatomic understanding may help surgeons more effectively plan for meniscus repair, discoid resection/saucerization/repair, and also support appropriate selection of meniscus allograft for transplantation.
Assuntos
Lesões do Ligamento Cruzado Anterior , Doenças das Cartilagens , Lesões do Menisco Tibial , Humanos , Criança , Adolescente , Lesões do Menisco Tibial/cirurgia , Articulação do Joelho/cirurgia , Meniscos Tibiais/cirurgia , Tíbia , Doenças das Cartilagens/cirurgia , Cadáver , Estudos RetrospectivosRESUMO
BACKGROUND: When stable osteochondritis dissecans (OCD) lesions of the femoral condyle in a skeletally immature patient fail to heal with nonoperative methods, the standard of care treatment is condylar OCD drilling. Two primary OCD drilling techniques have been described, but no prospective studies have compared their relative effectiveness. PURPOSE/HYPOTHESIS: The purpose of this study was to compare the healing and function after transarticular drilling (TAD) with that after retroarticular drilling (RAD). It was hypothesized that there would be no difference in rate or time to healing, rate or time to return to sports, patient-reported outcomes (PROs), or secondary OCD-related surgery. STUDY DESIGN: Randomized controlled clinical trial; Level of evidence, 1. METHODS: Skeletally immature patients with magnetic resonance imaging-confirmed stable OCD lesions of the medial femoral condyle who did not demonstrate substantial healing after a minimum of 3 months of nonoperative treatment were prospectively enrolled by 1 of 17 surgeon-investigators at 1 of 14 centers. Patients were randomized to the TAD or RAD group. Tourniquet time, fluoroscopy time, and complications were compared between the treatment groups. Postoperatively, serial radiographs were obtained every 6 weeks to assess healing, and PROs were obtained at 6 months, 12 months, and 24 months. RESULTS: A total of 91 patients were included, consisting of 51 patients in the TAD and 40 patients in the RAD group, who were similar in age, sex distribution, and 2-year PRO response rate. Tourniquet time and fluoroscopy time were significantly shorter with TAD (mean, 38.1 minutes and 0.85 minutes, respectively) than RAD (mean, 48.2 minutes and 1.34 minutes respectively) (P = .02; P = .004). In the RAD group, chondral injury from K-wire passage into the intra-articular space was reported in 9 of 40 (22%) patients, but no associated postoperative clinical sequelae were identified in these patients. No significant differences between groups were detected in follow-up Pediatric-International Knee Documentation Committee, Lysholm, Marx Activity Scale, or Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score Quality of Life scores. Healing parameters were superior at 6 months and 12 months in the TAD group, compared with the RAD group, and secondary OCD surgery occurred in 4% of patients who underwent TAD and 10% of patients who underwent RAD (P = .40). Patients in the TAD group returned to sports earlier than those in the RAD group (P = .049). CONCLUSION: TAD showed shorter operative time and fluoroscopy time and superior healing parameters at 6 and 12 months, but no differences were seen in 24-month healing parameters or PROs at all follow-up time points, when compared with RAD. REGISTRATION: NCT01754298 (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier).