Posterior Circulation Mechanical Thrombectomy through Primitive Trigeminal Artery: A Case Report.

Introduction: Primitive trigeminal artery (PTA) is a rare intracranial vascular malformation, and mechanical thrombectomy and revascularization via PTA are rarely reported. Case Presentation: We reported a case of mechanical thrombectomy through PTA in a patient who presented with sudden slurred speech and had a National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score of 12. Digital subtraction angiography of the cerebral vasculature showed PTA formation in the right internal carotid artery cavernous segment, with acute occlusion of the distal basilar artery at the PTA junction, and bilateral vertebral arteries and proximal basilar artery were underdeveloped. Therefore, we chose mechanical thrombectomy via PTA, but unfortunately, the vessel failed to recanalize. Follow-up at 1-month post-procedure indicated that the patient had passed away. We present the endovascular process and analyze and summarize the reasons for the failure to provide a reference for subsequent mechanical thrombectomy via PTA. Conclusions: PTA increases the risk of ischemic stroke and adds to the complexity of mechanical thrombectomy post-stroke. However, in certain situations, PTA can be used as a thrombectomy channel to increase the first-line possibility of timely endovascular treatment to save ischemic brain tissue.

A programmable ferrofluidic droplet robot.

Soft miniature robots have wide potential applications in lab-on-a-chip and biomedical sciences due to their deformability, safety, and remarkable controllability. However, current ferrofluidic droplet robots have some problems, such as easy broken, limited motion range and high energy consumption. Therefore, the objective of this study is to propose a programmable ferrofluidic flexible droplet robot (PFDR) with control strategies for elongation, splitting and merging behaviors by designing an actuation system consisting of a row of electromagnets and a robotic arm or a coordinate robot. The PFDR can not only deform actively to prevent itself from breaking, but also deform passively to fit the profile of channels or tubes to move efficiently. The actuation system can make PFDR have larger motion range as well as lower energy consumption. The design concept and the operating principle of PFDR are presented. The magnetic actuation system is developed. The lag of PFDR is analyzed in theoretical and experimental ways. The splitting and merging behaviors are investigated and other functionalities are studied as well.

Millirobot Based on a Phase-Transformable Magnetorheological Liquid Metal.

Droplet robots have attracted much attention in recent years due to their large-scale deformability and flexible mobility in confined spaces. However, droplet robots are always difficult to maintain rigid shapes, making them difficult to manipulate objects with large inertia. Moreover, their low conductivity makes them unable to complete tasks such as circuit repair. Herein, a millirobot made from magnetorheological liquid metal is proposed to address the problems. Specifically, the magnetorheological liquid metal (MLM) robot is made by engulfing iron particles into gallium-indium alloy, and the mass fraction of the MLM robot is determined by microscopic observation and rheological test. The MLM robot possesses both solid and liquid properties, enabling the robot with plasticity, large-scale deformability, good conductivity, motion flexibility, and good object manipulation. The MLM robot can achieve almost all of the functions of existing droplet robots, including splitting, merging, navigating in narrow channels, and pushing objects. In addition, it can also accomplish some other tasks that are difficult for existing droplet robots, such as pulling large objects, repairing damaged circuits selectively and reversibly, and repairing suspended circuits through plasticity. The demos show that MLM robots can traverse narrow spaces and repair circuit damage selectively and reversibly. It is believed that MLM robots can enrich diverse functionalities in the future.

Magnetic Liquid Metal Droplet Robot with Multifunction and High Output Force in Milli-Newton.

Magnetically actuated miniature robots have immeasurable potential in lab-on-a-chip and biomedical due to their ability to navigate in constrained space. However, current soft robots made by elastomers have limited functionalities and are prevented from very narrow environments such as channel much smaller than their size because of their non- or limited deformability. In this study, a soft and multifunctional robot based on liquid metal (magnetic liquid-metal droplet robot [MLDR]) with high output force is reported. It is fabricated by engulfing iron particles into a Galinstan droplet. By changing the shape and motion of permanent magnets, the MLDR can be reshaped and moved. The MLDR can also be split in batches and merged efficiently. It shows good softness and flexibility when navigating freely in a narrow channel, and thus can pass through a confined space smaller than its size easily. Furthermore, the MLDR can also push and spread the accumulated liquid in a desired path, and manipulate the motions of small objects well. Benefiting from the solidification-like phenomenon, an MLDR can output milli-Newton-level force much higher than the output force of ferrofluid droplet robots in micro-Newton level. The demonstrated capabilities of the MLDR are promising for the applications in lab-on-a-chip or biomedical devices.

Square Root Convexity of Fisher Information along Heat Flow in Dimension Two.

Recently, Ledoux, Nair, and Wang proved that the Fisher information along the heat flow is log-convex in dimension one, that is d2dt2log(I(Xt))≥0 for n=1, where Xt is a random variable with density function satisfying the heat equation. In this paper, we consider the high dimensional case and prove that the Fisher information is square root convex in dimension two, that is d2dt2IX≥0 for n=2. The proof is based on the semidefinite programming approach.

Hybrid Recurrent Neural Network Architecture-Based Intention Recognition for Human-Robot Collaboration.

Human-robot-collaboration requires robot to proactively and intelligently recognize the intention of human operator. Despite deep learning approaches have achieved certain results in performing feature learning and long-term temporal dependencies modeling, the motion prediction is still not desirable enough, which unavoidably compromises the accomplishment of tasks. Therefore, a hybrid recurrent neural network architecture is proposed for intention recognition to conduct the assembly tasks cooperatively. Specifically, the improved LSTM (ILSTM) and improved Bi-LSTM (IBi-LSTM) networks are first explored with state activation function and gate activation function to improve the network performance. The employment of the IBi-LSTM unit in the first layers of the hybrid architecture helps to learn the features effectively and fully from complex sequential data, and the LSTM-based cell in the last layer contributes to capturing the forward dependency. This hybrid network architecture can improve the prediction performance of intention recognition effectively. One experimental platform with the UR5 collaborative robot and human motion capture device is set up to test the performance of the proposed method. One filter, that is, the quartile-based amplitude limiting algorithm in sliding window, is designed to deal with the abnormal data of the spatiotemporal data, and thus, to improve the accuracy of network training and testing. The experimental results show that the hybrid network can predict the motion of human operator more precisely in collaborative workspace, compared with some representative deep learning methods.

TSPNet: a time-spatial parallel network for classification of EEG-based multiclass upper limb motor imagery BCI.

The classification of electroencephalogram (EEG) motor imagery signals has emerged as a prominent research focus within the realm of brain-computer interfaces. Nevertheless, the conventional, limited categories (typically just two or four) offered by brain-computer interfaces fail to provide an extensive array of control modes. To address this challenge, we propose the Time-Spatial Parallel Network (TSPNet) for recognizing six distinct categories of upper limb motor imagery. Within TSPNet, temporal and spatial features are extracted separately, with the time dimension feature extractor and spatial dimension feature extractor performing their respective functions. Following this, the Time-Spatial Parallel Feature Extractor is employed to decouple the connection between temporal and spatial features, thus diminishing feature redundancy. The Time-Spatial Parallel Feature Extractor deploys a gating mechanism to optimize weight distribution and parallelize time-spatial features. Additionally, we introduce a feature visualization algorithm based on signal occlusion frequency to facilitate a qualitative analysis of TSPNet. In a six-category scenario, TSPNet achieved an accuracy of 49.1% ± 0.043 on our dataset and 49.7% ± 0.029 on a public dataset. Experimental results conclusively establish that TSPNet outperforms other deep learning methods in classifying data from these two datasets. Moreover, visualization results vividly illustrate that our proposed framework can generate distinctive classifier patterns for multiple categories of upper limb motor imagery, discerned through signals of varying frequencies. These findings underscore that, in comparison to other deep learning methods, TSPNet excels in intention recognition, which bears immense significance for non-invasive brain-computer interfaces.

Lower Bounds on Multivariate Higher Order Derivatives of Differential Entropy.

This paper studies the properties of the derivatives of differential entropy H(Xt) in Costa's entropy power inequality. For real-valued random variables, Cheng and Geng conjectured that for m≥1, (-1)m+1(dm/dtm)H(Xt)≥0, while McKean conjectured a stronger statement, whereby (-1)m+1(dm/dtm)H(Xt)≥(-1)m+1(dm/dtm)H(XGt). Here, we study the higher dimensional analogues of these conjectures. In particular, we study the veracity of the following two statements: C1(m,n):(-1)m+1(dm/dtm)H(Xt)≥0, where n denotes that Xt is a random vector taking values in Rn, and similarly, C2(m,n):(-1)m+1(dm/dtm)H(Xt)≥(-1)m+1(dm/dtm)H(XGt)≥0. In this paper, we prove some new multivariate cases: C1(3,i),i=2,3,4. Motivated by our results, we further propose a weaker version of McKean's conjecture C3(m,n):(-1)m+1(dm/dtm)H(Xt)≥(-1)m+11n(dm/dtm)H(XGt), which is implied by C2(m,n) and implies C1(m,n). We prove some multivariate cases of this conjecture under the log-concave condition: C3(3,i),i=2,3,4 and C3(4,2). A systematic procedure to prove Cl(m,n) is proposed based on symbolic computation and semidefinite programming, and all the new results mentioned above are explicitly and strictly proved using this procedure.

A Generalization of the Concavity of Rényi Entropy Power.

Recently, Savaré-Toscani proved that the Rényi entropy power of general probability densities solving the p-nonlinear heat equation in Rn is a concave function of time under certain conditions of three parameters n,p,µ, which extends Costa's concavity inequality for Shannon's entropy power to the Rényi entropy power. In this paper, we give a condition Φ(n,p,µ) of n,p,µ under which the concavity of the Rényi entropy power is valid. The condition Φ(n,p,µ) contains Savaré-Toscani's condition as a special case and much more cases. Precisely, the points (n,p,µ) satisfying Savaré-Toscani's condition consist of a two-dimensional subset of R3, and the points satisfying the condition Φ(n,p,µ) consist a three-dimensional subset of R3. Furthermore, Φ(n,p,µ) gives the necessary and sufficient condition in a certain sense. Finally, the conditions are obtained with a systematic approach.

Supersandwich Nanowire/Quantum Dots Sensitization Structure-Based Photoelectrochemical "Signal-On" Platform for Ultrasensitive Detection of Thrombin.

A new photoelectrochemical (PEC) "signal-on" sensing platform based on photoactive material Bi2O3-ZnO and CdS quantum dots (QDs) sensitizer was fabricated for ultrasensitive determination of thrombin by constructing supersandwich nanowires. The CdS/ZnO/Bi2O3 sensitization structure with excellent energy level arrangement remarkably improved photoelectric conversion efficiency because of the efficient separation of the electron-hole. Moreover, the DNA supersandwich nanowire is ingeniously synthesized in one step by simple dislocation hybridization, which could carry a large amount of sensitized material CdS QDs. More importantly, with Exonuclease III (Exo III)-assisted multiple amplification, the proposed "signal-on" platform demonstrated a detection range of 10 fM to 1 µM with the detection limit of 1.41 fM for thrombin. Impressively, the PEC platform can successfully detect human serum samples with good accuracy. Above all, the CdS/ZnO/Bi2O3 sensitization photoelectric biosensing platform by using DNA nanowire in combination with Exo III-multiple amplification opens new sensitized amplification paths for supersensitive biosensing and bioanalysis.

3D DNA nanosphere-based photoelectrochemical biosensor combined with multiple enzyme-free amplification for ultrasensitive detection of cancer biomarkers.

In this work, a new 3D DNA nanosphere was ingeniously designed and fabricated, which was used to combine with multiple enzyme-free amplification strategy to develop a photoelectrochemical (PEC) biosensing platform for ultrasensitive detection of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA). The 3D DNA nanostructure was self-assembled by base complementary pairing in a few minutes and rolling circle amplification (RCA) reaction. The intense photocurrent derived from Au NPs/ZnSe QDs can be effectively decreased by 3D DNA nanospheres assembled on the electrode, making photoelectric signal present "off" state. The specific binding of target CEA with its hairpin (HP1) aptamer opens HP1 structure, which initiated multiple enzyme-free strand displacement amplification (SDA) reaction and generated a large number of single strands DNA S1. Then S1 competitively binds to capture DNA on the electrode to release 3D DNA nanospheres, thus the photocurrent signal became "on" state for achieving amplified assay of target CEA. The proposed PEC biosensor exhibits excellent performance with a wide linear range of 1.0 fg/mL to 10 ng/mL and a low detection limit of 0.12 fg/mL for CEA, which was successfully applied for the assay of real serum samples with good precision. The reported strategy opens a new simple way for PEC biosensor using DNA nanostructure, showing huge potential in clinical application research.

Versatile Electrochemiluminescence and Photoelectrochemical Detection of Glutathione Using Mn2+ Substitute Target by DNA-Walker-Induced Allosteric Switch and Signal Amplification.

Glutathione (GSH) serves vital functions in biological systems and associates with various human diseases. In this work, a versatile electrochemiluminence (ECL) and a photoelectrochemical (PEC) "signal on" biosensing platform were developed for a sensitive assay of GSH by a Mn2+-powered DNAzyme amplification strategy combined with DNA-walker-triggered allosteric conversion. First, MnO2 nanosheets were reduced to Mn2+ by GSH; then, Mn2+ as a substitute target triggered DNAzyme-assisted cleavage-cycling amplification to generate numerous DNA output (s3). Meanwhile, the DNA molecular machine was introduced to bridge signal probes for versatile biosensing, which included hairpin DNA as a track and an arm as a walker. The presence of DNA output (s3) activated the swing arm to hybridize with hairpin DNA and then cut it by Nt.BbvCI, which initiated autonomous walking of the arm for forming a large number of streptavidin (SA) aptamers. Thus, a large number of CdS:Mn-SA tags as versatile signal probes was linked to the electrode by specific SA-aptamer binding, generating highly enhanced ECL and PEC signals for sensitive detection of the target. The present biosensing system take advantage of metal ion-based DNAzyme amplification, a DNA walker machine, multi-signals of QDs, and specificity of aptamers, which can provide a universal and efficient biosensing method for detecting various targets. The designed strategy demonstrated good performance for a GSH assay in human serum samples, showing more promising applications than other reported methods.

Triple-helix molecular switch-based versatile "off-on" electrochemiluminescence and fluorescence biosensing platform for ultrasensitive detection of lipopolysaccharide by multiple-amplification strategy.

Herein, a novel biosensing platform for versatile electrochemiluminescence (ECL) "off" and fluorescence (FL) "on" detection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) with multiple-amplification strategy is proposed. The specific recognition of target to aptamer on the magnetic beads (MB) firstly released abundant DNA sequences of three kinds. The sequences hybridized with multifunctional molecular beacon (MMB) and initiated numerous bidirectional polymerization and shearing reactions, generating a large number of DNA fragments (a1) by multiple cycling amplification. Then a1 was introduced to the triple-helix sensing system, opening the triple-helix structure. In ECL system, the G-rich chains S2 were exposed to form G-quadruplex-hemin complex in the presence of hemin, which could efficiently quench ECL for "off" detection of LPS. In FL system, the fluorophore FAM and quencher BHQ on S1 chain were separated with opening of triple-helix structure, achieving fluorescence "on" signal for LPS assay. So the versatile platform can achieve greatly amplified ECL and FL signal changes for sensitive assay of LPS, showing wide linear ranges (0.1 fg/mL-0.1 ng/mL by ECL and 10 fg/mL-1-1 µg/mL by FL) and low detection limits (0.012 fg/mL by ECL and 1.269 fg/mL by FL). Therefore, the present ECL "Off" and FL "On" dual-signal detection patterns for LPS displayed many advantages over other reported methods, which provided an outlook for future applications in clinical diagnosis.

Multifunctional DNA nanocage with CdTe quantum dots for fluorescence detection of human 8-oxoG DNA glycosylase 1 and doxorubicin delivery to cancer cells.

A multifunctional DNA nanocage containing CdTe quantum dots (QDs) was prepared. It was applied to the fluorometric detection of human 8-oxoG DNA glycosylase 1 (hOGG1) by exonuclease-assisted cycling amplification technique. When loaded with the cancer drug doxorubicin (Dox), the nanocage is also a versatile probe for fluorescence imaging of cancer cells, and drug delivery to them. The presence of hOGG1 leads to the division of DNA HP1 (containing 8-oxo-dG) and formation of DNA fragments 1 and 2. Then, HP2 is added to hybridize with DNA 1 and produced lots of trigger DNA (containing nucleolin aptamer) by Exo III-aided cycling amplification. The DNA nanocage was fabricated by linking the trigger DNA to multiple specific DNA strands, and the fluorescent CdTe QDs were further conjugated to the DNA nanocage for sensitive detection of hOGG1 activity. After Dox is incorporated into the DNA nanocage, the fluorescence of Dox is turned off. Once the DNA nanocage enters the MCF-7 cells, the Dox is released and its fluorescence (measured at excitation/emission wavelengths of 480/560 nm) is turned on. The DNA nanocage containing fluorescent QDs and Dox was successfully applied to the fluorometric detection of hOGG1, fluorescence imaging, and therapy of cancer cells, which has great promise in clinical application and treatment of cancer. Graphical abstract A multifunctional DNA nanocage containing CdTe quantum dots and acting as a signalling probe was prepared. It was applied to fluorometric determination of human 8-oxoG DNA glycosylase 1 using cycling amplification technique. It also enables drug delivery to cancer cells if loaded with doxorubicin.

Amplified electrochemiluminescence detection of CEA based on magnetic Fe3O4@Au nanoparticles-assembled Ru@SiO2 nanocomposites combined with multiple cycling amplification strategy.

In this work, we designed a new strategy for ultrasensitive detection of CEA based on efficient electrochemiluminescence (ECL) quenching of Ru(bpy)32+-doped SiO2 nanocomposite by ferrocene using target recycling amplification technique. A large number of Ru@SiO2 ECL signal probe were firstly assembled on the novel magnetic core-shell Fe3O4@Au nanoparticles (NPs), then the ferrocene-labeled ECL quenching probe (Fc-probe) was linked to the magnetic NPs. Finally, numerous DNA1 sequences were produced by target CEA-triggered multiple recycling amplification and displaced the Fc-probe on the magnetic NPs, leading to significantly enhanced ECL signal for CEA detection. Because of the designed cascade signal amplification strategy, the newly developed method achieved a wide linear range of 10 fg/mL to 10 ng/mL with a low detection limit of  3.5 fg/mL. Furthermore, taking advantages of the magnetic Fe3O4@Au NPs for carring abundant signal probes, sensing target and ECL detection, the developed ECL strategy is convenient, rapid and displayed high sensitivity for CEA detection, which has great potential for analyzing the clinical samples in practical disease diagnosis applications.

Silver nanoclusters-assisted ion-exchange reaction with CdTe quantum dots for photoelectrochemical detection of adenosine by target-triggering multiple-cycle amplification strategy.

Herein, we successfully devised a novel photoelectrochemical (PEC) platform for ultrasensitive detection of adenosine by target-triggering cascade multiple cycle amplification based on the silver nanoparticles-assisted ion-exchange reaction with CdTe quantum dots (QDs). In the presence of target adenosine, DNA s1 is released from the aptamer and then hybridizes with hairpin DNA (HP1), which could initiate the cycling cleavage process under the reaction of nicking endonuclease. Then the product (DNA b) of cycle I could act as the "DNA trigger" of cycle II to further generate a large number of DNA s1, which again go back to cycle I, thus a cascade multiple DNA cycle amplification was carried out to produce abundant DNA c. These DNA c fragments with the cytosine (C)-rich loop were captured by magnetic beads, and numerous silver nanoclusters (Ag NCs) were synthesized by AgNO3 and sodium borohydride. The dissolved AgNCs released numerous silver ions which could induce ion exchange reaction with the CdTe QDs, thus resulting in greatly amplified change of photocurrent for target detection. The detection linear range for adenosine was 1.0 fM ~10 nM with the detection limit of 0.5 fM. The present PEC strategy combining cascade multiple DNA cycle amplification and AgNCs-induced ion-exchange reaction with QDs provides new insight into rapid, and ultrasensitive PEC detection of different biomolecules, which showed great potential for detecting trace amounts in bioanalysis and clinical biomedicine.

[Some questions on the author of Qian Jin Yi Fang].

It is said that the alleged author of Qian Jin Yi Fang, a supplement to Bei Ji Qian Jin Yao Fang is SUN Si-miao. It is claimed that, based on the relevant historical materials, there are overlapping contents, principle differences in the academic ideas between the two books. Moreover, there are differences between the texts of Qian Jin Yi Fang cited by Wai Tai Mi Yao and the modern version of Qian Jin Yi Fang, all these texts are not from the original Qian Jin Yi Fang. It can be concluded that the author of Qian Jin Yi Fang is not SUN Si-miao.