Spatial inequality, characteristics of internal migration, and pulmonary tuberculosis in China, 2011-2017: a spatial analysis.

BACKGROUND: Human migration facilitate the spread of tuberculosis (TB). Migrants face an increased risk of TB infection. In this study, we aim to explore the spatial inequity of sputum smear-positive pulmonary TB (SS + PTB) in China; and the spatial heterogeneity between SS + PTB and internal migration. METHODS: Notified SS + PTB cases in 31 provinces in mainland China were obtained from the national web-based PTB surveillance system database. Internal migrant data were extracted from the report on China's migrant population development. Spatial autocorrelations were explored using the global Moran's statistic and local indicators of spatial association. The spatial variation in temporal trends was performed using Kulldorff's scan statistic. Fixed effect and spatial autoregressive models were used to explore the spatial inequity between SS + PTB and internal migration. RESULTS: A total of 2 380 233 SS + PTB cases were reported in China between 2011 and 2017, of which, 1 716 382 (72.11%) were male and 663 851 (27.89%) were female. Over 70% of internal migrants were from rural households and had lower income and less education. The spatial variation in temporal trend results showed that there was an 9.9% average annual decrease in the notification rate of SS + PTB from 2011 to 2017; and spatial clustering of SS + PTB cases was mainly located in western and southern China. The spatial autocorrelation results revealed spatial clustering of internal migration each year (2011-2017), and the clusters were stable within most provinces. Internal emigration, urban-to-rural migration and GDP per capita were significantly associated with SS + PTB, further, internal emigration could explain more variation in SS + PTB in the eastern region in mainland. However, internal immigration and rural-to-urban migration were not significantly associated with SS + PTB across China. CONCLUSIONS: Our study found the spatial inequity between SS + PTB and internal migration. Internal emigration, urban-to-rural migration and GDP per capita were statistically associated with SS + PTB; the negative association was identified between internal emigration, urban-to-rural migration and SS + PTB. Further, we found those migrants with lower income and less education, and most of them were from rural households. These findings can help stakeholders to implement effective PTB control strategies for areas at high risk of PTB and those with high rates of internal migration.

Forecasting PM2.5-induced lung cancer mortality and morbidity at county level in China using satellite-derived PM2.5 data from 1998 to 2016: a modeling study.

The serious ambient fine particulate matter (PM2.5) is one of the key risk factors for lung cancer. However, existing studies on the health effects of PM2.5 in China were less considered the regional transport of PM2.5 concentration. In this study, we aim to explore the association between lung cancer and PM2.5 and then forecast the PM2.5-induced lung cancer morbidity and mortality in China. Ridge regression (RR), partial least squares regression (PLSR), model tree-based (MT) regression, regression tree (RT) approach, and the combined forecasting model (CFM) were alternative forecasting models. The result of the Pearson correlation analysis showed that both local and regional scale PM2.5 concentration had a significant association with lung cancer mortality and morbidity and compared with the local lag and regional lag exposure to ambient PM2.5; the regional lag effect (0.172~0.235 for mortality; 0.146~0.249 for morbidity) was not stronger than the local lag PM2.5 exposure (0.249~0.294 for mortality; 0.215~0.301 for morbidity). The overall forecasting lung cancer morbidity and mortality were 47.63, 47.86, 39.38, and 39.76 per 100,000 population. The spatial distributions of lung cancer morbidity and mortality share a similar spatial pattern in 2015 and 2016, with high lung cancer morbidity and mortality areas mainly located in the central to east coast areas in China. The stakeholders would like to implement a cross-regional PM2.5 control strategy for the areas characterized as a high risk of lung cancer.

The association between internal migration and pulmonary tuberculosis in China, 2005-2015: a spatial analysis.

BACKGROUND: Internal migration places individuals at high risk of contracting tuberculosis (TB). However, there is a scarcity of national-level spatial analyses regarding the association between TB and internal migration in China. In our research, we aimed to explore the spatial variation in cases of sputum smear-positive pulmonary TB (SS + PTB) in China; and the associations between SS + PTB, internal migration, socioeconomic factors, and demographic factors in the country between 2005 and 2015. METHODS: Reported cases of SS + PTB were obtained from the national PTB surveillance system database; cases were obtained at the provincial level. Internal migration data were extracted from the national population sampling survey and the census. Spatial autocorrelations were explored using the global Moran's statistic and local indicators of spatial association. The spatial temporal analysis was performed using Kulldorff's scan statistic. Fixed effects regression was used to explore the association between SS + PTB and internal migration. RESULTS: A total of 4 708 563 SS + PTB cases were reported in China between 2005 and 2015, of which 3 376 011 (71.7%) were male and 1 332 552 (28.3%) were female. There was a trend towards decreasing rates of SS + PTB notifications between 2005 and 2015. The result of global spatial autocorrelation indicated that there were significant spatial correlations between SS + PTB rate and internal migration each year (2005-2015). Spatial clustering of SS + PTB cases was mainly located in central and southern China and overlapped with the clusters of emigration. The proportions of emigrants and immigrants were significantly associated with SS + PTB. Per capita GDP and education level were negatively associated with SS + PTB. The internal migration flow maps indicated that migrants preferred neighboring provinces, with most migrating for work or business. CONCLUSIONS: This study found a significant spatial autocorrelation between SS + PTB and internal migration. Both emigration and immigration were statistically associated with SS + PTB, and the association with emigration was stronger than that for immigration. Further, we found that SS + PTB clusters overlapped with emigration clusters, and the internal migration flow maps suggested that migrants from SS + PTB clusters may influence the TB epidemic characteristics of neighboring provinces. These findings can help stakeholders to implement effective PTB control strategies for areas at high risk of PTB and those with high rates of internal migrants.

Design, synthesis, and antitubercular activity of 3-amidophenols with 5-heteroatomic substitutions.

A series of novel 3-amidophenols with 5-heteroatomic substitutions were designed and synthesized. Several compounds showed potent antitubercular activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Ra (MIC = 0.25-5 µg/mL). Compounds 12j and 14i also displayed good inhibitory activity against M. tuberculosis H37Rv and two clinically isolated multidrug-resistant M. tuberculosis strains (MIC = 0.39-3.12 µg/mL). The privileged compound 14i showed certain oral efficacy on a mouse infection model. The compounds are non-cytotoxic against L-O2 hepatocytes and RAW264.7 macrophagocytes. They did not exert inhibitory activity against representative Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.

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To explore the distribution of bacterial community and its relationship with soil environmental factors in degraded alpine grasslands in the eastern Qilian Mountains, we analyzed the changes of bacterial community structure and diversity across lightly, moderately and severely degraded grasslands by using high-throughput sequencing technology. Redundancy analysis (RDA) was performed to analyze the relationship between soil bacterial communities and soil environmental factors by using CANOCO 4.5 software. The results showed that there were significant differences in soil physicochemical properties among different degraded alpine grasslands. There were 257125 effective sequences, 180826 high-quality sequences and 4790 OTUs. The Chao1 index was lightly degraded grassland > moderately degraded grassland > severely degraded grassland; Shannon index was lightly degraded grassland > severely degraded grassland > moderately degraded grassland. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that the soil bacterial groups of each plot belonged to 33 phyla, with Actinomycetes, Proteobacteria and Firmicutes being the dominant groups in the three grasslands. From analysis of the proportion of soil bacteria in different degraded grassland, we found that the Actinomycetes, Acidobacteria and Proteobacteria increased first and then decreased with the degree of degradation, and the Firmicutes showed an opposite trend. The results of RDA analysis showed that the dominant groups of bacteria were significantly correlated with invertase, cellulase, phosphatas, pH, electronic conductivity, available nitrogen and available potassium. It was concluded that there were significant differences in soil bacterial communities among different degraded alpine grasslands in the eastern Qilian Mountains, and the soil environmental factors were the important factors driving the distribution of soil bacterial communities.

Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of m-amidophenol derivatives as a new class of antitubercular agents.

A series of m-amidophenol derivatives (6a-6l, 7a-7q, 9a, 9b, 12a-12c, 14 and 15) were designed and synthesized. Their antitubercular activities were evaluated in vitro against M. tuberculosis strains H37Ra and H37Rv and clinically isolated multidrug-resistant M. tuberculosis strains. Ten compounds displayed minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) against M. tuberculosis H37Ra below 2.5 µg mL-1 and 6g was the most active compound (MIC = 0.625 µg mL-1). Compounds 6g and 7a also showed potent inhibitory activity against M. tuberculosis H37Rv (MIC = 0.39 µg mL-1) and several clinically isolated multidrug-resistant M. tuberculosis strains (MIC = 0.39-3.125 µg mL-1). The compounds did not show inhibitory activity against normal Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. They exhibited low cytotoxicity against HepG2 and RAW264.7 cell lines. The results demonstrated m-amidophenol as an attractive scaffold for the development of new antitubercular agents.