Application of gold immunochromatographic assay strip combined with digital evaluation for early detection of Toxoplasma gondii infection in multiple species.

BACKGROUND: Timely diagnosis of Toxoplasma gondii infection is necessary to prevent and control toxoplasmosis transmission. The gold immunochromatographic assay (GICA) is a means of rapidly detecting pathogen in samples. GICA-based diagnostic methods have been developed to accurately detect pathogens with high sensitivity and specificity, and their application in T. gondii diagnosis is expected to yield good results. METHODS: Colloidal gold test strips were produced using T. gondii C-terminal truncated apical membrane antigen 1 (AMA1C). Colloidal gold-AMA1C and colloidal gold-murine protein conjugate were synthesized under optimal conditions. A nitrocellulose membrane was treated with AMA1C and goat anti-mouse antibody as the test line and control line, respectively. In total, 90 cat serum samples were tested using AMA1C-GICA and a commercial enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit. The GICA results were digitally displayed using a portable colloidal gold immunochromatographic test strip analyzer (HMREADER). The sensitivity, specificity, and stability of AMA1C-GICA were assessed, and this was then used to examine clinical samples, including 203 human sera, 266 cat sera, and 81 dog sera. RESULTS: AMA1C-GICA had a detection threshold of 1:32 for T. gondii-positive serum. The GICA strips specifically detected T. gondii antibodies and exhibited no reactivity with Plasmodium vivax, Paragonimus kellicotti, Schistosoma japonicum, Clonorchis sinensis, and Schistosoma mansoni. Consequently, 15 (16.7%) positive samples were detected using the AMA1C-GICA and commercial ELISA kits for each of the assays. The receiver-operating characteristic curve showed that GICA had a relative sensitivity of 85.3% and specificity of 92%, with an area under the curve of 98%. After analyzing clinical samples using HMREADER, 1.2%-23.4% of these samples were found to be positive for T. gondii. CONCLUSIONS: This study presents a novel assay that enables timely and efficient detection of serum antibodies against T. gondii, thereby allowing for its early clinical diagnosis. Furthermore, the integration of digital detection using HMREADER can enhance the implementation of GICA.

Establishment and application of an iELISA detection method for measuring apical membrane antigen 1 (AMA1) antibodies of Toxoplasma gondii in cats.

BACKGROUND: Diseases caused by Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) have introduced serious threats to public health. There is an urgent need to develop a rapid detection method for T. gondii infection in cats, which are definitive hosts. Recombinant apical membrane antigen 1 (rAMA1) was produced in a prokaryotic expression system and used as the detection antigen. The aim of this study was to evaluate and optimize a reliable indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (iELISA) method based on rAMA1 for the detection of antibodies against T. gondii in cats. RESULTS: The rAMA1-iELISA method was developed and optimized by the chessboard titration method. There were no cross-reactions between T. gondii-positive cat serum and positive serum for other pathogens, indicating that rAMA1-iELISA could only detect T. gondii in most cases. The lowest detection limit of rAMA1-iELISA was 1:3200 (dilution of positive serum), and the CV of repeated tests within batches and between batches were confirmed to be less than 10%. The results of 247 cat serum samples detected by rAMA1-iELISA (kappa value = 0.622, p < 0.001) were in substantial agreement with commercial ELISA. The ROC curve analysis revealed the higher overall check accuracy of rAMA1-iELISA (sensitivity = 91.7%, specificity = 93.6%, AUC = 0.956, 95% CI 0.905 to 1.000) than GRA7-based iELISA (sensitivity = 91.7%, specificity = 85.5%, AUC = 0.936, 95% CI 0.892 to 0.980). Moreover, the positive rate of rAMA1-iELISA (6.5%, 16/247) was higher than that of GRA7-based iELISA (3.6%, 9/247) and that of commercial ELISA kit (4.9%, 12/247). CONCLUSION: The iELISA method with good specificity, sensitivity, and reproducibility was established and can be used for large-scale detection of T. gondii infection in clinical cat samples.

Development of gold Immunochromatographic assay strip based on specific polyclonal antibodies against capsid protein for rapid detection of porcine circovirus 2 in Zhejiang province, China.

BACKGROUND: The existing detection methods for porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) specific antibodies in serum cannot determine the infection status, thus it is necessary to establish a method for detecting PCV2 antigen. The capsid protein (CAP) of PCV2, as a major structural protein that plays a significant role in viral replication and in inducing host's immune response, is an ideal target antigen to monitor PCV2 infection. Therefore, a gold immunochromatographic assay (GICA) for rapid detection of PCV2 antigen based on the polyclonal antibodies (PAbs) against PCV2-CAP will be developed. RESULTS: The truncated CAP protein (dCAP) was used to immunize rabbits to generate anti-serum. After preliminary purification by caprylic acid/ammonium sulfate precipitation (CAAS), specific PAbs were purified by affinity chromatography column coupled with dCAP and its titer was about two-fold higher than preliminary purified PAbs. Colloidal gold-PAbs conjugate was synthesized under the optimum conditions. The specific anti-dCAP PAbs and goat anti-rabbit antibody (GAR) were then sprayed onto nitrocellulose (NC) membrane as a test line (TL) and a control line (CL), respectively. The visual limit detection (vLOD) of the GICA strips was 5 ng/mL. Specificity assay indicated that the GICA strips had specifically detected PCV2 and was not reactive for porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), pseudorabies virus (PRV), porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) or classic swine fever virus (CSFV). A total of 36 porcine serum samples were detected by this GICA and commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) Kit, 9 positive samples were found by the developed strip with the rate of 25.0% comparing with 11 positive samples detected by the commercially ELISA Kit which positive rate was 30.5%, and the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve revealed that the relative sensitivity and specificity of this GICA strip were 72.7 and 96.0%, respectively, with an area of 87.2%. CONCLUSIONS: This study established an efficient detection method with high sensitivity and specificity for the clinical diagnosis of PCV2 antigen, that will facilitate a rapid and convenient way to evaluate the infection status of vaccinated pigs.

Toxoplasma gondii infection induces cell apoptosis via multiple pathways revealed by transcriptome analysis.

Toxoplasma gondii is a worldwide parasite that can infect almost all kinds of mammals and cause fatal toxoplasmosis in immunocompromised patients. Apoptosis is one of the principal strategies of host cells to clear pathogens and maintain organismal homeostasis, but the mechanism of cell apoptosis induced by T. gondii remains obscure. To explore the apoptosis influenced by T. gondii, Vero cells infected or uninfected with the parasite were subjected to apoptosis detection and subsequent dual RNA sequencing (RNA-seq). Using high-throughput Illumina sequencing and bioinformatics analysis, we found that pro-apoptosis genes such as DNA damage-inducible transcript 3 (DDIT3), growth arrest and DNA damage-inducible α (GADD45A), caspase-3 (CASP3), and high-temperature requirement protease A2 (HtrA2) were upregulated, and anti-apoptosis genes such as poly(adenosine diphosphate (ADP)-ribose) polymerase family member 3 (PARP3), B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2), and baculoviral inhibitor of apoptosis protein (IAP) repeat containing 5 (BIRC5) were downregulated. Besides, tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor-associated factor 1 (TRAF1), TRAF2, TNF receptor superfamily member 10b (TNFRSF10b), disabled homolog 2 (DAB2)|-interacting protein (DAB2IP), and inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor type 3 (ITPR3) were enriched in the upstream of TNF, TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL), and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress pathways, and TRAIL-receptor 2 (TRAIL-R2) was regarded as an important membrane receptor influenced by T. gondii that had not been previously considered. In conclusion, the T. gondii RH strain could promote and mediate apoptosis through multiple pathways mentioned above in Vero cells. Our findings improve the understanding of the T. gondii infection process through providing new insights into the related cellular apoptosis mechanisms.

Comparison of clinical efficacy and safety between articaine and lidocaine in the anaesthesia management of tooth pulp disease.

To evaluate and compare the clinical efficacy and safety between articaine and lidocaine in the anaesthesia management of tooth pulp disease. The 160 patients with tooth pulp disease treated at our hospital were enrolled. After informed consent was obtained, patients were randomly assigned to study group and control group, with 80 patients in each group. Of those, lidocaine was administered to the control group while articaine was given to the study group. The onset time, analgesic effect and adverse events were recorded. Compared with control group, the onset time was significantly reduced in study group (p<0.05). Patients treated with articaine had better analgesic effect than patients in control group (p<0.05). And the incidence of adverse events was notably lower in study group (p<0.05). Compared with lidocaine, articaine presents higher analgesic efficacy and safety for patients with tooth pulp disease.

iTRAQ-based quantitative analysis of alveolar bone resorption in rats with experimental periodontitis.

OBJECTIVE: Periapical periodontitis results in alveolar bone resorption around the root apex. During the progression of inflammation, host cells release various inflammatory mediators and pro-inflammatory cytokines through immune responses. However, the pathological mechanisms associated with periapical bone destruction remain unclear. This study was objected to identify differentially regulated proteins in periapical periodontitis via a quantitative proteomics approach using isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantification (iTRAQ) labelling of peptides. METHODS: A model of periapical periodontitis by sealing LPS into the pulp chambers of rats was established. iTRAQ was employed to screen differentially expressed proteins in alveolar bone between periapical lesions and healthy controls. These proteins were further analysed by bioinformatics. And four proteins were validated by western bolt. RESULTS: We identified 4398 proteins, of which 7 were up-regulated and 151 were down-regulated in periapical periodontitis compared to normal tissue. Using bioinformatics tools such as GO and KEGG pathway analysis, we found that our proteomics strategy could identify and quantify differentially expressed proteins that were not described in previous studies examining periapical periodontitis; these proteins included hexokinase, legumain and members of the keratin family. CONCLUSION: In summary, our results represent potential biomarkers for the detection of periapical periodontitis and demonstrate that quantitative proteomics is a robust discovery tool for the identification of differentially regulated proteins in periapical periodontitis.

NOD1 agonist iE-DAP reverses effects of cigarette smoke extract on NOD1 signal pathway in human oral mucosal epithelial cells.

Smoking is a well-known risk factor for many systemic diseases and oral disorders. Smoking has been recognized to cause diminished defense, persistent inflammation and result in disease development. Nucleotide binding oligomerization domain 1 (NOD1) signal pathway plays a key role in innate immune and tissue homeostasis. Our recent studies confirmed that cigarette smoke extract (CSE) could inhibit NOD1 expression and affect expression levels of crucial molecules of NOD1 signaling in oral mucosal epithelial cells. In the present study, immortalized human oral mucosal epithelial (Leuk-1) cells were treated with CSE, iE-DAP (NOD1 agonist), CSE + iE-DAP, respectively. Western blotting analysis demonstrated that iE-DAP triggered NOD1 expression of leuk-1 cells in a dose-dependent manner. iE-DAP also reversed the suppressive effect of CSE on NOD1 expression and prevented the overactivation of RIP2 and P-NF-κB following CSE exposure. Real-time PCR and ELISA results confirmed that iE-DAP reversed CSE-mediated effects on the mRNA levels and releases of IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α and IFN-γ by Leuk-1 cells. Taken together, our results indicated that NOD1 activation with iE-DAP could reverse CSE-mediated effects on NOD1 signaling in human oral mucosal epithelial cells.

Cigarette Smoke Modulates NOD1 Signal Pathway and Human ß Defensins Expression in Human Oral Mucosa.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Nucleotide binding oligomerization domain 1 (NOD1) signal pathway and human ß defensins (hBDs) play crucial roles in innate immune. Cigarette smoke has been confirmed to dampen innate immune in some human tissues, such as oral mucosa. The aim of this study was to evaluate potential effects of smoking on NOD1 signaling and hBDs expression in oral mucosa. METHODS: Tissue specimens of normal oral mucosa were collected from donors undergoing routine surgical treatment. All 20 participants were classified equally as two groups: non-smokers and smokers. By using Western blotting and immunohistochemistry, we investigated differential expression of crucial molecules in NOD1 signal pathway, hBD-1, -2, and -3 in oral mucosa tissues between non-smokers and smokers. Immortalized human oral mucosal epithelial (Leuk-1) cells were treated with various concentrations of cigarette smoke extract (CSE) for 24h. Western blotting and immunofluorescence assays were performed to study CSE-induced alteration of protein expression. Leuk-1 cells were treated with 4% CSE, iE-DAP (NOD1 agonist), CSE + iE-DAP, BAY 11-7082 (NF-κB inhibitor), 4% CSE + BAY 11-7082, respectively. Real-time PCR and ELISA were performed to detect the mRNA levels and secretion of hBD-1, -2, and -3, respectively. RESULTS: The levels of NOD1, NF-κB, hBD-1 and hBD-3 significantly reduced in oral mucosa tissues of smokers compared with non-smokers. The levels of RIP2 (receptor-interacting protein 2), phospho-NF-κB (P-NF-κB) and hBD-2 remarkably enhanced in oral mucosal tissues of smokers. CSE treatment suppressed NOD1 and NF-κB expression and activated RIP2 and P-NF-κB expression in Leuk-1 cells. The mRNA and secretory levels of hBD-1 and -3 were down-regulated by CSE, while the mRNA and secretory level of hBD-2 were up-regulated by CSE. The iE-DAP or BAY 11-7082 treatment reversed the regulatory effects of CSE on levels of hBDs. CONCLUSION: The present study indicated that cigarette smoke could potentially modulate the expression of crucial molecules of NOD1 signal pathway and hBDs in human oral mucosal epithelium. NOD1 signal pathway could play an important role in the regulatory effects of CSE on hBDs levels in oral mucosal epithelial cells.

Effects of whole cigarette smoke on human beta defensins expression and secretion by oral mucosal epithelial cells.

BACKGROUND: Cigarette smoke a recognized risk factor for many systemic diseases and also oral diseases. Human beta defensins (HBDs), a group of important antimicrobial peptides expressed by the epithelium, are crucial for local defense and tissue homeostasis of oral cavity. The aim of this study was to evaluate potential effects of whole cigarette smoke (WCS) exposure on the expression and secretion of HBDs by oral mucosal epithelial cells. METHODS: Immortalized human oral mucosal epithelial (Leuk-1) cells were exposed to WCS for various time periods. HBD-1, -2 and -3 expression and subcellular localization were detected by real time qPCR, immunofluorescence assay and confocal microscopy. According to the relative fluorescent intensity, the expression levels of HBD-1, -2 and -3 were evaluated by digital image analysis system. The alteration of HBD-1, -2 and -3 secretion levels was measured by the Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay. RESULTS: WCS exposure remarkably attenuated HBD-1 expression and secretion while clearly enhanced HBD-2, -3 expression levels and HBD-2 secretion by Leuk-l cells. It appeared that there was no significant effect of WCS exposure on HBD-3 secretion. CONCLUSIONS: WCS exposure could modulate expression and secretion of HBDs by oral mucosal epithelial cells, establishing a link between cigarette smoke and abnormal levels of antimicrobial peptides. The present results may give a new perspective to investigate smoking-related local defense suppression and oral disease occurrence.

Mutation screen and RNA analysis disclose the changed splicing of the E-cadherin transcription in gastric cancer.

Gastric cancer (GC) is considered to be one of the leading cancers in East Asians, and mutations in the CDH1 gene and the reduced expression of E-cadherin are the most frequent genetic alterations in gastric cancer. In this paper, we reported two novel germline CDH1 nonsynonymous mutations, c.1296 C>G (N432 K) and c.1297 G>A (D433 N) detected in sporadic Chinese GC patients. RNA splicing analysis was used to evaluate mutations' effects on E-cadherin transcription and exon definition. We revealed that the c.1296 C>G (N432 K) variant can generate the E-cadherin exon9-skipping and may be a disease-causing mutation, while the c.1297 G>A (D433 N) mutation not. Moreover, we demonstrated the E-cadherin 1054del83 transcript is a frequent event in Chinese GC patients.