Double J catheter migrated to the bladder and encrusted. Case report and bibliographic review.

OBJECTIVE: Urinary tract obstruction is one of the most prevalent diseases in urology. The handling of it includes conservative (analgesia and fluid therapy) and invasive (urinary diversion) measures. Ureteral stent is the method currently employed for urinary tract diversion. Complications of urinary tract stents maintenance have already been studied and are well known. We report a case of ureteral stent migrated to the bladder, calcified and embedded and we review the existing literature. METHODS: A 28 year-old man with the diagnosis of ureteral stent coiled in bladder and calcified. The patient was successfully operated of suprapubic cystolithotomy. We conducted a Medline search using the terms "ureteral stent "+" embedded stent, "" bladder ureteral stent, "incrusted bladder stent" and "ureteral stent complicactions". RESULTS: He is currently free of disease. We found a total of 45 articles that responded to the search criteria, from which we select the highest citation index. CONCLUSIONS: The use of ureteral stents for urinary diversion of the upper urinary tract is safe and well tolerated but not without complications, that is why we have to raise awareness among patients of the need to undergo periodic inspections and instruct them to possible symptoms and / or signs that may indicate changes in position and / or state of the stent.

Hypebaric oxygen treatment in urology.

OBJECTIVES: Hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBO) has been successfully used in several disorders derived from tissue hypoxia, due to the extra oxygen supply to the tissues it enables. In this manuscript we performed a systematic review including all the existing data published until 2010 about HBO in urologic disorders. METHODS: We performed a Medline search using the terms "hyperbaric oxygen", "radical cystitis", "interstitial cystitis", "hemorrhagic cystitis", "urological/pelvic fistula"and "Fournier's gangrene". The search was restricted to human clinical trials published in any language. RESULTS: We found 56 papers: 1 randomized controlled trial, 7 reviews and 48 case reports; only one of them was a prospective study. A total of 695 patients were included. Just one study used tissue oxygen measurement to define hypoxia. The number of hyperbaric oxygen therapy sessions ranged from 4 to 44 (mean 19.2 sessions/patient). CONCLUSIONS: The level of evidence from most reviewed papers is low because most of them are case series. Nevertheless, results of most of those studies regarding patient management are good or very good. So it seems that HBO can be very useful in urological diseases related to tissue hypoxia.

Giant bladder lithiasis: case report and bibliographic review.

OBJECTIVE: Urinary lithiasis is a very frequent urological disease but bladder lithiasis is very uncommon.Patients usually refer voiding symptoms and hematuria. The diagnosis is made after imaging tests. We report a clinical case describing a giant bladder stone and perform a bibliographic review. METHODS: A 43 year old man with the diagnosis of giant bladder stone (more than 10 cm diameter). We searched Medline using the terms: giant bladder stone, giant bladder lithiasis, bladder lithiasis, giant bladder lithiasis. RESULTS: We made the diagnosis of giant bladder stone after a simple kidney, ureter and bladder (KUB) X Ray. The treatment for this patient was a cystolithotomy. We found more than 230 reports at Medline and chose the most referred ones and the last 10 years reports. CONCLUSIONS: Giant bladder lithiasis is a very rare pathology. The gold standard for diagnosis is cystoscopy but sometimes with a KUB Xray or an ultrasound is enough. Because of its size, cistolitotomy is the correct treatment for giant bladder stone.