Ancient mitogenomes from the Southern Pampas of Argentina reflect local differentiation and limited extra-regional linkages after rapid initial colonization.

OBJECTIVE: This study aims to contribute to the recovery of Indigenous evolutionary history in the Southern Pampas region of Argentina through an analysis of ancient complete mitochondrial genomes. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We generated DNA data for nine complete mitogenomes from the Southern Pampas, dated to between 2531 and 723 cal BP. In combination with previously published ancient mitogenomes from the region and from throughout South America, we documented instances of extra-regional lineage-sharing, and estimated coalescent ages for local lineages using a Bayesian method with tip calibrations in a phylogenetic analysis. RESULTS: We identified a novel mitochondrial haplogroup, B2b16, and two recently defined haplogroups, A2ay and B2ak1, as well as three local haplotypes within founder haplogroups C1b and C1d. We detected lineage-sharing with ancient and contemporary individuals from Central Argentina, but not with ancient or contemporary samples from North Patagonian or Littoral regions of Argentina, despite archeological evidence of cultural interactions with the latter regions. The estimated coalescent age of these shared lineages is ~10,000 years BP. DISCUSSION: The history of the human populations in the Southern Pampas is temporally deep, exhibiting long-term continuity of mitogenome lineages. Additionally, the identification of highly localized mtDNA clades accords with a model of relatively rapid initial colonization of South America by Indigenous communities, followed by more local patterns of limited gene flow and genetic drift in various South American regions, including the Pampas.

Characterization of two Cuban colonies of Rhipicephalus microplus ticks.

Rhipicephalus microplus (Canestrini, 1888) is one of the species with medical and economic relevance that has been reported in the list of Cuban tick species. Some morphological characterizations about the R. microplus species in Cuba have been published; however, molecular studies are lacking. Molecular phylogenetic analyses have grouped R. annulatus, R. australis and three clades of R. microplus in a complex named R. microplus. The present study aimed to characterize two R. microplus tick isolates, established as colonies at the Cuban National Laboratory of Parasitology. Morphological characterization of adult specimens was carried out by using Scanning Electron Microscopy. The sequences of mitochondrial genes: 12S rRNA, 16S rRNA and the subunit I of cytochrome c oxidase (coxI) and one nuclear sequence: internal transcribed spacer 2 (its2) were used for phylogenetic analyses. The life cycle under laboratory conditions for both isolates was also characterized. Tick specimens of both colonies showed morphological characteristics comparable with those distinctive for the R. microplus species. Phylogenies based on mitochondrial gene sequences identified congruently the Cuban tick colonies within the clade A of R. microplus. The life cycle of both isolates under laboratory conditions lasted 65 ± 5 days and the reproductive performance of female ticks of each colony also were similar with approximately 2500 larvae obtained from fully engorged female ticks. This study constitutes the first molecular characterization of ticks from the R. microplus species in Cuba.

Ancient and modern mitogenomes from Central Argentina: new insights into population continuity, temporal depth and migration in South America.

The inverted triangle shape of South America places Argentina territory as a geographical crossroads between the two principal peopling streams that followed either the Pacific or the Atlantic coasts, which could have then merged in Central Argentina (CA). Although the genetic diversity from this region is therefore crucial to decipher past population movements in South America, its characterization has been overlooked so far. We report 92 modern and 22 ancient mitogenomes spanning a temporal range of 5000 years, which were compared with a large set of previously reported data. Leveraging this dataset representative of the mitochondrial diversity of the subcontinent, we investigate the maternal history of CA populations within a wider geographical context. We describe a large number of novel clades within the mitochondrial DNA tree, thus providing new phylogenetic interpretations for South America. We also identify several local clades of great temporal depth with continuity until the present time, which stem directly from the founder haplotypes, suggesting that they originated in the region and expanded from there. Moreover, the presence of lineages characteristic of other South American regions reveals the existence of gene flow to CA. Finally, we report some lineages with discontinuous distribution across the Americas, which suggest the persistence of relic lineages likely linked to the first population arrivals. The present study represents to date the most exhaustive attempt to elaborate a Native American genetic map from modern and ancient complete mitochondrial genomes in Argentina and provides relevant information about the general process of settlement in South America.

Fine-scale genomic analyses of admixed individuals reveal unrecognized genetic ancestry components in Argentina.

Similarly to other populations across the Americas, Argentinean populations trace back their genetic ancestry into African, European and Native American ancestors, reflecting a complex demographic history with multiple migration and admixture events in pre- and post-colonial times. However, little is known about the sub-continental origins of these three main ancestries. We present new high-throughput genotyping data for 87 admixed individuals across Argentina. This data was combined to previously published data for admixed individuals in the region and then compared to different reference panels specifically built to perform population structure analyses at a sub-continental level. Concerning the Native American ancestry, we could identify four Native American components segregating in modern Argentinean populations. Three of them are also found in modern South American populations and are specifically represented in Central Andes, Central Chile/Patagonia, and Subtropical and Tropical Forests geographic areas. The fourth component might be specific to the Central Western region of Argentina, and it is not well represented in any genomic data from the literature. As for the European and African ancestries, we confirmed previous results about origins from Southern Europe, Western and Central Western Africa, and we provide evidences for the presence of Northern European and Eastern African ancestries.

Genetic variation in populations from central Argentina based on mitochondrial and Y chromosome DNA evidence.

We present new data and analysis on the genetic variation of contemporary inhabitants of central Argentina, including a total of 812 unrelated individuals from 20 populations. Our goal was to bring new elements for understanding micro-evolutionary and historical processes that generated the genetic diversity of the region, using molecular markers of uniparental inheritance (mitochondrial DNA and Y chromosome). Almost 76% of the individuals show mitochondrial lineages of American origin. The Native American haplogroups predominate in all surveyed localities, except in one. The larger presence of Eurasian maternal lineages were observed in the plains (Pampas) of the southeast, whereas the African lineages are more frequent in northern Córdoba. On the other hand, the analysis of 258 male samples reveals that 92% of them present Eurasian paternal lineages, 7% carry Native American haplogroups, and only 1% of the males show African lineages. The maternal lineages have high genetic diversity homogeneously distributed throughout central Argentina, probably as result of a recent common origin and sustained gene flow. Migratory events that occurred in colonial and recent times should have contributed to hiding any traces of differentiation that might have existed in the past. The analysis of paternal lineages showed also homogeneous distribution of the variation together with a drastic reduction of the native male population.

Evaluación por Monte Carlo de los métodos de corrección de dispersión con empleando colimador pinhole / Monte Carlo evaluation of scattering correction methods in studies using pinhole collimator

La dispersión es un efecto significativo a corregir para la cuantificación de actividad. El objetivo del trabajo fue estimar la influencia de la dispersión en estudios de tiroides con 131I y colimador pinhole (5 mm) empleando el método de Monte Carlo (MC) y evaluar la eficacia de los métodos de corrección de múltiples ventanas en este tipo de estudios. Para simular la geometría de la cámara gamma y el estudio de tiroides se utilizó el código de Monte Carlo GAMOS. Para validar la geometría del cabezal se simuló y verificó experimentalmente un maniquí de tiroides, comparando la sensibilidad estimada con la medida, experimentalmente en agua y aire. Para evaluar la influencia de la dispersión a escala clínica se simularon diferentes tamaños de tiroides y profundidades del tejido, se estimaron y compararon los resultados de los métodos de Triple Ventana, Doble Ventana y Doble Ventana Reducida. Se calcularon las diferencias relativas al valor de referencia obtenido por MC. La geometría modelada fue verificada y validada. La contribución de la dispersión a la imagen fue significativa y se ubicóentre el 27 y 40 % a escala no clínica. Las discrepancias de los resultados de los diferentes métodos de corrección de dispersión a escala clínica fueron significativas (p>95 %) y estuvieron en el rango entre 9 y 86 %. El método de mejores resultados fue el de la Doble Ventana Reducida (15 %) que mostró discrepancias entre 9 y 16 %. Se concluyó que el método de la Doble Ventana Reducida (15 %) fue el más eficiente de los estudiados

Scattering is quite important for image activity quantification. In order to study the scattering factors and the efficacy of 3 multiple window energy scatter correction methods during 131I thyroid studies with a pinhole collimator (5 mm hole) a Monte Carlo simulation (MC) was developed. The GAMOS MC code was used to model the gamma camera and the thyroid source geometry. First, to validate the MC gamma camera pinhole-source model, sensibility in air and water of the simulated and measured thyroid phantom geometries were compared. Next, simulations to investigate scattering and the result of triple energy (TEW), Double energy (DW) and Reduced double (RDW) energy windows correction methods were performed for different thyroid sizes and depth thicknesses. The relative discrepancies to MC real event were evaluated. Results: The accuracy of the GAMOS MC model was verified and validated. The image’s scattering contribution was significant, between 27-40 %. The discrepancies between 3 multiple window energy correction method results were significant (between 9-86 %). The Reduce Double Window methods (15%) provide discrepancies of 9-16 %. Conclusions: For the simulated thyroid geometry with pinhole, the RDW (15 %) was the most effective

Molecular polymorphisms of the ABO locus as informative markers of ancestry in Central Argentina.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to investigate the distribution of molecular polymorphisms of the ABO gene in four population samples from the province of Córdoba, in Central Argentina, and to compare them with other worldwide populations. METHODS: A total of 110 buccal swab samples from autochthonous individuals of Córdoba were typified. Molecular characterization of the allelic variants was performed by the analysis of exons 6 and 7 of the ABO gene using PCR-RFLP analysis. Additionally, the Native American AIM O1v542 was characterized by direct sequencing. RESULTS: The four Córdoba populations did not show significant geographic structure, although the frequency of the O1v542 haplotype, detected in all the populations studied, ranged from 0.019 to 0.222. The principal component analysis based on O allele distribution showed that the populations from Córdoba clustered close to the admixed populations of Santiago and Mexico City, and at intermediate distances between European and Native American populations, while being distant from the African population. CONCLUSIONS: The results demonstrate that the analysis of the ABO system constitutes a useful tool for the study of the genetic structure and evolutionary history of human populations, reflecting accurately the relative contribution of parental continental contribution to the gene pool of admixed populations.

High interpopulation homogeneity in Central Argentina as assessed by Ancestry Informative Markers (AIMs).

The population of Argentina has already been studied with regard to several genetic markers, but much more data are needed for the appropriate definition of its genetic profile. This study aimed at investigating the admixture patterns and genetic structure in Central Argentina, using biparental markers and comparing the results with those previously obtained by us with mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) in the same samples. A total of 521 healthy unrelated individuals living in 13 villages of the Córdoba and San Luis provinces were tested. The individuals were genotyped for ten autosomal ancestry informative markers (AIMs). Allele frequencies were compared with those of African, European and Native American populations, chosen to represent parental contributions. The AIM estimates indicated a greater influence of the Native American ancestry as compared to previous studies in the same or other Argentinean regions, but smaller than that observed with the mtDNA tests. These differences can be explained, respectively, by different genetic contributions between rural and urban areas, and asymmetric gene flow occurred in the past. But a most unexpected finding was the marked interpopulation genetic homogeneity found in villages located in diverse geographic environments across a wide territory, suggesting considerable gene flow.

Analysis of uniparental lineages in two villages of Santiago Del Estero, Argentina, seat of Pueblos de Indios in colonial times.

Based on the analysis of the mitochondrial control region and seven biallelic markers of the Y chromosome, we investigated the genetic composition of two rural populations of southern Santiago del Estero, Argentina, that were seats in colonial times of pueblos de indios, a colonial practice that consisted of concentrating the indigenous populations in organized and accessible settlements, to facilitate Christianizing and policing. We found the Native American Y chromosome haplogroup Q1a3a in only 11% (3 of 27) of the males. Haplogroup R, common in European populations, is the most frequent haplogroup in Santiago del Estero (55%). In contrast, the persistence of Native American maternal lineages is extremely high (95%). This finding is most likely due to the low incidence in that region of the 20th century European wave of migration and to the existence of pueblos de indios from 1612 to the first decades of the 19th century. In contrast to archeological records that suggest Santiago del Estero late pre-Hispanic groups were strongly influenced by the Andean world, we did not find genetic evidence in support of significant gene fl ow. On the other hand, these populations share many mitochondrial DNA hypervariable region I (HVRI) haplotypes with other populations from the Sierras Pampeanas (particularly with Córdoba) and the Gran Chaco regions.

Phylogeography of mitochondrial haplogroup D1: an early spread of subhaplogroup D1j from Central Argentina.

We analyzed the patterns of variation of haplogroup D1 in central Argentina, including new data and published information from other populations of South America. Almost 28% (107/388) of the individuals sampled in the region belong to haplogroup D1, whereas more than 52% of them correspond to the recently described subhaplogroup D1j (Bodner et al.: Genome Res 22 (2012) 811-820), defined by the presence of additional transitions at np T152C-C16242T-T16311C to the nodal D1 motif. This lineage was found at high frequencies across a wide territory with marked geographical-ecological differences. Additionally, 12 individuals present the mutation C16187T that defines the recently named subhaplogroup D1g (Bodner et al.: Genome Res 22 (2012) 811-820), previously described in populations of Patagonia and Tierra del Fuego. Based on our results and additional data already published, we postulate that the most likely origin of subhaplogroup D1j is the region of Sierras Pampeanas, which occupies the center and part of the northwestern portion of Argentina. The extensive yet restricted geographical distribution, the relatively large internal diversity, and the absence or low incidence of D1j in other regions of South America suggest the existence of an ancient metapopulation covering the Sierras Pampeanas, being this lineage its genetic signature. Further support for a scenario of local origin for D1j in the Sierras Pampeanas stems from the fact that early derivatives from a putative ancestral lineage carrying the transitions T16311C-T152C have only been found in this region, supporting the hypothesis that it might represent an ancestral motif previous to the appearance of D1j-specific change C16242T.

Pet-Compton system. Comparative evaluation with PET system using Monte Carlo simulation / Sistema Pet-compton. Evaluación comparativa con el sistema PET usando la simulación por Monte Carlo

Positron Emission Tomography (PET) in small animals has actually achieved spatial resolution round about 1 mm and currently there are under study different approaches to improve this spatial resolution. One of them combines PET technology with Compton Cameras. This paper presents the idea of the so called "PET-Compton" systems and has included comparative evaluation of spatial resolution and global efficiency in both PET and PET-Compton system by means of Monte Carlo simulations using Geant4 code. Simulation was done on a PET-Compton system made-up of LYSO-LuYAP scintillating detectors of particular small animal PET scanner named "Clear-PET"and for Compton detectors based on CdZnTe semiconductor. A group of radionuclides that emits a positron (e+) and Y quantum almost simultaneously and fulfills some selection criteria for their possible use in PET-Compton systems for medical and biological applications were studied under simulation conditions. By means of analytical reconstruction using SSRB (Single Slide Rebinning) method were obtained superior spatial resolution in PET-Compton system for all tested radionuclides (reaching sub-millimeter values of for 22Na source). However this analysis done by simulation have shown limited global efficiency values in "PET-Compton" system (in the order of 10-5 - 10-5 %) instead of values around 5-10-1% % that have been achieved in PET system.

En la actualidad la tomografía por emisión de positrones (PET en pequeños animales ha alcanzado valores de resolución espacial cercanos a mm y en estos momentos se encuentran bajo estudio diferentes aproximaciones para mejorar dicha resolución espacial. Una de ellas combina la tecnología PET con las cámaras Compton. Este trabajo presenta la idea del denominado Sistema "PET-Compton" e incluye una evaluación comparativa de la resolución espacial y la eficiencia global de los sistemas PET y PET-Compton por medio de la simulación por Monte Carlo, utilizando el código Geant4. La simulación fue realizada en un sistema PET-Compton compuesto por detectores centellantes de LYSO-LUYAP de un específico y pequeño escáner PET denominado "Clear-PET" y para detectores Compton en base al semiconductor CdZnTe. Se estudiaron bajo las condiciones de simulación un grupo de radionúclidos que emiten un positrón (e+) y un cuanto gamma casi simultáneamente y cumplen ciertos criterios de selección para su posible utilización en aplicaciones médicas y biomédicas de los sistemas PET-Compton. Por medio de la reconstrucción analítica, empleando el método de reordenamiento de cortes simples (SSRB) se obtuvo una resolución espacial superior para el sistema PET-Compton en todos los radionúclidos de prueba, que alcanzó valores por debajo del milímetro para la fuente de 22Na. Sin embargo, el análisis realizado por medio de la simulación demostró valores limitados de eficiencia global para el sistema PET-Compton (del orden de 10-5-10-5%) en contraposición a los valores cercanos a 5-10-1 % que se alcanzaron para el sistema PET.

Análisis comparativo de la sensibilidad del escáner rSPECT usando GAMOS: nueva interfaz de Geant4 / Comparative analysis of the scanner rSPECT sensitivity: using GAMOS a newGeant4-based framework

La obtención de imágenes moleculares de procesos celulares in vivo mediante estudios preclínicos con animales y técnica SPECT constituye una de las razones fundamentales para el diseño de nuevos dispositivos con resolución espacial mínima. Como herramienta auxiliar, la simulación vía Monte Carlo ha permitido la caracterización y optimización de dichos sistemas de imagen médica de manera efectiva. Actualmente, se cuenta con una nueva plataforma de simulación llamada GAMOS (GEANT4-based Architecture for Medicine-Oriented Simulations); herramienta, cuyo código, librerías y método de transporte de partículas corresponden a los desarrollados por GEANT4, la cual contiene aplicaciones específicas de medicina nuclear. Esta herramienta ha sido validada mediante comparación con datos experimentales para la técnica PET, no siendo así con la técnica SPECT. El presente trabajo demuestra las potencialidades de GAMOS para generar datos simulados realistas con este tipo de técnica de imagen nuclear. Para ello se realizó la simulación de una instalación novedosa, "rSPECT", dedicada al estudio con roedores que fue previamente validada experimentalmente. El estudio comprendió las geometrías de colimación y detección, así como las características fundamentales de las mediciones experimentales publicadas para la instalación rSPECT: estudios con 99mTc y una ventana energética del 20%. Los valores de sensibilidad obtenidos mediante simulación mostraron coincidencia aceptable con los valores experimentales. Se concluye que la simulación muestra buena concordancia con los datos reales lo que permite estimar el comportamiento de la nueva plataforma de simulación de GEANT4 "GAMOS" en aplicaciones SPECT y demuestra, que es factible la reproducción de sus datos experimentales.

The molecular imaging of in vivo cellular processes using preclinical animal studies and SPECT technique is one of the main reasons for the design of new devices with high spatial resolution. As an auxiliary tool, Monte Carlo simulation has allowed the effective characterization and optimization of those medical imaging systems. At present there is a new simulation framework called GAMOS (GEANT4-based Architecture for Medicine-Oriented Simulations); which code, libraries and particle transport method correspond to those developed by GEANT4 and contains specific applications for nuclear medicine. This tool has been already validated for PET technique by comparison with experimental data, while not yet been done the correct evaluation of GAMOS for SPECT systems. Present work have demonstrated the potential of GAMOS in obtaining simulated realistic data using this nuclear imaging technique. For this purpose, simulation of a novel installation "rSPECT", devote to study rodents, has been done. The study comprises the collimation and detection geometries and the fundamental characteristics of the previuos published experimental measurements for rSPECT installation. Studies have been done using 99mTc and 20% energy window. Sensitivity values obtained by simulation revealed an acceptable agreement with experimental values. Therefore we can conclude that simulation results have shown good agreement with the real data. This fact allowed us to estimate the behavior of the new GEANT4 simulation platform "GAMOS" in SPECT applications and have demonstrated the feasibility of reproducing experimental data.

Monte Carlo calculation of carbon atom displacement damage in C60 fullerene bulk materials irradiated with gamma rays / Cálculo por Monte Carlo del daño por desplazamientos de los átomos de carbono en materiales masivos basados en fullerenos C60 irradiados con rayos gamma

The displacement per carbon atom cross-sections behaviors with the secondary electron and positron kinetic energy for spherical fullerene C60 molecules are calculated. To accomplish this, the McKinley-Feshbach approach and the Kinchin-Pease approximation were taking into account, using two different displacement threshold energies. The total displacements per atom number generated indirectly by the photons in bulk samples composed of C60 fullerenes is also calculated. Besides, the behaviors of secondary particles contributions with the used displacement threshold energies and incident photon energies are determined. The in-depth distribution of electron and positron contributions and their relationship with the total displacements number are presented and debated. It was found that the positrons contribution to the total atom displacements number is very significant in processes involving the interaction of gamma quanta with energy up to 100 MeV in C60 fullerenes bulk samples.

Teniendo en cuenta las aproximaciones de McKinley-Feshbach y Kinchin-Pease se calcularon los comportamientos de las secciones eficaces de desplazamientos de los átomos de carbono en moléculas esféricas de fullereno C60, en función de la energía cinética de los electrones y positrones secundarios para dos valores de energía umbral de desplazamiento. También se calcularon el número total de desplazamientos atómicos generados de manera indirecta por los fotones en las muestras masivas de fullerenos C60 estudiadas. Además, se estudió el comportamiento de las contribuciones electrónicas y positrónicas, determinando sus dependencias con las energías de desplazamientoutilizadas y la energía de los fotones incidentes. Se presentan y debaten la distribución en profundidad de las contribuciones de los electrones y positrones, así como la relación entre ellos y el número total de desplazamientos. El aporte de la contribución de los positrones al número total de desplazamientos atómicos generados durante el proceso de interacción de los cuantos gamma de energías hasta 100 MeV con muestras masivas de fullerenos C60 se discutió lo que este resulta muy significativo.

Incidence and distribution of Native American mtDNA haplogroups in central Argentina.

We report the incidence and distribution of Native American mtDNA haplogroups in nine villages across the Sierras Centrales archeological area, located in central Argentina. The aims of the study were (1) to investigate the relative incidence of native maternal lineages, (2) to determine whether or not the homogeneous pattern observed in a previous study persists at this larger scale, and (3) to ascertain the genetic affinities between the studied population and other native populations of the Southern Cone of South America. Of the 310 individuals from whom DNA was extracted, 249 (80.3%) were assigned to one of the founding native American haplogroups. This finding confirms the persistence at high prevalence of native maternal lineages in the rural populations of central Argentina. The haplogroup distribution is homogeneous in the population samples from Córdoba province, with haplogroups C and D always found at the highest frequencies. The sample from San Luis province, Tilisarao, presents a different genetic pattern, with haplogroups A and B being the most frequent. Principal components analysis and SAMOVA at the regional level show that the Córdoba, Patagonia, and Tierra del Fuego populations cluster together, which suggests a common origin.

Brief communication: Restricted geographic distribution for Y-Q* paragroup in South America.

We analyzed 21 paragroup Q* Y chromosomes from South American aboriginal and urban populations. Our aims were to evaluate the phylogenetic status, geographic distribution, and genetic diversity in these groups of chromosomes and compare the degree of genetic variation in relation to Q1a3a haplotypes. All Q* chromosomes from our series and five samples from North American Q* presented the derivate state for M346, that is present upstream to M3, and determined Q1a3* paragroup. We found a restrictive geographic distribution and low frequency of Q1a3* in South America. We assumed that this low frequency could be reflecting extreme drift effects. However, several estimates of gene diversity do not support the existence of a severe bottleneck. The mean haplotype diversity expected was similar to that for South American Q1a3* and Q1a3a (0.478 and 0.501, respectively). The analysis of previous reports from other research groups and this study shows the highest frequencies of Q* for the West Corner and the Grand Chaco regions of South America. At present, there is no information on whether the phylogenetic status of Q* paragoup described in previous reports is similar to that of Q1a3* paragroup though our results support this possibility.

Radiation damage study in CZT matrix detectors exposed to gamma rays / Estudio del daño radiacional en detectores matriciales de CZT expuestos a los rayos gamma

RESUMEN El daño radiacional en términos de desplazamientos atómicos en un típico detector de CZT empleado en aplicaciones de imagenología médica fue estudiado utilizando el método estadístico de Monte Carlo. Se tuvieron en cuenta todas las características estructurales y geométricas del detector, así como las diferentes energías de los fotones usualmente empleados en la aplicación. Considerando la aproximación clásica de Mott-McKinley-Feshbach se calcularon las secciones eficaces de desplazamiento, así como el número de desplazamientos por átomo para cada especie atómica presente en el material y para cada energía considerada de los fotones. Estos resultados se analizan y comparan entre sí y finalmente se establece la comparación entre el daño radiacional que tiene lugar en el detector de CZT con el que se manifiesta en un detector similar, pero fabricado con otros materiales semiconductores.

ABSTRACT Radiation damage in terms of atomic displacements in a typical CZT detector used in medical imaging applications was studied using the Monte Carlo statistical method. All detector structural and geometric features as well as different energies of the photons usually used in the application were taken into account. Considering the Mott-McKinley-Feshbach classical approach, effective cross sections of the displacements were calculated, including the number of displacements per atom for each atomic species present in the material and each photon energy considered. These results are analyzed and compared. Finally, the radiation damage on CZT detector is compared to that calculated in a similar detector manufactured with other semiconducting materials.

Sistema de detección de rayos x para obtener imágenes digitales en el estudio de obras de arte / x-ray detection system for digital image acquisition in the study of artworks

La radiografía de rayos-X juega un papel importante en el estudio de obras de arte, específicamente suministra información sobre la génesis, autenticidad, técnica de la pintura, condiciones del material e historia de su conservación. El trabajo muestra un sistema desarrollado, a partir de detectores semiconductores de microbandas para adquirir imágenes de rayos X basado en la técnica de substracción logarítmica del borde de absorción K. El sistema se caracterizó y se muestran las primeras imágenes de su aplicación en la detección de pigmentos.

X-ray radiography plays an important role in the study of artworks. It particularly provides information on the origin, authenticity, painting technique, material conditions and its conservation history. This article describes a system based on semiconductor microstrip detector for acquisition X-ray images using the k-edge logarithmic substraction technique. The system has been characterized and the first images of its application for pigment detection are shown.

Pruebas automatizadas a la electrónica en un sistema de detectores de microbandas para rayos x de energía dual / Automated testing of microstripdetectors readout system for x-ray dual energy

Para la radiografía digital se requieren circuitos que realicen la recepción y procesamiento de señales nucleares de múltiples canales simultáneamente. Estos circuitos se deben someter a pruebas para caracterizar su funcionamiento. En este trabajo se describen pruebas automatizadas para controlar por software desde una computadora personal la caracterización de un sistema basado en circuitos integrados específicos del tipo RX64DTH con detectores de microbandas y se muestran los resultados.

Circuits that carry out the signal acquisition and processing by multiple channels are required in digital radiography. These circuits should be tested in order to characterize their performance. This paper describes an automated system to control (by a software, from a personal computer) the characterization of a system based on RX64DTH specific integrated circuits with microstrip detectors. The results are shown.

Distribution of a 9.1-kb insertion-deletion polymorphism among native and admixed populations from Argentina.

We studied five population samples from Argentina, four drawn from Native American groups of the northeast region (Wichí, Pilagá, Toba, and Mbyá-Guaraní) and one from two small villages of the Córdoba province. In this study we report genotypes and allele frequencies of the 9.1-kb insertion-deletion polymorphism located on chromosome 22. The frequency of the deletion allele ranges from 0.276 in the Mbyá-Guaraní to 0.470 in the Pilagá. The coefficient of population differentiation is fairly low (F(ST) = 0.013), does not reflect any geographic or linguistic pattern, and seems to be more related to stochastic processes than to directional forces.