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1.
Rev Argent Microbiol ; 35(1): 8-18, 2003.
Artigo em Espanhol | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-12833675

RESUMO

At the moment of examination, the bacteriological quality of water is not, to a large extent, more than an a posteriori evaluation: the population is advised afterwards that it had been exposed to a sanitary risk. The ideal situation for managing aquatic environments or recreational use would be to be able to predict at any moment their bacteriological quality. An approach would be to develop predictive models to relate the exceedance (number of days during which the bacteriological indicator exceeds the standards) with environmental variables. Studies were carried out at two beaches with different limnological characteristics, a fluvial beach and a lacustrine beach, from the beginning of 1998 to the end of 2000, so that it was possible to obtain information on the impact of very different hydroclimatic situations on microorganisms of sanitary interest (Escherichia coli and cyanobacteria). Three variables, maximum concentration of E. coli, rains and water level, justified 92.6% of the exceedance variance in the multiple regression model at the fluvial beach. Other abiotic variables (temperature, pH, conductivity, transparency and dissolved oxygen) showed collinearity problems or did not make statistically significant contributions to the model. During the El Niño event (gauge heights > 5 m) there were no exceedances after the rains, even with precipitations of 200 mm. Moreover, cyanobacteria density remained low (x = 1.191 +/- 0.703 log10 cian./ml). During the negative pluvial anomalies, although the exceedances of E. coli were not very frequent at both beaches due to the scarce rains, a massive development of cyanobacteria was produced (x = 4.657 +/- 0.578 log10 cian./ml) at the lacustrine beach. At this beach, the mean decay coefficient (K) for E. coli was significantly (p < 0.05) lower than that estimated for the fluvial beach (K = -0.682 +/- 0.32 versus K = -0.387 +/- 0.16, respectively), possibly due to the unfavourable environment created by the higher development of photosynthetic organisms. Analizing separately the anomalous period, variables that better explained (98.6%) the exceedances were (in addition to the maximum concentration of E. coli) pH, temperature and days without rains (DWR) before the sampling. The longest exceedances (6 to 8 days) were produced at the end of the negative pluvial anomalies, after prolonged periods (> 30 days) of droughts. Regression models obtained to predict the exceedance of E. coli were simplified using only three abiotic variables (water level, rains and DWR). Although, in this way, the percentage of explanation of the exceedance is lower (78.5%), the information needed for the model is obtained quickly and preventive measures can be carried out immediately while waiting for more information.


Assuntos
Praias , Microbiologia da Água , Argentina , Cianobactérias/isolamento & purificação , Escherichia coli/isolamento & purificação , Água Doce/química , Concentração de Íons de Hidrogênio , Conceitos Meteorológicos , Oxigênio/análise , Chuva , Análise de Regressão , Temperatura , Saúde da População Urbana
2.
Rev. argent. microbiol ; 35(1): 8-18, ene.-mar. 2003.
Artigo em Espanhol | LILACS | ID: lil-356643

RESUMO

Actualmente, la calidad bacteriológica del agua no es, en gran parte, más que una evaluación a posteriori: la población es advertida después de que estuvo expuesta al riesgo sanitario. La situación ideal, en materia de gestión de los ambientes acuáticos de uso recreativo, sería poder prever en cualquier momento su calidad bacteriológica. Una aproximación es desarrollar modelos predictivos que relacionen la excedencia (número de días durante los cuales el indicador bacteriológico excede los estándares) con variables ambientales. Los estudios se llevaron a cabo en dos balnearios con características limnológicas diferentes: uno fluvial y otro lacustre, durante principios de 1998 hasta fines del año 2000, en cuyo transcurso se pudo obtener información del impacto de situaciones hidro-climáticas muy disímiles sobre microorganismos de interés sanitario (Escherichia coli y cianobacterias). Las variables concentración máxima de E.coli, lluvias y nivel hidrométrico (Nh) explicaron el 92,6 por ciento de la varianza de la excedencia en el modelo de regresión múltiple en el balneario fluvial. Otras variables abióticas (temperatura, pH, conductividad, transparencia, oxígeno disuelto) presentaron problemas de colinearidad o no realizaron aportes estadísticamente significativos al modelo (p>0,05). Durante el fenómeno de El Niño (Nh>5m) no se produjeron excedencias después de las lluvias, incluso con precipitaciones de 200 mm. Además, la densidad media (x) de cianobacterias se mantuvo baja (x=1,191ñ0,703 log sub10 cian./ml). Durante las anomalías pluviales negativas si bien las excedencias de E.coli fueron poco frecuentes en ambos balnearios (debido a las escasas lluvias), se produjo un masivo desarrollo de cianobaterias (x=4,657ñ0,578 log sub10 cian./ml) en el balneario lacustre. En este balneario, la media del coeficiente de decaimiento (K) para E.coli resultó inferior al estimado para el balneario fluvial (K=-0,682ñ0,32 versus K=-0,387ñ0,16, respectivamente). Estas diferencias (p<0,05), posiblemente fueron debidas al ambiente desfavorable creado por el mayor desarrollo de microorganismos fotosintéticos. Analizando separadamente el período anómalo, las variables que mejor explicaron (98,6 por ciento) las excedencias fueron (además de la concentración máxima de E.coli) el pH, temperatura y días sin lluvias (DSL) previos al muestreo.


Assuntos
Argentina , El Niño Oscilação Sul , El Niño Oscilação Sul , Escherichia coli , Água para Recreação , Zonas de Recreação , Características Bacteriológicas da Água , Qualidade da Água
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