Preeclampsia association of placental nucleotide variations in eNOS, VEGFA, and FLT-1 genes in Latin American pregnant women.

INTRODUCTION: Preeclampsia is a leading cause of maternal and fetal morbidity in low- and middle-income countries, including those in Latin America. Placental vascular alterations are crucial in the pathophysiology of preeclampsia and few studies have evaluated nucleotide variations on genes associated with vascular regulation in the human placenta. This study aimed to evaluate whether placental nucleotide variations on eNOS, VEGFA, and FLT-1 genes are more frequently associated with preeclampsia in the Latin American population. METHODS: This case-control study included placental tissue from 88 controls and 82 cases that were genotyped through Taqman probes for eNOS, VEGFA, and FLT-1 genes. The intergroup comparisons were analyzed with the Mann-Whitney U test. Genotype and allele frequencies were compared by the X2 test. The association between the nucleotide variants with preeclampsia was evaluated through logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: A significant association was observed for VEGFA SNV rs2010963 (OR 1.95; CI 95% 1.13-3.37), after adjusting for population substructure. The allele combination T, G, G, C, C, C (rs2070744, rs1799983, rs2010963, rs3025039, rs699947 and rs4769613 respectively), showed a negative association with preeclampsia (OR 0.08; CI 95% 0.01-0.93). DISCUSSION: Placental SNV rs2010963 in the VEGFA gene was a risk factor for preeclampsia, while the allele combination T, G, G, C, C, C may represent potential protective factors for preeclampsia within Latin American women.

Variants in the Sequence of the Probe Hybridization Site May Affect MLPA Performance in Patients with Duchenne/Becker Muscular Dystrophy.

BACKGROUND: The MLPA (multiplex ligation dependent probe amplification) technique is currently the test most widely used to detect mutations in the Duchenne/Becker muscular dystrophy (DMD) gene in the initial assessment. However, several studies have suggested that MLPA results require implementing other detection methods due to false duplication. Our aim was to evaluate variables that could alter the peak ratio in MLPA in individuals with Duchenne/Becker muscular dystrophy (DMD/BMD) who present sequence variants at the probe hybridization site, such as the location of sequence variants (SVs), melting temperature of the probe, and the type of variant. METHODS: We analyzed patients with clinical suspicion of DMD/BMD through the MLPA technique. The DMD gene was sequenced in patients with normal results in MLPA. RESULTS: Of 111 patients, 72 had an abnormal MLPA result, of which 10 had a single exon abnormal peak, and 39 had a normal peak ratio. Out of 10 patients, 4 (40%) with a single exon abnormal peak ratio had SV at the hybridization site of the probe. In the other 6, the deletion was confirmed. Out of 39 patients with a normal peak ratio, 11 presented SVs at the hybridization site of the probe, and DMD/BMD was confirmed. CONCLUSIONS: In cases of abnormal peak ratio results of MLPA in a single exon, it would be valuable to sequence the DMD gene to assess whether variants in the probe hybridization site might result in a false positive that could be interpreted as an exon deletion.

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Infection in Pregnancy. A Non-systematic Review of Clinical Presentation, Potential Effects of Physiological Adaptations in Pregnancy, and Placental Vascular Alterations.

In December 2019, the novel Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) rapidly spread to become a pandemic. To date, increasing evidence has described the potential negative impact of SARS-CoV-2 infection on pregnant women. Although the pathophysiology of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is not entirely understood, there is emerging evidence that it causes a severe systemic inflammatory response associated with vascular alterations that could be of special interest considering some physiological changes in pregnancy. Additionally, these alterations may affect the physiology of the placenta and are associated with pregnancy complications and abnormal histologic findings. On the other hand, data about the vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 are limited, but the risks of administering COVID-19 vaccines during pregnancy appear to be minimal. This review summarizes the current literature on SARSCoV2 virus infection, the development of COVID-19 and its relationship with physiological changes, and angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) function during pregnancy. We have particularly emphasized evidence coming from Latin American countries.

Assessment of Placental Extracellular Vesicles-Associated Fas Ligand and TNF-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand in Pregnancies Complicated by Early and Late Onset Preeclampsia.

Preeclampsia (PE) is a hypertensive disorder that affects 2-8% of pregnancies and is one of the main causes of fetal, neonatal, and maternal mortality and morbidity worldwide. Although PE etiology and pathophysiology remain unknown, there is evidence that the hyperactivation of maternal immunity cells against placental cells triggers trophoblast cell apoptosis and death. It has also been reported that placenta-derived extracellular vesicles (EV) carry Fas ligand (FasL) and Tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) and trigger apoptosis in Jurkat T cells. This study aimed to quantify and compare FasL and TRAIL expression in EV derived from cultures of placenta explants from women with PE (early versus late) and women with uncomplicated pregnancies. Also, the study assessed EV capacity to induce apoptosis in Jurkat T cells. The authors isolated EV from placenta explant cultures, quantified FasL and TRAIL using ELISA, and analyzed EV apoptosis-inducing capability by flow cytometry. Results showed increased FasL and TRAIL in EV derived from placenta of women with PE, and increased EV apoptosis-inducing capability in Jurkat T cells. These results offer supporting evidence that EV FasL and TRAIL play a role in the pathophysiology of PE.

Expression of tissue factor and thrombomodulin in the placentas of pregnancies affected by early-onset and late-onset preeclampsia.

AIM: To analyze the differential genetic expression and protein localization of thrombomodulin (THBD) and tissue factor (F3) in the placentas of pregnancies affected by preeclampsia. METHODS: We assessed the expression of THBD and F3 by immunohistochemistry and real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in placentas from 20 PE cases: 10 early-onset PE placentas, 10 late-onset PE placentas, and 10 control cases (normal pregnancies). RESULTS: In cases, we found higher THBD and F3 RNA levels in placental tissue. Protein expression in controls differed from that in late-onset PE placentas, which had lower THBD levels in syncytiotrophoblasts and amniotic cells. Likewise, late-onset PE placentas exhibited comparatively lower F3 expression in the perivillous fibrin. In contrast, early-onset PE had high F3 expression in the subdecidual fibrin. We found no significant differences in the F3/THBD ratio between the groups. CONCLUSION: Our study supports evidence that shows the involvement of F3 and THBD in placental disorders. Furthermore, this finding contributes to a better understanding of the physio-pathological role that these molecules may play in the development of this heterogeneous disease.

Risk factors and fetal outcomes for preeclampsia in a Colombian cohort.

In Latin America and the Caribbean, hypertensive pregnancy disorders are responsible for almost 26% of all maternal deaths [1] and, in Colombia, they account for 59% of all severe maternal morbidity (SMM) cases, and 59.7% of all SMM cases in adolescents [2]. One of the most important hypertensive pregnancy disorders is preeclampsia (PE). Lives can be saved, if PE is prevented, or detected early and properly managed. Prevention and detection depend on identifying the risk factors associated with PE, and, as these have been shown vary by population, they should be determined on a population-by-population basis. The following study utilized the nested case-control model to evaluate 45 potential PE risk factors of a cohort in Bogotá, Colombia, making it perhaps the most comprehensive study of its kind in Colombia. It found PE to have a statistically significant association with 7 of the 45 factors evaluated: 1) pre-gestational BMI >30 kg/m2, 2) pregnancy weight gain >12 kg, 3) previous history preeclampsia/eclampsia, 4) previous history of IUGR-SGA (Intrauterine Growth Restriction-Small for Gestational Age), 5) maternal age <20 or ≥35 years (20-34 was not associated), and 6) family history of diabetes. Finally, prenatal consumption of folic acid was found to lower the risk of PE. We recommend that, in Colombia, factors 1-6 be used to identify at risk mothers during pregnancy check-ups; that mothers be encouraged to take folic acid during pregnancy; and, that Colombia's health system and public policy address the problem of pregestational obesity.

Importancia de una propuesta para la implementación de un programa de tamizaje neonatal expandido en Colombia / Importance of a Proposal for Implementing an Expanded Neonatal Screening Program in Colombia / Importância de uma proposta para a implementação de um programa de triagem neonatal ampliada na colômbia

Resumen: El tamizaje neonatal expandido permite la detección temprana de diversos errores innatos del metabolismo. En Colombia, las condiciones para llevar adelante un programa nacional de alto impacto en salud pública están dadas. A través de una búsqueda bibliográfica sobre el tema en diferentes países, se realizó una disertación sobre la implementación de un programa nacional de tamizaje neonatal. Esto con el fin de plantear una propuesta de tamizaje neonatal expandido por espectrometría de masas en tándem en Colombia, completo, conciso, detallado y acorde con la legislación colombiana, las necesidades y las características de la población. Implementar un programa nacional de este tipo supone un gran impacto en la salud pública y debe ser liderado por el Estado, con la participación y apoyo de profesionales de salud, academia, asociaciones de pacientes e industria farmacéutica.

Abstract: Expanded neonatal screening allows early detection of various inborn errors of metabolism. In Colombia, the conditions to carry out a national program with a high impact on public health are in place. Through a review of the international literature on the subject, this reflection on the implementation of a national neonatal screening program brings forward a complete, concise, detailed proposal for tandem mass spectrometry-expanded neonatal screening in Colombia that conforms to the legislation and the needs and characteristics of the population. Implementing such a national program has a great impact on public health and must be led by the State, with the participation and support of health professionals, academia, patient associations, and the pharmaceutical industry.

Resumo: A triagem neonatal ampliada permite que vários erros inatos do metabolismo sejam identificados precocemente. Na Colômbia, as condições para a realização de um programa nacional com alto impacto na saúde pública estão disponíveis. Por meio de uma pesquisa bibliográfica sobre o assunto em diferentes países, foi realizada uma dissertação sobre a implementação de um programa nacional de triagem neonatal. A fim de apresentar uma proposta de triagem neonatal ampliada por espectrometria de massas em tandem na Colômbia, completa, concisa, detalhada e de acordo com a legislação colombiana, as necessidades e as características da população. A implementação de um programa nacional desse tipo tem um grande impacto na saúde pública e deve ser liderada pelo Estado, com a participação e o apoio de profissionais da saúde, da academia, das associações de pacientes e da indústria farmacêutica.

Latin American Study of Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer LACAM: A Genomic Epidemiology Approach.

Purpose: Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer (HBOC) syndrome is responsible for ~5-10% of all diagnosed breast and ovarian cancers. Breast cancer is the most common malignancy and the leading cause of cancer-related mortality among women in Latin America (LA). The main objective of this study was to develop a comprehensive understanding of the genomic epidemiology of HBOC throughout the establishment of The Latin American consortium for HBOC-LACAM, consisting of specialists from 5 countries in LA and the description of the genomic results from the first phase of the study. Methods: We have recruited 403 individuals that fulfilled the criteria for HBOC from 11 health institutions of Argentina, Colombia, Guatemala, Mexico and Peru. A pilot cohort of 222 individuals was analyzed by NGS gene panels. One hundred forty-three genes were selected on the basis of their putative role in susceptibility to different hereditary cancers. Libraries were sequenced in MiSeq (Illumina, Inc.) and PGM (Ion Torrent-Thermo Fisher Scientific) platforms. Results: The overall prevalence of pathogenic variants was 17% (38/222); the distribution spanned 14 genes and varied by country. The highest relative prevalence of pathogenic variants was found in patients from Argentina (25%, 14/57), followed by Mexico (18%, 12/68), Guatemala (16%, 3/19), and Colombia (13%, 10/78). Pathogenic variants were found in BRCA1 (20%) and BRCA2 (29%) genes. Pathogenic variants were found in other 12 genes, including high and moderate risk genes such as MSH2, MSH6, MUTYH, and PALB2. Additional pathogenic variants were found in HBOC unrelated genes such as DCLRE1C, WRN, PDE11A, and PDGFB. Conclusion: In this first phase of the project, we recruited 403 individuals and evaluated the germline genetic alterations in an initial cohort of 222 patients among 4 countries. Our data show for the first time in LA the distribution of pathogenic variants in a broad set of cancer susceptibility genes in HBOC. Even though we used extended gene panels, there was still a high proportion of patients without any detectable pathogenic variant, which emphasizes the larger, unexplored genetic nature of the disease in these populations.

Molecular findings of Colombian patients with type VI mucopolysaccharidosis (Maroteaux-Lamy syndrome).

INTRODUCTION: Maroteaux-Lamy syndrome, or mucopolysaccharidosis (MPS) type VI, is an autosomal recessive lysosomal storage disease caused by a deficient activity of the enzyme arylsulfatase B (ARSB), required to degrade dermatan sulfate. The onset and progression of the disease vary, producing a spectrum of clinical presentation. So far, 133 mutations have been reported. The aim of this study is to determine the mutations in the ARSB gene that are responsible for this disease in Colombian patients. RESULTS: Fourteen patients with clinical manifestations and biochemical diagnosis of MPS VI were studied, including two siblings. The 8 exons of the gene were directly sequenced from patients' DNA, and 14 mutations were found. 57% of these mutations had not been previously reported (p.H111P, p.C121R, p.G446S, p.*534W, p.S334I, p.H147P, c.900T > G, and c.1531_1553del) and 43% had been previously reported (p.G144R, p.W322*, p.G302R, p.C447F, p.L128del, and c.1143-1G > C). Of the previously reported mutations, 80% have been associated with severe phenotypes and 20% with intermediate-severe phenotypes. Bioinformatic predictions indicate that the new mutations reported in this paper are also highly deleterious. CONCLUSIONS: Most of the Colombian patients in this study had private mutations.

Temperatura de almacenamiento y cantidad de ARN extraído de plasma materno / Temperature of storage and amount of RNA extracted from maternal plasma

El descubrimiento de los ácidos nucleicoscirculantes en plasma materno abrió nuevas posibilidadespara el diagnóstico prenatal no invasivo. No obstante,se desconocen los factores que afectan la concentracióndel ARN de origen feto-placentario en muestras deplasma materno. Fue investigado el efecto del tiempo dealmacenamiento (inmediatamente, 4 y 24 horas, 15 y 30 días),temperatura de almacenamiento (4ºC, -20°C y ambiente) yTrizol (con o sin) sobre la cantidad del ARN en muestrasde plasma de gestantes, antes de la semana 20 de embarazo.Se analizaron por espectrofotometría 33 muestras de ARNextraídas de plasma La temperatura afecta la concentraciónde ARN, más que el tiempo de almacenamiento y laadición de Trizol. De igual forma, la cantidad de ARN fueestadísticamente menor en muestras almacenadas a -20°C.El tiempo de almacenamiento y la presencia o ausenciade Trizol no incidió en la concentración de ARN. Enconclusión la temperatura es factor clave en la extracción deARN, donde probablemente el proceso de congelamientodescongelamientoincide negativamente en la concentraciónde ARN...

The discovery of nucleic acids in maternal plasma unlocked new possibilities for noninvasive prenataldiagnosis. However, the factors affecting the concentration of fetal RNA in maternal plasma samplesare unspecified. Here we studied the effect of storage time (15 to 30 days) and temperature (4°C, -20°Cand ambient) and of the presence of Trizol on the concentration of RNA in plasma samples taken frompregnant women before their 20th week. Thirty-three RNA samples were extracted from plasma andanalyzed by spectrophotometry. The amount of RNA was statistically lower in samples stored at -20°Cwhereas storage time and the presence or absence of Trizol did not affect RNA level. Temperature affectedthe concentration of RNA, rather than time and the addition of Trizol. In conclusion, temperature is akey factor in the extraction of RNA, and the freeze-thaw process most likely affects RNA concentrationsnegatively...

A descoberta dos ácidos nucleicos no plasmamaterno abriu novas possibilidades para o diagnóstico prénatalnão-invasivo. Desconhecem-se no entanto os fatoresque afetam a concentração do RNA de origem maternofetalnas amostras do plasma materno. Investigou-se o efeitodo tempo de armazenamento (15 a 30 dias), da temperaturade armazenamento (4°C, -20°C e ambiente), e de Trizol(com ou sem) sobre a quantidade de RNA nas amostras deplasma de gestantes, antes da vigésima semana de gravidez.33 amostras de RNA extraídas do plasma foram analisadaspor espetrofotometria. A temperatura afecta a concentraçãode RNA, mais que o tempo de armazenamento e de adiçãode Trizol. Da mesma forma, a quantidade de RNA foisignificativamente menor nas amostras armazenadas a -20°C. O tempo de armazenamento e a presença ou ausênciade Trizol não afetou os níveis de RNA. Em conclusão, atemperatura é um fator chave para a extração de RNA,onde provavelmente, o processo de congelamento edescongelamento afeta negativamente a concentração deRNA...

Estimación de las frecuencias de las mucopolisacaridosis y análisis de agrupamiento espacial en los departamentos de Cundinamarca y Boyacá / Estimation of the mucopolysaccharidoses frequencies and cluster analysis in the Colombian provinces of Cundinamarca and Boyacá

Introducción. Las mucopolisacaridosis son enfermedades poco frecuentes de depósito lisosómico de glucosaminoglucanos, con datos variables sobre su incidencia en diferentes países a nivel mundial. En Latinoamérica hay reportes de frecuencias en Brasil, pero en Colombia la información es escasa. Objetivos. Estimar las frecuencias de las mucopolisacaridosis mediante un estudio retrospectivo en los departamentos de Cundinamarca y Boyacá, y estimar la agregación espacial de los casos en estos mismos departamentos. Materiales y métodos. Se revisaron los registros de pacientes de diferentes instituciones de referencia para enfermedades genéticas, así como los registros de nacimientos vivos entre 1998 y 2007. Con base en ellos, se estimaron las frecuencias para cada tipo de mucopolisacaridosis. Se analizó la agregación espacial de los casos utilizando el programa SaTScan™. Resultados. La frecuencia combinada para todas las mucopolisacaridosis fue de 1,98 casos por 100.000 nacidos vivos. La mayor frecuencia fue para la de tipo IV, con 0,68 casos por 100.000 nacidos vivos, mientras que la III fue la menor, con 0,17 casos. Se encontraron tres posibles áreas de agregación espacial para las mucopolisacaridosis I, III y IV. Conclusión. La frecuencia combinada para todas las mucopolisacaridosis se encuentra dentro de los rangos reportados en la literatura científica, siendo la de tipo IV la más frecuente y la de tipo VII la menos frecuente. Aunque los datos aquí reportados podrían corresponder a un subregistro, dadas las dificultades inherentes a la recolección de la información en nuestro país, consideramos que son un estimativo válido de las frecuencias de estas enfermedades.

Introduction. Mucopolysaccharidoses are a group of infrequent disorders caused by the lysosomal deposit of glycosaminoglycans. Its incidence is quite variable among thecountries where it has been documented. In Brazil, disorder frequencies have been reported, but in Colombia information on them is scarce. Objectives. The frequency and spatial aggregations of the mucopolysaccharidoses were estimated by a retrospective study in two central Colombian provinces. Materials and methods. The records of patients and live newborns between 1998-2007 were reviewed from several reference institutions for genetic diseases. From these records, the frequencies for each mucopolysaccharidosis were estimated. The spatial aggregation of the cases was analyzed using the SaTScan software. Results. The combined frequency for all the mucopolysaccharidoses was 1.98 cases per 100,000 live newborns. MPS IV had the highest frequency with 0.68 cases per 100,000 live newborns and MPS III showed a lower frequency of 0.17/100,000. Three spatial aggregation areas were indicated for MPS I, MPS III and MPS IV. Conclusion. The combined frequency for all the mucopolysaccharidoses has been reported, with type IV the most frequent and the type VII in second place. The data herein constitute a record subset and, in spite of the difficulties inherent to the data retrieval in Colombia, they are a valid estimate of the frequencies of these diseases in central Colombia.

Asociación entre la alteración del metabolismo de la homocisteína metionina y folato, y el retardo de crecimiento intrauterino idiopático (RCIU): datos preliminares / The association between homocysteine-methionine and folate metabolism and pregnancy complicated by idiopathic intrauterine growth restriction: preliminary data

Objetivo: el objetivo general de esta investigación es hacer una aproximación para evaluar la asociación entre alteración del metabolismo de la homocisteínametionina y folato en embarazos complicados con restricción de crecimiento intrauterino (RCIU) idiopático, a través del estudio de los niveles de homocisteína pre y posparto, vitamina B12 y folato, así como las frecuencias alélicas y genotípicas de los polimorfismos genéticos de enzimas que participan en la vía metabólica de la homocisteína-metionina y folato en gestantes con embarazos complicados con RCIU idiopático y en condiciones fisiológicas en embarazo normal. Materiales y métodos: estudio piloto observacional analítico de tipo casos y controles. Se estudiaron 8 gestantes con embarazos con restricción de crecimiento intrauterino idiopático y 21 gestantes control con embarazos sin complicaciones y recién nacido sano. Se analizaron las concentraciones de folato, vitamina B12 y homocisteína en el tercer trimestre de embarazo, así como los niveles de homocisteína posparto. Se determinaron los genotipos de las gestantes para los polimorfismos MTHFR C677T, MTHFR A1298C, MTRR A66G, CBS 844ins68, CBS VNTR31pb, CBS C699T y CBS C1080T por medio de reacción en cadena de la polimerasa (PCR) y polimorfismos de longitud de los fragmentos de restricción (RFLP).Resultados: los polimorfismos MTHFR C677T y el genotipo 18/18 del polimorfismo CBS VNTR- 31pb, de manera independiente y en coexistencia, se asociaron a niveles bajos de folato. Igualmente, el genotipo 18/18 del polimorfismo CBS VNTR- 31pb, solo y cuando coexistía con el polimorfismo MTHFR C677T, se asoció con RCIU idiopático. Conclusiones: el metabolismo de la homocisteínametionina y folato es importante para el crecimiento y desarrollo del embrión-feto. El compromiso de estas rutas metabólicas se asocia a complicaciones del embarazo como RCIU idiopático. Los resultados preliminares de este estudio deben incentivar el estudio del metabolismo de la homocisteínametionina y folato en complicaciones del embarazo como la RCIU, así como en condiciones fisiológicas en el embarazo normal en nuestra población.

Objective: This work was aimed at evaluating the association between homocysteine-metionine and folate metabolism alteration and pregnancies complicated by idiopathic intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR). This was done by studying pre- and post-partum homocysteine, vitamin B12 and folate levels, as well as allele and genotype frequency for genetic polymorphisms from enzymes participating in the homocysteine-methionine and folate metabolic route in pregnant women having pregnancies complicated by idiopathic IUGR and physiological conditions during normal pregnancy. Materials and methods: This was an analytical observational (cases and controls) pilot study. Eight pregnant women suffering IUGR were studied, as well as 21 pregnant women as control whose pregnancy had no complications and healthy newborn. Folate, vitamin and B12 homocysteine concentrations as well as postpartum homocysteine levels were analyzed during the third trimester of pregnancy. The pregnant women’s genotypes were determined formethylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) C677T, MTHFR A1298C, methionine synthase reductase (MTRR) A66G, cystathionine betasynthase (CBS) 844ins68, CBS 31pb VNTR, CBS C699T and CBS C1080T polymorphisms by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP). Results: MTHFR C677T polymorphisms and the CBS 31bp VNTR 18/18 genotype (independently and in coexistence) were associated with low folate levels. The CBS 31bp VNTR 18/18 genotype alone and when coexisting with MTHFR C677T was associated with idiopathic IUGR. Conclusions: Homocysteine-methionine and folate metabolism is important for embryo-fetus growth and development. Compromise of these metabolic routes is associated with pregnancy complications such as idiopathic IUGR. This study's preliminary results should encourage studying homocysteine-methionine and folate metabolism in complications regarding pregnancy such as IUGR and in physiological conditions during normal pregnancy in our population.

Alteration of placental haemostatic mechanisms in idiopathicintrauterine growth restriction / Alteración de los mecanismos hemostáticos de la placenta en restricción de crecimiento intrauterino idiopático / Alteração dos mecanismos hemostáticos da placenta em restrição de crescimento intra-uterino idiopático

La restriccióndel crecimiento intrauterino es una complicación del embarazo con alta probabilidad de morbilidad y mortalidad perinatal, que pareceser causada por desarrollo anormal de la vasculatura placentaria. Los procesos hemostáticos son importantes para el desarrollo de laplacenta y el desequilibrio entre factores procoagulantes y anticoagulantes se ha asociado con restricción del crecimiento intrauterino.Objetivo. Evaluar el compromiso hemostático en la placenta de los embarazos complicados con restricción del crecimiento intrauterinoidiopática. Materiales y métodos. Se estudiaron cinco placentas de embarazos con restricción de crecimiento intrauterino idiopática y 19controles. Se realizó examen macroscópico e histológico, y análisis de la expresión de factor tisular y trombomodulina a nivel de ARNmpor PCR en tiempo real y proteínas por ELISA. Resultados. Se evidenció compromiso hemostático en las placentas de embarazos conrestricción de crecimiento intrauterino idiopática, siendo la trombosis de los vasos coriales el hallazgo histológico más importante. Seencontró aumento en la expresión de la proteína del factor tisular (p=0,0411) y en la razón de factor tisular/trombomodulina a nivel deARNm (p=0,0411) y proteína (p=0,0215). No hubo diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre los grupos en los niveles de ARNmde factor tisular o trombomodulina, ni de trombomodulina a nivel de proteína. Conclusión. Se presenta evidencia de alteración de losmecanismos hemostáticos de la placenta, incluyendo la expresión anormal de factor tisular y de la razón factor tisular/trombomodulina,en embarazos complicados con restricción del crecimiento intrauterino idiopática...

Intrauterine growth restriction is a complication of pregnancy with a high probability of perinatal morbidity and mortality. It appears tobe caused by abnormal development of placental vasculature. Haemostatic processes are important for the development of the placenta,and an imbalance between procoagulant and anticoagulant factors has been associated with risk of intrauterine growth restriction.Objective. To evaluate coagulation abnormalities in placenta of pregnancies complicated with idiopathic intrauterine growth restriction.Materials and methods. Five placentas from pregnancies with idiopathic intrauterine growth restriction were compared to 19 controls.We performed gross and histological examination of the placenta. Analysis was made of both mRNA expression by real-time PCRand protein by ELISA of tissue factor and thrombomodulin in placental tissue. Results. Results based on histological evaluation wereconsistent with an increased prothrombotic state in placentas from pregnancies with idiopathic intrauterine growth restriction, andthrombosis of chorionic vessels was the most important finding. The study showed an increased expression of tissue factor protein(p=0.0411) and an increase in the ratio of tissue factor/thrombomodulin mRNA (p=0.0411) and protein (p=0.0215) in placentas frompregnancies with idiopathic intrauterine growth restriction. There were no statistically significant differences neither between cases andcontrols in the mRNA levels of tissue factor or thrombomodulin nor at the protein level of thrombomodulin. Conclusion. Evidence ofalteration of local haemostatic mechanisms at the level of the placenta, including abnormal expression of tissue factor and tissue factor/thrombomodulin ratio, in pregnancies that occur with idiopathic intrauterine growth restriction is presented...

A restrição do crescimentointra-uterino é uma complicação da gravidez com alta probabilidade de morbidade e mortalidade perinatal, que parece ser causada pelodesenvolvimento anormal da vasculatura placentária. Os processos hemostáticos são importantes para o desenvolvimento da placenta,e o desequilíbrio entre fatores pró-coagulantes e anticoagulantes têm sido associadas com a restrição de crescimento intra-uterino.Objetivo. Avaliar o compromisso hemostático na placenta com gestações complicadas com restrição de crescimento intra-uterinoidiopático. Materiais e métodos. Foram estudadas cinco placentas de gestações com restrição de crescimento intra-uterino idiopáticoe 19 controles. Foi realizada uma análise macroscópica e histológica e análise da expressão do factor tecidual e trombomodulina emARNm por PCR em tempo real e de proteína pelo método de ELISA. Resultados. Foi evidente o compromisso hemostático nas placentasde gestações com restrição de crescimento intra-uterino idiopático; a trombose dos vasos coriônicos é o descobrimento histológico maisimportante. Aumentaram a expressão de proteína do fator tecidual (p= 0,0411) e a proporção do fator tecidual/ trombomodulina aonível de ARNm (p= 0,0411) e de proteína (p= 0,0215). Não houve diferenças estatisticamente significativas entre os grupos nos níveisde ARNm do fator tecidual ou trombomodulina, nem de trombomodulina ao nível de proteína. Conclusão. Se apresenta evidência dealteração dos mecanismos hemostáticos da placenta, incluindo a expressão anormal de fator tecidual e da proporção do fator tecidual/trombomodulina, em gestações complicadas com restrição de crescimento intra-uterino idiopático...

Identification of messenger RNA of fetoplacental source in maternal plasma of women with normal pregnancies and pregnancies with intrauterine growth restriction / Identificacion de RNA mensajero de origen fetoplacentario en plasma materno de mujeres con embarazos normales y gestantes con restriccion de crecimiento intrauterino

Objective: to quantify placenta-specific RNA in plasma of women carrying foetuses with intrauterine growth restriction and pregnant women with normal pregnancies. Materials and methods: 8 pregnant women with foetuses with intrauterine growth restriction were studied as well as 18 women with uncomplicated pregnancies in the third pregnancy trimester. Total free RNA was quantified in maternal plasma by spectrophotometry and the gene expression of hPL (Human Placental Lactogen) at the messenger RNA level through technical Real Time-Chain Reaction Polymerase. Results: plasma RNA of fetoplacental origin was successfully detected in 100% of pregnant women. There were no statistically significant differences between the values of total RNA extracted from plasma (p = 0.5975) nor in the messenger RNA expression of hPL gene (p = 0.5785) between cases and controls. Conclusion: messenger RNA of fetoplacental origin can be detected in maternal plasma during pregnancy.(AU)Objective: to quantify placenta-specific RNA in plasma of women carrying foetuses with intrauterine growth restriction and pregnant women with normal pregnancies. Materials and methods: 8 pregnant women with foetuses with intrauterine growth restriction were studied as well as 18 women with uncomplicated pregnancies in the third pregnancy trimester. Total free RNA was quantified in maternal plasma by spectrophotometry and the gene expression of hPL (Human Placental Lactogen) at the messenger RNA level through technical Real Time-Chain Reaction Polymerase.Results: plasma RNA of fetoplacental origin was successfully detected in 100% of pregnant women. There were no statistically significant differences between the values of total RNA extracted from plasma (p = 0.5975) nor in the messenger RNA expression of hPL gene (p = 0.5785) between cases and controls.Conclusion: messenger RNA of fetoplacental origin can be detected in maternal plasma during pregnancy

Objetivo: cuantificar RNA específico de placenta en el plasma de mujeres con embarazos con fetos con Restricción de Crecimiento Intrauterino y gestantes con embarazos normales. Materiales y métodos: se estudiaron 8 mujeres con embarazos con fetos con Restricción de Crecimiento Intrauterino y 18 mujeres con embarazos sin complicaciones, en el tercer trimestre de embarazo. Se cuantificó el RNA total libre en plasma materno por espectrofotometría y la expresión del gen hPL (Lactógeno Placentario Humano) a nivel de RNA mensajero por medio de la técnica Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa en Tiempo Real. Resultados: se logró detectar RNA en plasma de origen fetoplacentario en el 100% de las gestantes. No se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre los valores de RNA total extraído de plasma (p=0,5975) ni en la expresión del RNA mensajero del gen hPL (p=0,5785) entre casos y controles. Conclusión: es posible detectar RNA mensajero de origen fetoplacentario en plasma materno durante el embarazo.

Epigenética: definición, bases moleculares e implicaciones en la salud y en la evolución humana / Epigenetics: definition, molecular bases and implications in human health and evolution / Epigenética: definição, bases moleculares e implicações na saúde e na evolução humana

La Epigenética se refiere a los cambios heredables en el ADN e histonas que no implican altera ciones en la secuencia de nucleótidos y modifican la estructura y condensación de la cromatina por lo que afectan la expresión génica y el fenotipo. Las modificaciones epigenéticas son metilación del ADN y modificaciones de histonas. Objetivo: hacer una revisión de la literatura sobre e concepto de epigenética y su impacto en la salud. Materiales y métodos: se realizó una revisión de la bibliografía sobre el concepto de epigenética, sus bases biológicas, el impacto sobre la salud y la enfermedad y su relación con la evolución. Resultados: los mecanismos epigenéticos ha cobrado cada vez más importancia debido a la creciente asociación con enfermedades compleja y comunes, así como por su impacto en la salud de generaciones futuras y en la evolución humana. Conclusiones: la Epigenética tiene un claro impacto en la salud del individuo, en la de su descendencia y en la evolución de la especie humana.

Epigenetics refers to inheritable changes in DNA and histones that do not involve changes in the sequence of nucleotides and that modifies structure and chromatin condensation, thus affecting gene expression and phenotype. Epigenetic modifications are DNA methylation and histone modifications. Objective: A review of the literature on the concept of Epigenetics and its impact on health. Materials and methods: A review of the literature was performed on the concept of epigenetics, its biological basis, the impact on health and disease and its relation to evolution. Results: Epigenetic mechanisms have become increasingly important because of the growing association with common complex diseases as well as its impact on health of future generations and in human evolution. Conclusions: Epigenetics has a clear impact on the health of individuals in their offspring and with the evolution of the human species.

A Epigenética refere-se às mudanças hereditárias no ADN e histonas que não implicam alterações nas sequencia de nucleotídeos e modificam a estrutura e condensação da cromatina, pelo que afetam a expressão gênica e o fenótipo. As modificações epigenéticas são metilação do ADN e modificações de histonas. Objetivo: fazer uma revisão da literatura sobre o conceito de epigenética e seu impacto na saúde. Materiais e métodos: realizou-se uma revisão da bibliografia sobre o conceito de epigenética, suas bases biológicas, o impacto sobre a saúde e a doença e sua relação com a evolução. Resultados: os mecanismos epigenéticos têm adquirido cada vez mais importância devido à crescente associação com doenças complexas e comunes, assim como por seu impacto na saúde de gerações futuras e na evolução humana. Conclusões: a Epigenética tem um impacto evidente na saúde do individuo, na sua descendência e na evolução da espécie humana.

Identification of messenger RNA of fetoplacental source in maternal plasma of women with normal pregnancies and pregnancies with intrauterine growth restriction.

OBJECTIVE: to quantify placenta-specific RNA in plasma of women carrying foetuses with intrauterine growth restriction and pregnant women with normal pregnancies. METHODS: 8 pregnant women with foetuses with intrauterine growth restriction were studied as well as 18 women with uncomplicated pregnancies in the third pregnancy trimester. Total free RNA was quantified in maternal plasma by spectrophotometry and the gene expression of hPL (Human Placental Lactogen) at the messenger RNA level through technical Real Time-Chain Reaction Polymerase. RESULTS: plasma RNA of fetoplacental origin was successfully detected in 100% of pregnant women. There were no statistically significant differences between the values of total RNA extracted from plasma (p= 0.5975) nor in the messenger RNA expression of hPL gene (p= 0.5785) between cases and controls. CONCLUSION: messenger RNA of fetoplacental origin can be detected in maternal plasma during pregnancy.

OBJETIVO: cuantificar RNA específico de placenta en el plasma de mujeres con embarazos con fetos con Restricción de Crecimiento Intrauterino y gestantes con embarazos normales. MÉTODOS: se estudiaron 8 mujeres con embarazos con fetos con Restricción de Crecimiento Intrauterino y 18 mujeres con embarazos sin complicaciones, en el tercer trimestre de embarazo. Se cuantificó el RNA total libre en plasma materno por espectrofotometría y la expresión del gen hPL (Lactógeno Placentario Humano) a nivel de RNA mensajero por medio de la técnica Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa en Tiempo Real. RESULTADOS: se logró detectar RNA en plasma de origen fetoplacentario en el 100% de las gestantes. No se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre los valores de RNA total extraído de plasma (p= 0.5975) ni en la expresión del RNA mensajero del gen hPL (p= 0.5785) entre casos y controles. CONCLUSIÓN: es posible detectar RNA mensajero de origen fetoplacentario en plasma materno durante el embarazo.

[Estimation of the mucopolysaccharidoses frequencies and cluster analysis in the Colombian provinces of Cundinamarca and Boyacá]. / Estimación de las frecuencias de las mucopolisacaridosis y análisis de agrupamiento espacial en los departamentos de Cundinamarca y Boyacá

INTRODUCTION: Mucopolysaccharidoses are a group of infrequent disorders caused by the lysosomal deposit of glycosaminoglycans. Its incidence is quite variable among the countries where it has been documented. In Brazil, disorder frequencies have been reported, but in Colombia information on them is scarce. OBJECTIVES: The frequency and spatial aggregations of the mucopolysaccharidoses were estimated by a retrospective study in two central Colombian provinces. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The records of patients and live newborns between 1998-2007 were reviewed from several reference institutions for genetic diseases. From these records, the frequencies for each mucopolysaccharidosis were estimated. The spatial aggregation of the cases was analyzed using the SaTScan software. RESULTS: The combined frequency for all the mucopolysaccharidoses was 1.98 cases per 100,000 live newborns. MPS IV had the highest frequency with 0.68 cases per 100,000 live newborns and MPS III showed a lower frequency of 0.17/100,000. Three spatial aggregation areas were indicated for MPS I, MPS III and MPS IV. CONCLUSION: The combined frequency for all the mucopolysaccharidoses has been reported, with type IV the most frequent and the type VII in second place. The data herein constitute a record subset and, in spite of the difficulties inherent to the data retrieval in Colombia, they are a valid estimate of the frequencies of these diseases in central Colombia.

Estudio del polimorfismo MTHFR C677T en recién nacidos con cardiopatías congénitas aisladas, en una población colombiana / Study of MTHFR C677T polymorphism in neonates with isolated congenital heart disease in a Colombian population

Introducción: El estudio del papel de polimorfismos en genes de las vías metabólicas de la homocisteína-metionina y el ácido fólico en anomalías congénitas, es cada vezmás importante debido a que sus efectos podrían ser modulados.Objetivo: Determinar si la presencia del polimorfismo C677T en el gen de lametilentetrahidrofolato reductasa (MTHFR) se asocia con el desarrollo de cardiopatías congénitas aisladas.Métodos: Se compararon las frecuencias alélicas y genotípicas del polimorfismo en 34 recién nacidos con cardiopatías congénitas aisladas y en 102 individuos sanos. La genotipificación se hizo mediante la reacción en cadena de la polimerasa (PCR) y se determinó el genotipo por medio de la técnica de polimorfismo de longitud de los fragmentos de restricción (RFLP). Resultados: No se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas en lasfrecuencias alélicas ni genotípicas entre los grupos de casos y controles. Sin embargo, se observó una tendencia estadística para un posible efecto protector del genotipo TT...

The research of the role of gene polymorphisms in the metabolic pathways of homocysteine-methionineand folic acid in congenital malformations is very important because its effect could be modulated.Objetive: The aim of this study was to determine whether the C677T polymorphism in the gene ofthe enzyme methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase(MTHFR) was associated with the development of isolated congenital heart disease. Methodology: We compared the allele and genotypefrequencies of this polymorphism in 34infants with isolated congenital heart defects and 102 healthy individuals. Genotyping was performedby Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)and with the technique Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP). Results: There were no statistically significant differences in allele or genotype frequencies between case and control groups. Although our results show no statistically significant differencesbetween the groups assessed there was a statistical trend for a possible protective effect of TT genotype against the development of congenitalheart disease...

Osteólisis multicéntrica idiopática de tipo III: presentación de un caso clínico y caracterización del síndrome / Idiopathic multicentric osteolysis type III: case report and syndrome characterization

Presentamos el primer reporte de caso en Colombia de un paciente con osteólisis multicéntrica idiopática con compromiso de carpo y tarso y nefropatía. Se exponen, de manera clara y bien documentada, el cuadro clínico y paraclínico actual y la evolución del paciente, junto a una breve y completa revisión de esta enfermedad, rara, progresiva, degenerativa e incapacitante.

We report the first case in Colombia of a patient with idiopathic multicentric osteolysis with carpal-tarsal compromise and nephropathy, The current clinical and paraclinical status of the patient is clearly exposed and well documented, along with a brief and comprehensive review of this rare progressive, degenerative and disabling disease.