Spatial analysis of dengue transmission in an endemic city in Brazil reveals high spatial structuring on local dengue transmission dynamics.

In the last decades, dengue has become one of the most widespread mosquito-borne arboviruses in the world, with an increasing incidence in tropical and temperate regions. The mosquito Aedes aegypti is the dengue primary vector and is more abundant in highly urbanized areas. Traditional vector control methods have showing limited efficacy in sustaining mosquito population at low levels to prevent dengue virus outbreaks. Considering disease transmission is not evenly distributed in the territory, one perspective to enhance vector control efficacy relies on identifying the areas that concentrate arbovirus transmission within an endemic city, i.e., the hotspots. Herein, we used a 13-month timescale during the SARS-Cov-2 pandemic and its forced reduction in human mobility and social isolation to investigate the spatiotemporal association between dengue transmission in children and entomological indexes based on adult Ae. aegypti trapping. Dengue cases and the indexes Trap Positive Index (TPI) and Adult Density Index (ADI) varied seasonally, as expected: more than 51% of cases were notified on the first 2 months of the study, and higher infestation was observed in warmer months. The Moran's Eigenvector Maps (MEM) and Generalized Linear Models (GLM) revealed a strong large-scale spatial structuring in the positive dengue cases, with an unexpected negative correlation between dengue transmission and ADI. Overall, the global model and the purely spatial model presented a better fit to data. Our results show high spatial structure and low correlation between entomological and epidemiological data in Foz do Iguaçu dengue transmission dynamics, suggesting the role of human mobility might be overestimated and that other factors not evaluated herein could be playing a significant role in governing dengue transmission.

Effects of Amazonian flying rivers on frog biodiversity and populations in the Atlantic rainforest.

Given the speed at which humans are changing the climate, species with high degrees of endemism may not have time to avoid extinction through adaptation. We investigated through teleconnection analysis the origin of rainfall that determines the phylogenetic diversity of rainforest frogs and the effects of microclimate differences in shaping the morphological traits of isolated populations (which contribute to greater phylogenetic diversity and speciation). We also investigated through teleconnection analysis how deforestation in Amazonia can affect ecosystem services that are fundamental to maintaining the climate of the Atlantic rainforest biodiversity hotspot. Seasonal winds known as flying rivers carry water vapor from Amazonia to the Atlantic Forest, and the breaking of this ecosystem service could lead Atlantic Forest species to population decline and extinction in the short term. Our results suggest that the selection of morphological traits that shape Atlantic Forest frog diversity and their population dynamics are influenced by the Amazonian flying rivers. Our results also suggest that the increases of temperature anomalies in the Atlantic Ocean due to global warming and in the Amazon forest due to deforestation are already breaking this cycle and threaten the biodiversity of the Atlantic Forest hotspot.

Efectos de los ríos voladores de la Amazonía sobre la diversidad y las poblaciones de ranas en la Mata Atlántica Resumen Con la velocidad a la que la humanidad está alterando el clima, puede que las especies con un nivel elevado de endemismo no cuenten con tiempo suficiente para adaptarse y evitar la extinción. Usamos un análisis de teleconexión para investigar el origen de las precipitaciones que determinan la diversidad filogenética de las ranas selváticas y los efectos de las diferencias microclimáticas sobre la determinación de las características morfológicas de las poblaciones aisladas, las cuales contribuyen a una mayor especiación y diversidad filogenética. También utilizamos este análisis para investigar cómo la deforestación en la Amazonía puede afectar los servicios ambientales que son fundamentales para mantener el punto caliente de biodiversidad que es la Mata Atlántica. Los ríos voladores son vientos estacionales que transportan vapor de agua desde la Amazonía hasta la Mata Atlántica; la interrupción de este servicio ambiental podría derivar en la declinación poblacional y la extinción a corto plazo de las especies en este ecosistema. Nuestros resultados sugieren que los ríos voladores de la Amazonía influyen sobre la selección de las características morfológicas que determinan la diversidad de ranas y sus dinámicas poblacionales en la Mata Atlántica. Nuestros resultados también sugieren que el incremento de anomalías térmicas en el Océano Atlántico, causadas por el calentamiento global, y en la Amazonía, causadas por la deforestación, ya están interrumpiendo este ciclo y son una amenaza para la biodiversidad del punto caliente que es la Mata Atlántica.

Anuros da Reserva Natural Salto Morato, Guaraqueçaba, Paraná, Brasil / Anurans of Reserva Natural Salto Morato, municipality of Guaraqueçaba, State of Paraná, southern Brazil

O objetivo do presente estudo é apresentar a lista de espécies de anfíbios da Reserva Natural Salto Morato (RNSM), uma reserva de Mata Atlântica no Estado do Paraná, sul do Brasil. O parque está localizado no litoral norte do Paraná, na divisa com o Estado de São Paulo. Nós amostramos ambientes lênticos e lóticos, bromélias e serrapilheira durante os meses de setembro de 2006 a março de 2007. Na RNSM foram registradas 42 espécies de anfíbios anuros, pertencentes a nove famílias, sendo uma espécie endêmica da área de estudo. Nós registramos 14 modos reprodutivos dos anuros na área de estudo. Na RNSM, 50% das espécies de anuros ocorreram em mais de 50% das amostragens, 26% das espécies foram registradas entre 25-50% das amostragens e 24% das espécies foram raras, ocorrendo em menos de 25% das amostragens. A RNSM até o presente momento é a área com a maior diversidade de anfíbios e de modos reprodutivos do Paraná. Esses fatores evidenciam a importância da RNSM para a conservação dos anfíbios.

Here we present a survey of amphibian species of the Reserva Natural Salto Morato (RNSM), an Atlantic rainforest reserve in Paraná, southern Brazil. We sampled lentic and lotic water bodies, phytotelmata and leaf litter from September 2006 to March 2007. We found 42 species from nine families, one of which is endemic to the study area. Additionally, we recorded 14 reproductive modes. In the RNSM, 50% of anuran species occur in more than 50% of samples, 26% of species occurred between 25 and 50% of samples, and 24% were rare, occurring in less than 25% of samples. The reserve holds the highest diversity of amphibians and reproductive modes in Paraná. Our results emphasize the importance of RNSM for amphibian conservation.

Anurofauna do noroeste paulista: lista de espécies e chave de identificação para adultos / Anuranfauna from northwestern region of the State of São Paulo: species list and taxonomic key for adults

The correct identification of species is a common impediment for studies of conservation, management and environmental licensing. Currently, 37 species from five families of anuran amphibians are recorded in the region that includes the Turvo-Grande, São José dos Dourados and parts of the Low Pardo, Low Tietê and Tietê-Batalha Hydric Resources Management Unit (UGRHIs). Despite of being studied since de mid-1960's, none identification key that included all the species recognized was available. Although developed for a regional anuranfauna, this key has wide application because the species found in the studied region are associated to open areas and have wide geographical distribution. This study aims to fill this gap presenting an illustrated list about species' biology, and a dichotomous key that comprises 37 anuran species.

A correta identificação de espécies normalmente é um obstáculo para estudos de conservação, manejo e licenciamento ambiental. Atualmente 37 espécies de cinco famílias de anfíbios anuros são registradas na área que abrange integralmente as Unidades de Gerenciamento dos Recursos Hídricos (UGRHIs) do Turvo-Grande e São José dos Dourados e parte das UGHRIs do Baixo Pardo, Baixo Tietê e Tietê-Batalha. Embora esta fauna venha sendo objeto de estudos quase ininterruptos desde a metade da década de 1960, nenhuma chave de identificação que incluísse todas as espécies reconhecidas na região estava disponível. Embora desenvolvida para uma anurofauna regional, esta chave tem ampla aplicação porque as espécies encontradas na área de abrangência do estudo são associadas à áreas abertas e apresentam ampla distribuição geográfica. Este estudo visa preencher esta lacuna e apresentar uma lista ilustrada e uma chave dicotômica artificial para as 37 espécies de anuros conhecidas para esta região.