Enhancing Cushing's disease diagnosis: exploring the impact of desmopressin on ACTH gradient during BIPSS.

Introduction: The differential diagnosis between Cushing's disease (CD) and ectopic ACTH syndrome (EAS) is complex, and bilateral inferior petrosal sinus sampling (BIPSS) is considered the gold-standard test. However, BIPSS with corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) stimulation is rarely available. Objective: This retrospective cohort study aimed to assess the accuracy of the inferior petrosal sinus to peripheral ACTH gradient (IPS:P) before and after desmopressin stimulation for the differential diagnosis of ACTH-dependent Cushing's syndrome (CS), applying different cutoff values. Methods: A total of 50 patients (48 with CD and 2 with EAS) who underwent BIPSS were included in this study. The sensitivity and specificity of IPS:P in BIPSS before and after desmopressin stimulation were evaluated. Various cutoff values for IPS:P were examined to determine their diagnostic accuracy. Results: Using the traditional IPS:P cutoff, the sensitivity was 85.1% before stimulation, 89.6% after stimulation, and a combined sensitivity of 91.7%. Applying cutoff values of IPS:P >1.4 before and >2.8 after stimulation, the sensitivity was 87.2% and 89.6%, respectively, with a combined sensitivity of 91.7%. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis determined optimal cutoff values of 1.2 before stimulation and 1.57 after stimulation, resulting in a sensitivity of 93.6% and 93.8%, respectively, with a combined sensitivity of 97.9%. Specificity remained at 100% throughout all analyses. Among the 43 patients who responded positively to stimulation, 42 (97.7%) did so within the first three minutes, and all 43 (100%) did so within the first five minutes. None of the assessed clinical variables predicted the ACTH response to stimulation in BIPSS with statistical significance. Discussion: ACTH stimulation with desmopressin during BIPSS improves the accuracy of IPS:P, making it a valuable tool for investigating ACTH-dependent Cushing's syndrome. Considering the low risk of complications, we recommend the use of desmopressin stimulation during BIPSS for the differential diagnosis of ACTH-dependent CS.

Aortic Bulge: A Possible Predictive Sign of Impending Aortoenteric Fistula.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study is to introduce the aortic bulge sign, a finding observed retrospectively on computed tomography prior to the acute presentation of aortoenteric fistula, and to determine its interobserver reliability. METHODS: Following research ethics board approval, all cases of aortoenteric fistula at our institution occurring from 2011-2015 were identified retrospectively. All previous computed tomography images of patients who eventually developed aortoenteric fistula were reviewed by a single observer for the presence of a potentially predictive finding of fistulization, the aortic bulge sign. These previous images were then combined with age and sex matched controls into a case bank. Eight radiology residents and staff were instructed in observing the aortic bulge sign. These observers then reviewed the case bank in a blinded analysis to determine the interobserver reliability of this finding. RESULTS: Fourteen cases of aortoenteric were identified. The average patient age was 70.71 years with a male-to-female ratio of 11:3. Eleven patients had previous computed tomography images available for review. With blinded analysis by multiple observers, the aortic bulge sign was identified with greater than 80% agreement in six of 11 cases (66.67%). Fleiss' kappa was calculated at k = 0.60 (95% confidence interval 0.50-0.69), corresponding to moderate-to-substantial interobserver agreement. CONCLUSIONS: The aortic bulge sign has been retrospectively identified as a promising computed tomography finding of eventual aortoenteric fistula prior to acute presentation. Further study is required to determine the diagnostic value of this sign.

Subintimal recanalization of peripheral chronic occlusive arterial disease with modified transseptal needle.

PURPOSE: To report an alternative technique of subintimal recanalization of chronically occluded lower-extremity arteries using a modified transseptal needle (MTSN) to reenter the true lumen. MATERIALS AND METHODS: From December 2008 to December 2010, 98 patients with chronic arterial occlusions were treated with endovascular techniques. True lumen reentry with conventional subintimal techniques failed in 23 of these patients (24%). Retrospective review of medical records and procedure data was performed, and clinical presentation, lesion location, Trans-Atlantic Inter-Society Consensus II classification, amount of calcification, procedure time, recanalization time with conventional subintimal technique, recanalization time with the MTSN, and complications were recorded. During the 24-month period, 11 common iliac arteries (CIAs), three external iliac arteries (EIAs), one combined CIA/EIA, six superficial femoral arteries (SFAs), and two combined SFA/popliteal arteries were treated with MTSNs. RESULTS: Successful recanalization with the MTSN was obtained in 21 patients (91%). There was one complication of pseudoaneurysm formation in the EIA. The average occlusion length of the CIA was 6.7 cm; that of the SFA was 15.9 cm. The average procedure time was 73 minutes, with 20 minutes used to attempt to reenter the true lumen and 6.3 minutes used to reenter the true lumen with the MTSN. CONCLUSIONS: The MTSN technique is safe and effective and offers another approach to reenter the true lumen of chronic total arterial occlusions during subintimal recanalization in difficult cases.

Tratamento endovascular dos aneurismas de aorta abdominal: experiência inicial e resultados a curto e médio prazo / Endovascular treatment of abdominal aortic aneurysms: initial experience and short and mid-term results

OBJETIVO: O estudo visa a apresentar os resultados a curto e médio prazo do tratamento endovascular dos aneurismas de aorta abdominal (AAA). Trata-se de uma experiência inicial com uma equipe multidisciplinar. MÉTODO: No período entre julho de 2003 e outubro de 2005, 42 pacientes foram submetidos a tratamento endovascular de doenças da aorta, sendo 25 por aneurismas de aorta abdominal (AAA). A idade média foi de 74 ± 10,2 anos e 92 por cento dos pacientes eram do sexo masculino. Os procedimentos foram realizados por uma equipe multidisciplinar, no Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre e Hospital Luterano (ULBRA). Vinte e quatro pacientes foram submetidos à colocação de endoprótese bifurcada e um, reta. Em todos os pacientes, o procedimento foi realizado por dissecção das artérias femorais, em laboratório de hemodinâmica. Em nenhum caso houve necessidade de conversão para cirurgia aberta. RESULTADOS: Não houve óbito nesta série. Até 2 anos e 3 meses de acompanhamento, todos os pacientes estão vivos e 24 (96 por cento) livres de reintervenção relacionada ao aneurisma. Um (4 por cento) paciente necessitou novo procedimento endovascular por vazamento tipo I, um ano após, sendo colocadas três extensões. Dois outros necessitaram derivação femoro-femoral cruzada, um no momento do procedimento endovascular e o outro, 24 horas após, por apresentar isquemia de membro inferior direito. CONCLUSÃO: O tratamento endovascular dos AAA representa uma nova alternativa à cirurgia convencional, menos invasiva, principalmente para pacientes com alto risco cirúrgico. Como o procedimento é relativamente novo, estudos prospectivos e randomizados são necessários para avaliar resultados a longo prazo. Excelentes resultados a curto e médio prazo podem ser obtidos em nosso meio.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study is to present the short and mid-term results of the endovascular treatment of abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAA). This is an initial experience of a multidisciplinary team. METHOD: Between July 2003 and October 2005, 42 patients (25 of whom suffered from AAAs) were treated with endovascular therapy for aortic diseases. The mean patient age was 74 ±10.2 years with 92 percent men. The endovascular precedures were performed by a multidisciplinary team in the Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre and Hospital Luterano (ULBRA). In twenty-four of the AAA patients, bifurcated grafts were used and only one had a straight graft. In all patients the procedure was carried out by femoral artery dissection in a catheterization laboratory. There was no need to convert to open repair. RESULTS: There were no operative or postoperative deaths. The survival rate free from reintervention is 96 percent after two years and three months. One (4 percent) patient needed a new endovascular procedure for type I endoleak one year after, and three extensions were used successfully. Two other patients needed femoro-femoral bypasses, one at the same time as the endovascular procedure and the other one 24 hours later because of lower limb ischemia. CONCLUSION: The endovascular treatment of AAAs represents a new less invasive alternative to conventional surgery, especially for high risk patients. Further prospective and randomized studies to evaluate the long term outcomes are needed. Excellent results in short and mid-terms can be obtained by a multidisciplinary teams in our country.

Paraganglioma: tumor de corpo carotídeo / Paraganglioma: carotid body tumor

Resumo: Os autores relatam dois casos com diagnóstico de tumor de corpo carotídeo, descrevendo os aspectos ultra-sonográficos e tomográficos das lesöes. Säo feitos comentários sobre a abrangência clínica dessa doença e discutimos os aspectos diagnósticos, histopatológicos e terapêuticos provenientes de dados clínicos relatados nos casos e da revisäo de literatura realizada.