RESUMO
Gelation in the presence of cells with minimum cytotoxicity is highly desirable for materials with applications in tissue engineering. Herein, the naturally occurring polysaccharide pullulan is functionalized with thiolactones that undergo ring-opening addition of amines. As a result, the modified pullulan can be cross-linked with diamines and/or amine-containing biological substrates enhancing the system's versatility (e.g., gelatin and cell-binding ligands GHK/GRGDS). Thiolactone degrees of substitution of 2.5 or 5.0 mol % are achieved, and respective hydrogels exhibit mesh sizes of 27.8 to 49.1 nm. Cell proliferation studies on chosen gels (G' â 500 Pa, over 14 days) demonstrate that for normal human dermal fibroblasts (NHDFs), both gelatin and GRGDS equally support cell proliferation, while in the case of hepatocytes (HepG2), the presence of GRGDS and GHK improve cell proliferation 10-fold compared to gelatin. Cells remain viable and in one instance were successfully encapsulated by in situ gelation, altogether confirming the mild and biocompatible nature of this strategy to produce biogels using biologically active substrates as cross-linkers.
Assuntos
Materiais Biocompatíveis , Gelatina , Glucanos , Humanos , Hidrogéis , Engenharia TecidualRESUMO
Directing cells is essential to organize multi-cellular organisms that are built up from subunits executing specific tasks. This guidance requires a precisely controlled symphony of biochemical, mechanical, and structural signals. While many guiding mechanisms focus on 2D structural patterns or 3D biochemical gradients, injectable material platforms that elucidate how cellular processes are triggered by defined 3D physical guiding cues are still lacking but crucial for the repair of soft tissues. Herein, a recently developed anisotropic injectable hybrid hydrogel (Anisogel) contains rod-shaped microgels that orient in situ by a magnetic field and has propelled studying 3D cell guidance. Here, the Anisogel is used to investigate the dependence of axonal guidance on microgel dimensions, aspect ratio, and distance. While large microgels result in high material anisotropy, they significantly reduce neurite outgrowth and thus the guidance efficiency. Narrow and long microgels enable strong axonal guidance with maximal outgrowth including cell sensing over distances of tens of micrometers in 3D. Moreover, nerve cells decide to orient inside the Anisogel within the first three days, followed by strengthening of the alignment, which goes along with oriented fibronectin deposition. These findings demonstrate the potential of the Anisogel to tune structural and mechanical parameters for specific applications.
Assuntos
Hidrogéis , Neurônios , Anisotropia , Axônios , Crescimento NeuronalRESUMO
The replacement of diseased and damaged organs remains an challenge in modern medicine. However, through the use of tissue engineering techniques, it may soon be possible to (re)generate tissues and organs using artificial scaffolds. For example, hydrogel networks made from hydrophilic precursor solutions can replicate many properties found in the natural extracellular matrix (ECM) but often lack the dynamic nature of the ECM, as many covalently crosslinked hydrogels possess elastic and static networks with nanoscale pores hindering cell migration without being degradable. To overcome this, macroporous colloidal hydrogels can be prepared to facilitate cell infiltration. Here, an easy method is presented to fabricate granular cellulose nanofibril hydrogel (CNF) scaffolds as porous networks for 3D cell cultivation. CNF is an abundant natural and highly biocompatible material that supports cell adhesion. Granular CNF scaffolds are generated by pre-crosslinking CNF using calcium and subsequently pressing the gel through micrometer-sized nylon meshes. The granular solution is mixed with fibroblasts and crosslinked with cell culture medium. The obtained granular CNF scaffold is significantly softer and enables well-distributed fibroblast growth. This cost-effective material combined with this efficient and facile fabrication technique allows for 3D cell cultivation in an upscalable manner.
Assuntos
Celulose , Hidrogéis , Materiais Biocompatíveis , Porosidade , Engenharia Tecidual , Alicerces TeciduaisRESUMO
In the past decade, anisometric rod-shaped microgels have attracted growing interest in the materials-design and tissue-engineering communities. Rod-shaped microgels exhibit outstanding potential as versatile building blocks for 3D hydrogels, where they introduce macroscopic anisometry, porosity, or functionality for structural guidance in biomaterials. Various fabrication methods have been established to produce such shape-controlled elements. However, continuous high-throughput production of rod-shaped microgels with simultaneous control over stiffness, size, and aspect ratio still presents a major challenge. A novel microfluidic setup is presented for the continuous production of rod-shaped microgels from microfluidic plug flow and jets. This system overcomes the current limitations of established production methods for rod-shaped microgels. Here, an on-chip gelation setup enables fabrication of soft microgel rods with high aspect ratios, tunable stiffness, and diameters significantly smaller than the channel diameter. This is realized by exposing jets of a microgel precursor to a high intensity light source, operated at specific pulse sequences and frequencies to induce ultra-fast photopolymerization, while a change in flow rates or pulse duration enables variation of the aspect ratio. The microgels can assemble into 3D structures and function as support for cell culture and tissue engineering.
RESUMO
An enzymatically cross-linked polyethylene glycol (PEG)-based hydrogel was engineered to promote and align nerve cells in a three-dimensional manner. To render the injectable, otherwise bioinert, PEG-based material supportive for cell growth, its mechanical and biochemical properties were optimized. A recombinant fibronectin fragment (FNIII9*-10/12-14) was coupled to the PEG backbone during gelation to provide cell adhesive and growth factor binding domains in close vicinity. Compared to full-length fibronectin, FNIII9*-10/12-14 supports nerve growth at similar concentrations. In a 3D environment, only the ultrasoft 1 w/v% PEG hydrogels with a storage modulus of â¼10 Pa promoted neuronal growth. This gel was used to establish the first fully synthetic, injectable Anisogel by the addition of magnetically aligned microelements, such as rod-shaped microgels or short fibers. The Anisogel led to linear neurite extension and represents a large step in the direction of clinical translation with the opportunity to treat acute spinal cord injuries.
Assuntos
Fibronectinas/farmacologia , Hidrogéis/farmacologia , Neurônios/efeitos dos fármacos , Traumatismos da Medula Espinal/tratamento farmacológico , Materiais Biocompatíveis/química , Proliferação de Células/efeitos dos fármacos , Fibronectinas/química , Humanos , Hidrogéis/química , Tecido Nervoso/efeitos dos fármacos , Tecido Nervoso/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Neuritos/efeitos dos fármacos , Polietilenoglicóis/química , Polietilenoglicóis/farmacologia , Traumatismos da Medula Espinal/patologiaRESUMO
Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) is a synthetic material with excellent properties for biomedical applications because of its easy fabrication method, high flexibility, permeability to oxygen, transparency, and potential to produce high-resolution structures in the case of lithography. However, PDMS needs to be modified to support homogeneous cell attachments and spreading. Even though many physical and chemical methods, like plasma treatment or extracellular matrix coatings, have been developed over the last decades to increase cell-surface interactions, these methods are still very time-consuming, often not efficient enough, complex, and can require several treatment steps. To overcome these issues, we present a novel, robust, and fast one-step PDMS coating method using engineered anchor peptides fused to the cell-adhesive peptide sequence (glycine-arginine-glycine-aspartate-serine, GRGDS). The anchor peptide attaches to the PDMS surface predominantly by hydrophobic interactions by simply dipping PDMS in a solution containing the anchor peptide, presenting the GRGDS sequence on the surface available for cell adhesion. The binding performance and kinetics of the anchor peptide to PDMS are characterized, and the coatings are optimized for efficient cell attachment of fibroblasts and endothelial cells. Additionally, the applicability is proven using PDMS-based directional nanotopographic gradients, showing a lower threshold of 5 µm wrinkles for fibroblast alignment.
Assuntos
Adesão Celular , Dimetilpolisiloxanos/química , Oligopeptídeos/química , Sequência de Aminoácidos , Animais , Peptídeos Catiônicos Antimicrobianos/química , Peptídeos Catiônicos Antimicrobianos/genética , Peptídeos Catiônicos Antimicrobianos/metabolismo , Proteínas de Bactérias/química , Proteínas de Bactérias/genética , Proteínas de Bactérias/metabolismo , Adesão Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Fibroblastos/citologia , Fibroblastos/metabolismo , Fibroblastos/patologia , Proteínas de Fluorescência Verde/química , Proteínas de Fluorescência Verde/genética , Proteínas de Fluorescência Verde/metabolismo , Células Endoteliais da Veia Umbilical Humana , Humanos , Interações Hidrofóbicas e Hidrofílicas , Camundongos , Microscopia de Fluorescência , Oligopeptídeos/genética , Oligopeptídeos/metabolismo , Proteínas Recombinantes de Fusão/biossíntese , Proteínas Recombinantes de Fusão/isolamento & purificação , Proteínas Recombinantes de Fusão/farmacologia , Propriedades de SuperfícieRESUMO
Human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) are used as an alternative for human embryonic stem cells. Cardiomyocytes derived from hiPSCs are employed in cardiac tissue regeneration constructs due to the heart's low regeneration capacity after infarction. A coculture of hiPSC-CM and primary dermal fibroblasts is encapsulated in injectable poly(ethylene glycol)-based microgels via microfluidics to enhance the efficiency of regenerative cell transplantations. The microgels are prepared via Michael-type addition of multi-arm PEG-based molecules with an enzymatically degradable peptide as a cross-linker and modified with a cell-adhesive peptide. Cell-cell interactions and, consequently, cell viability are improved by a thin extracellular matrix (ECM) coating formed on the cell surfaces via layer-by-layer (LbL) deposition. The beating strength of encapsulated cardiomyocytes (â¼60 BPM) increases by 2-fold compared to noncoated cells. The combination of microfluidics with the LbL technique offers a new technology to fabricate functional cardiac mini tissues for cell transplantation therapies.
Assuntos
Hidrogéis/química , Microfluídica/métodos , Contração Miocárdica , Miócitos Cardíacos/fisiologia , Engenharia Tecidual/métodos , Adesão Celular , Diferenciação Celular , Células Cultivadas , Técnicas de Cocultura/métodos , Reagentes de Ligações Cruzadas/química , Matriz Extracelular/química , Fibroblastos/metabolismo , Humanos , Células-Tronco Pluripotentes Induzidas/citologia , Miócitos Cardíacos/citologia , Oligopeptídeos/química , Polietilenoglicóis/química , Análise de Célula Única/métodos , Alicerces Teciduais/químicaRESUMO
Complex 3D artificial tissue constructs are extensively investigated for tissue regeneration. Frequently, materials and cells are delivered separately without benefitting from the synergistic effect of combined administration. Cell delivery inside a material construct provides the cells with a supportive environment by presenting biochemical, mechanical, and structural signals to direct cell behavior. Conversely, the cell/material interaction is poorly understood at the micron scale and new systems are required to investigate the effect of micron-scale features on cell functionality. Consequently, cells are encapsulated in microgels to avoid diffusion limitations of nutrients and waste and facilitate analysis techniques of single or collective cells. However, up to now, the production of soft cell-loaded microgels by microfluidics is limited to spherical microgels. Here, a novel method is presented to produce monodisperse, anisometric poly(ethylene) glycol microgels to study cells inside an anisometric architecture. These microgels can potentially direct cell growth and can be injected as rod-shaped mini-tissues that further assemble into organized macroscopic and macroporous structures post-injection. Their aspect ratios are adjusted with flow parameters, while mechanical and biochemical properties are altered by modifying the precursors. Encapsulated primary fibroblasts are viable and spread and migrate across the 3D microgel structure.
Assuntos
Encapsulamento de Células , Fibroblastos/citologia , Microfluídica , Microgéis/química , Polietilenoglicóis/química , Células Cultivadas , Módulo de Elasticidade , Humanos , Concentração de Íons de HidrogênioRESUMO
The extracellular matrix (ECM) is a dynamic three-dimensional (3D) fibrous network, surrounding all cells in vivo. Fiber manufacturing techniques are employed to mimic the ECM but still lack the knowledge and methodology to produce single fibers approximating cell size with different surface topographies to study cell-material interactions. Using solvent-assisted spinning (SAS), the potential to continuously produce single microscale fibers with unlimited length, precise diameter, and specific surface topographies was demonstrated. By applying solvents with different solubilities and volatilities, fibers with smooth, grooved, and porous surface morphologies are produced. Due to their hierarchical structures, the porous fibers are the most hydrophobic, followed by the grooved and the smooth fibers. The fiber diameter is increased by increasing the polymer concentration or decreasing the collector rotational speed. Moreover, SAS offers the advantage to control the interfiber distance and angle to fabricate multilayered 3D constructs. This report shows for the first time that the micro- and nanoscale topographies of single fibers mechanically regulate cell behavior. Fibroblasts, grown on fibers with grooved topographical features, stretch and elongate more compared to smooth and porous fibers, whereas both porous and grooved fibers induce nuclear translocation of yes-associated protein. The presented technique, therefore, provides a unique platform to study the interaction between cells and single ECM-like fibers in a precise and reproducible manner, which is of great importance for new material developments in the field of tissue engineering.
RESUMO
Anisometric microgels are prepared via thermal crosslinking using an in-mold polymerization technique. Star-shaped poly(ethylene oxide-stat-propylene oxide) polymers, end-modified with amine and epoxy groups, form hydrogels, of which the mechanical properties and gelation rate can be adjusted by the temperature, duration of heating, and polymer concentration. Depending on the microgel stiffness, the rod-shaped microgels self-assemble into ordered or disordered structures.
RESUMO
Natural healing is based on highly orchestrated processes, in which the extracellular matrix plays a key role. To resemble the native cell environment, we introduce an artificial extracellular matrix (aECM) with the capability to template hierarchical and anisotropic structures in situ, allowing a minimally-invasive application via injection. Synthetic, magnetically responsive, rod-shaped microgels are locally aligned and fixed by a biocompatible surrounding hydrogel, creating a hybrid anisotropic hydrogel (Anisogel), of which the physical, mechanical, and chemical properties can be tailored. The microgels are rendered cell-adhesive with GRGDS and incorporated either inside a cell-adhesive fibrin or bioinert poly(ethylene glycol) hydrogel to strongly interact with fibroblasts. GRGDS-modified microgels inside a fibrin-based Anisogel enhance fibroblast alignment and lead to a reduction in fibronectin production, indicating successful replacement of structural proteins. In addition, YAP-translocation to the nucleus increases with the concentration of microgels, indicating cellular sensing of the overall anisotropic mechanical properties of the Anisogel. For bioinert surrounding PEG hydrogels, GRGDS-microgels are required to support cell proliferation and fibronectin production. In contrast to fibroblasts, primary nerve growth is not significantly affected by the biomodification of the microgels. In conclusion, this approach opens new opportunities towards advanced and complex aECMs for tissue regeneration.
Assuntos
Materiais Biocompatíveis/química , Matriz Extracelular/química , Anisotropia , Biomimética , Adesão Celular , Proliferação de Células , Células Cultivadas , Reagentes de Ligações Cruzadas/química , Dimetilpolisiloxanos/química , Compostos Férricos/química , Fibrina/química , Fibroblastos/citologia , Fibroblastos/fisiologia , Fibronectinas/metabolismo , Humanos , Hidrogéis , Nanopartículas Metálicas/química , Peptídeos/química , Polietilenoglicóis/química , PorosidadeRESUMO
BACKGROUND: A fast and easy-to-use liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method for the determination and quantification of 6 triazoles [fluconazole (FLZ), isavuconazole (ISZ), itraconazole (ITZ), hydroxy-itraconazole (OH-ITZ), posaconazole (PSZ), and voriconazole (VRZ)] in human plasma and serum was developed and validated for therapeutic drug monitoring. METHODS: Sample preparation was based on protein precipitation with acetonitrile and subsequent centrifugation. Isotope-labeled analogues for each analyte were used as internal standards. Chromatographic separation was achieved using a 50 × 2.1 mm, 1.9 µm polar Hypersil Gold C18 column and mobile phase consisting of 0.1% formic acid/acetonitrile (45%/55%, vol/vol) at a flow rate of 340 µL/min. The triazoles were simultaneously detected using a triple-stage quadrupole mass spectrometer operated in selected reaction monitoring mode with positive heated electrospray ionization within a single runtime of t = 3.00 minutes. RESULTS: Linearity of all azole concentration ranges was verified by the Mandel test and demonstrated for all azoles. All calibration curves were linear and fitted using least squares regression with a weighting factor of the reciprocal concentration. Limits of detection (µg/L/L) were FLZ, 9.3; ISZ, 0.3; ITZ, 0.6; OH-ITZ, 8.6; PSZ, 3.4; and VRZ, 2.1. The lower limits of quantitation (µg/L/liter) were FLZ, 28.3; ISZ, 1.0; ITZ, 1.7; OH-ITZ, 26.2; PSZ, 10.3; and VRZ, 6.3. Intraday and interday precisions ranged from 0.6% to 6.6% for all azoles. Intraday and interday accuracies (%bias) of all analytes were within 10.5%. In addition, we report on a 29-year-old white woman (94 kg body weight) with a history of acute myeloid leukemia who underwent stem cell transplantation. Because of diagnosis of aspergillus pneumonia, antifungal pharmacotherapy was initiated with different application modes and dosages of ISZ, and plasma concentrations were monitored over a time period of 6 months. CONCLUSIONS: A precise and highly sensitive liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method was developed that enables quantification of triazoles in plasma and serum matrix across therapeutically relevant concentration ranges. It was successfully implemented in our therapeutic drug monitoring routine service and is suitable for routine monitoring of antifungal therapy and in severely ill patients.
Assuntos
Antifúngicos/sangue , Cromatografia Líquida/métodos , Monitoramento de Medicamentos/métodos , Plasma/metabolismo , Espectrometria de Massas em Tandem/métodos , Acetonitrilas/sangue , Adulto , Calibragem , Feminino , Fluconazol/sangue , Humanos , Indicadores e Reagentes/química , Marcação por Isótopo/métodos , Itraconazol/sangue , Nitrilas/sangue , Piridinas/sangue , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Triazóis/sangue , Voriconazol/sangueRESUMO
The merging of defined nanoscale building blocks with advanced additive manufacturing techniques is of eminent importance for the preparation of multiscale and highly functional materials with de novo designed hierarchical architectures. Here, we demonstrate that hydrogels of cellulose nanofibrils (CNF) can be processed into complex shapes, and used as a sacrificial template to prepare freestanding cell constructs. We showcase our approach for the fabrication of hollow fibers using a controlled extrusion through a circular die into a coagulation bath. The dimensions of the hollow fibers are tunable, and the final tubes combine the nanofibrillar porosity of the CNF hydrogel with a submillimeter wall thickness and centimeter-scale length provided by the additive manufacturing technique. We demonstrate that covalent and supramolecular cross-linking of the CNFs can be used to tailor the mechanical properties of the hydrogel tubes within 1 order of magnitude and in an attractive range for the mechanosensation of cells. The resulting tubes are highly biocompatible and allow for the growth of mouse fibroblasts into confluent cell layers in their inner lumen. A detailed screening of several cellulases enables degradation of the scaffolding, temporary CNF hydrogel tube in a quick and highly cell-friendly way, and allows the isolation of coherent cell tubes. We foresee that the growing capabilities of hydrogel printing techniques in combination with the attractive features of CNFs-sustainable, globally abundant, biocompatible and enzymatically degradable-will allow making plant-based biomaterials with hierarchical structures and on-demand degradation useful, for instance, to engineer complex tissue structures to replace animal models, and for implants.