Evaluation of the predictors of oral health-related quality of life among 3-5-year-old children with dental trauma.

This study evaluated the influence of socio-demographic, clinical, and parental psychological factors on oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) and determined their predictors in preschool-aged children with traumatic dental injury (TDI). The study sample consisted of 324 dyads of children and their parents attending the Clinics of Pediatric Dentistry at Istanbul University. After clinical examination, the Sense of Coherence (SOC), Generalized Self-Efficacy Scale, Early Childhood Oral Health Impact Scale, and Multidimensional Health Locus of Control Scale-MHLC questionnaires were administered to the parents. The statistical analyses included Spearman correlation coefficients, Mann-Whitney U tests, Kruskal-Wallis tests, multiple linear regression, and confirmatory factor analysis. Having mixed TDI, a non-nuclear family, fewer children, and weak parental SOC were important predictors of worse overall OHRQoL and its sections of child and family. Lower internal health locus of control and dental pain due to TDI were predictors of worse overall OHRQoL and child impact, respectively. Consideration of these predictors may help oral health professionals to develop prevention and treatment programs for TDI and oral health literacy programs for families.

Evaluation of the predictors of oral health-related quality of life among 3-5-year-old children with dental trauma

Abstract This study evaluated the influence of socio-demographic, clinical, and parental psychological factors on oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) and determined their predictors in preschool-aged children with traumatic dental injury (TDI). The study sample consisted of 324 dyads of children and their parents attending the Clinics of Pediatric Dentistry at Istanbul University. After clinical examination, the Sense of Coherence (SOC), Generalized Self-Efficacy Scale, Early Childhood Oral Health Impact Scale, and Multidimensional Health Locus of Control Scale-MHLC questionnaires were administered to the parents. The statistical analyses included Spearman correlation coefficients, Mann-Whitney U tests, Kruskal-Wallis tests, multiple linear regression, and confirmatory factor analysis. Having mixed TDI, a non-nuclear family, fewer children, and weak parental SOC were important predictors of worse overall OHRQoL and its sections of child and family. Lower internal health locus of control and dental pain due to TDI were predictors of worse overall OHRQoL and child impact, respectively. Consideration of these predictors may help oral health professionals to develop prevention and treatment programs for TDI and oral health literacy programs for families.

Dental Age in Precocious and Delayed Puberty Periods.

OBJECTIVES: Precocious puberty indicates quick growth inception and delayed puberty indicates retardation in growth. This study aimed to investigate whether dental development is synchronous with somatic development. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this study, 62 girls and 34 boys with precocious puberty aged 5 to 9, 29 girls with delayed puberty aged 13 to 16, and 43 boys with delayed puberty aged 14 to 17; 169 children (91 girls and 78 boys) with normal development were compared about their dental ages through their panoramic radiographs by using the Demirjian method and skeletal ages from hand-wrist radiographs by using Greulich-Pyle atlas. RESULTS: The findings showed that, in all cases, the dental age values were higher than chronologic and skeletal age values to a statistically significant degree. In the precocious puberty group, the dental age values were higher than chronologic age values to a statistically significant degree. In the delayed puberty group, the difference determined between the chronological age and the dental age was not found to be statistically significant. CONCLUSION: Given that the Demirjian method is inclined to make calculations that are higher than the chronological age, our findings suggest that the dental development was faster in the precocious puberty group and retarded in the delayed puberty group.

Oral microbiota and dental caries data from monozygotic and dizygotic twin children.

There are recent studies which aimed to detect the inheritance on the etiology of dental caries exploring oral composition. We present data on the oral microbiota and its relation with dental caries and other factors in monozygotic (MZ) and dizygotic (DZ) twin children. Following clinical investigation, DNA samples were collected and isolated from saliva of 198 patients (49 MZ and 50 DZ twins) with an average age of 9.7 ± 2.7 years. Salivary bacterial microbiota analysis was performed using high throughput amplicon sequencing method targeting V3-V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene. A total of 8,297,859 raw reads corresponding to 41,908 reads per sample were obtained on average. The QIIME2-deblur workflow was used for 16S rRNA amplicon analysis. Microbiome similarity analyses between twins (based on Bray-Curtis dissimilarity, weighted and unweighted Unifrac distances) showed that monozygotic twins share more bacterial microbial content compared to dizygotic twins. This is a large microbial community dataset of MZ and DZ twins with or without dental findings which can be further used for children oral microbiome profile explorations.

Rethinking isolated cleft lip and palate as a syndrome.

OBJECTIVE: The goal of the present work was to use dental conditions that have been independently associated with cleft lip and palate (CL/P) as a tool to identify a broader collection of individuals to be used for gene identification that lead to clefts. STUDY DESIGN: We studied 1573 DNA samples combining individuals that were born with CL/P or had tooth agenesis, supernumerary teeth, molar incisor hypomineralization, or dental caries with the goal to identify genetic associations. We tested 2 single-nucleotide polymorphisms that were located in the vicinity of regions suggested to contribute to supernumerary teeth. Overrepresentation of alleles were determined for combinations of individuals as well as for each individual phenotypic group with an α of .05. RESULTS: We determined that the allele C of rs622260 was overrepresented in all individuals studied compared with a group of unrelated individuals who did not present any of the conditions described earlier. When subgroups were tested, associations were found for individuals with hypomineralization. CONCLUSIONS: Although we did not test this hypothesis directly in the present study, based on associations reported previously, we believe that CL/P is actually a syndrome of alterations of the dentition, and considering it that way may allow for the identification of genotype-phenotype correlations that may be useful for clinical care.

Nephrocalcinosis in Amelogenesis Imperfecta Caused by the FAM20A Mutation.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Enamel-renal syndrome is characterized by nephrocalcinosis, enamel defects, gingival hyperplasia and eruption failures. It has been recently identified that recessive mutations in the FAM20A gene result in amelogenesis imperfecta (AI)-gingival fibromatosis. The aim of this research to determine whether AI patients with known -FAM20A mutations also have nephrocalcinosis. METHODS: Complete oral and radiological examinations were performed for all participating family members. Renal examinations were performed using ultrasound. RESULTS: The teeth were evaluated for severe loss, and multiple eruption failures were evident from the clinical and radiological examinations. Unexpected extensive and fast crown resorption was found by radiological examination. Renal ultrasound revealed bilateral nephrocalcinosis in both affected individuals. Recessive FAM20A mutations can cause nephrocalcinosis in addition to the oral phenotype. CONCLUSION: AI patients with similar clinical phenotypes and FAM20A mutations should be examined for nephropathy even if they lack pertinent symptoms. Nephrology referral is warranted for patients who have clinical phenotypes related to AI-gingival fibromatosis even if they are not symptomatic.

Management of regional odontodysplasia: a 10-year-follow-up case report and literature review.

The aim of this article was to review the literature and present a case of regional odontodysplasia (ROD) with special emphasis on clinical and radiographic features. A 6-year-old girl was referred to our department with the chief complaint of missing her permanent maxillary left central incisor, lateral incisor, and both of her canines. The gingiva of the involved region was enlarged, fibrous, and tense. Radiographic examination showed abnormal tooth formation and shortened roots. After 3 years of follow up with temporary prosthetic rehabilitation, periodontal surgery was performed. Following forced eruption and levelling, abnormal tooth eruption and root development were observed. ProRoot MTA (Dentsply-Maillefer, Ballaigues, Switzerland) was used for root canal treatment. Intracanal fiber posts selected and access cavities were restored with composite resin. Prosthetic rehabilitation was completed with zirconia ceramic crowns. The time of diagnosis, characteristics of the present/existing symptoms, and functional and esthetic needs of the patient should be considered to determine the optimal treatment modality for ROD.

Analyses of MMP20 Missense Mutations in Two Families with Hypomaturation Amelogenesis Imperfecta.

Amelogenesis imperfecta is a group of rare inherited disorders that affect tooth enamel formation, quantitatively and/or qualitatively. The aim of this study was to identify the genetic etiologies of two families presenting with hypomaturation amelogenesis imperfecta. DNA was isolated from peripheral blood samples obtained from participating family members. Whole exome sequencing was performed using DNA samples from the two probands. Sequencing data was aligned to the NCBI human reference genome (NCBI build 37.2, hg19) and sequence variations were annotated with the dbSNP build 138. Mutations in MMP20 were identified in both probands. A homozygous missense mutation (c.678T>A; p.His226Gln) was identified in the consanguineous Family 1. Compound heterozygous MMP20 mutations (c.540T>A, p.Tyr180* and c.389C>T, p.Thr130Ile) were identified in the non-consanguineous Family 2. Affected persons in Family 1 showed hypomaturation AI with dark brown discoloration, which is similar to the clinical phenotype in a previous report with the same mutation. However, the dentition of the Family 2 proband exhibited slight yellowish discoloration with reduced transparency. Functional analysis showed that the p.Thr130Ile mutant protein had reduced activity of MMP20, while there was no functional MMP20 in the Family 1 proband. These results expand the mutational spectrum of the MMP20 and broaden our understanding of genotype-phenotype correlations in amelogenesis imperfecta.

Recessive Mutations in ACPT, Encoding Testicular Acid Phosphatase, Cause Hypoplastic Amelogenesis Imperfecta.

Amelogenesis imperfecta (AI) is a heterogeneous group of genetic disorders affecting tooth enamel. The affected enamel can be hypoplastic and/or hypomineralized. In this study, we identified ACPT (testicular acid phosphatase) biallelic mutations causing non-syndromic, generalized hypoplastic autosomal-recessive amelogenesis imperfecta (AI) in individuals from six apparently unrelated Turkish families. Families 1, 4, and 5 were affected by the homozygous ACPT mutation c.713C>T (p.Ser238Leu), family 2 by the homozygous ACPT mutation c.331C>T (p.Arg111Cys), family 3 by the homozygous ACPT mutation c.226C>T (p.Arg76Cys), and family 6 by the compound heterozygous ACPT mutations c.382G>C (p.Ala128Pro) and 397G>A (p.Glu133Lys). Analysis of the ACPT crystal structure suggests that these mutations damaged the activity of ACPT by altering the sizes and charges of key amino acid side chains, limiting accessibility of the catalytic core, and interfering with homodimerization. Immunohistochemical analysis confirmed localization of ACPT in secretory-stage ameloblasts. The study results provide evidence for the crucial function of ACPT during amelogenesis.

Oral and craniofacial manifestations of Ellis-van Creveld syndrome: Case series.

PURPOSE: The objective of this case series was to determine the oral, dental and craniofacial features of patients with EvC syndrome. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Eight patients with EvC syndrome were enrolled. A complete family history, pedigree analysis, detailed medical history were collected. Findings of clinical examination, including craniofacial and orodental manifestations, and radiological investigations were thoroughly studied. RESULTS: All eight patients had characteristic face, hypertrophic frenulum, conical and peg-shaped teeth, hypodontia of deciduous and/or permanent teeth and also skeletal dysplasia, small chest, short stature and hypoplastic nails. Additionally dysmorphic filtrum, serrated appearance of gingiva, diastema, enamel hypoplasia, microdontia, taurodontism, single rooted permanent molar, delayed eruption and high caries rate were observed with varying degrees. Cephalometric evaluation revealed skeletal Class III growth pattern in four subjects and Class II growth pattern in one subject. CONCLUSION: Evaluation of craniofacial and orodental anomalies of EvC syndrome is required for accurate differential diagnosis from other congenital syndromes.

Prevalence and characteristics of talon cusps in Turkish population.

BACKGROUND: Talon cusp is a rare dental anomaly characterized by a cusp-like projection, often including the palatal surface of the affected tooth. The aim of the present study was to investigate the prevalence and characteristics of talon cusps in a group of Turkish children. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study population consisted of 14,400 subjects who attended the clinics of the Department of Pediatric Dentistry at the Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey. Subjects ranged in age from 1 to 14 years with a mean age of 10.5 ± 2.55 years. Talon cusps were mainly categorized by visual examination according to the classification of Hattab et al. The distribution and frequency of talon cusps were calculated with respect to dentition type, tooth type, talon type, the affected surface, associated dental anomalies, and clinical complications. Statistical analysis included descriptive statistics, frequencies, and crosstabs with Chi-square analysis. RESULTS: Talon cusps were detected in 49 subjects (26 males and 23 females) of 14,400 (0.34%). A total of 108 teeth showed talon cusps. Distribution of talon cusps according to gender showed no statistically significant differences. The incidence of talon cusps was found to be greater in maxillary lateral incisors (53.7%) than central incisors (29.62%). Regarding the type of talon cusp, 47.22% of teeth showed a Type III talon cusp, whereas 30.55% of teeth demonstrated a Type II talon and 22.22% of teeth demonstrated a Type I talon cusp. Nine patients (18.36%) with talon cups also exhibited other developmental dental anomalies. Clinical complications associated with talon cusps were detected as caries formation and occlusal interference. CONCLUSION: This is the most comprehensive study of the prevalence of talon cusps in Turkish population using the largest sample size to date. Also, taurodontism associated with a talon cusp has been reported here for the 1(st) time. Clinical complications associated with talon cusps need more investigations.

Fam83h null mice support a neomorphic mechanism for human ADHCAI.

Truncation mutations in FAM83H (family with sequence similarity 83, member H) cause autosomal dominant hypocalcified amelogenesis imperfecta (ADHCAI), but little is known about FAM83H function and the pathogenesis of ADHCAI. We recruited three ADHCAI families and identified two novel (p.Gln457*; p.Lys639*) and one previously documented (p.Q452*) disease-causing FAM83H mutations. We generated and characterized Fam83h-knockout/lacZ-knockin mice. Surprisingly, enamel thickness, density, Knoop hardness, morphology, and prism patterns were similar in Fam83h (+/+), Fam83h (+/-), and Fam83h (-/-) mice. The histology of ameloblasts in all stages of development, in both molars and incisors, was virtually identical in all three genotypes and showed no signs of pathology, although the Fam83h (-/-) mice usually died after 2 weeks and rarely survived to 7 weeks. LacZ expression in the knockin mice was used to report Fam83h expression in the epithelial tissues of many organs, notably in skin and hair follicles, which manifested a disease phenotype. Pull-down studies determined that FAM83H dimerizes through its N-terminal phospholipase D-like (PLD-like) domain and identified potential FAM83H interacting proteins. Casein kinase 1 (CK1) interacts with the FAM83H PLD-like domain via an F(270)-X-X-X-F(274)-X-X-X-F(278) motif. CK1 can phosphorylate FAM83H in vitro, and many phosphorylation sites were identified in the FAM83H C-terminus. Truncation of FAM83H alters its subcellular localization and that of CK1. Our results support the conclusion that FAM83H is not necessary for proper dental enamel formation in mice, but may act as a scaffold protein that localizes CK1. ADHCAI is likely caused by gain-of-function effects mediated by truncated FAM83H, which potentially mislocalizes CK1 as part of its pathological mechanism.

A Complex Facial Trauma Case with Multiple Mandibular Fractures and Dentoalveolar Injuries.

The principles of management of mandibular fractures differ in children when compared to adults and depend on the specific age-related status of the growing mandible and the developing dentition. This paper presents a case report with a complex facial trauma affecting the mandibular body and condyle region and dentoalveolar complex. Clinical examination revealed soft tissue injuries, limited mouth opening, lateral deviation of the mandible, an avulsed incisor, a subluxated incisor, and a fractured crown. CBCT examination revealed a nondisplaced fracture and an oblique greenstick fracture of the mandibular body and unilateral fracture of the condyle. Closed reduction technique was chosen to manage fractures of the mandible. Favorable healing outcomes on multiple fractures of the mandible throughout the 6-year follow-up period proved the success of the conservative treatment. This case report is important since it presents a variety of pathological sequelae to trauma within one case.

An assessment of antibacterial activity of three pulp capping materials on Enterococcus faecalis by a direct contact test: An in vitro study.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this in vitro study was to evaluate antimicrobial activities of three different pulp capping materials; Biodentine, mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) Angelus, and Dycal against Enterococcus faecalis and their durability with time. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Direct contact test was used for the assessment. Three sets of sealers were mixed and placed on microtiter plate wells: One set was used within 20 min of recommended setting time while others were used after 24-h and 1-week. E. faecalis suspension was placed directly on the materials for 1 h and then transferred to another plate with fresh media. Nine wells of bacteria without the tested cements served as the positive control. One well of the tested cements without bacteria served as the negative control. Bacterial growth was evaluated by a temperature-controlled microplate spectrophotometer for 1-h intervals among 24 h. Data were analyzed using Kruskal-Wallis test. RESULTS: All tested materials showed less bacterial density than the control group. MTA, Biodentine, and Dycal showed significantly higher bacterial density than the control group in freshly mixed samples (P < 0.05). And MTA showed significantly higher antibacterial activity than Dycal (P < 0.05). In 24 h, materials did not show any differences (P > 0.05). MTA and Biodentine samples showed significant differences than Dycal; MTA also showed higher antibacterial activity than control in 1-week samples (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: While freshly mixed MTA showed the best antibacterial activity over time, Biodentine had shown similar antibacterial activity to MTA.

Condylar asymmetry in different occlusion types.

AIMS: The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between vertical asymmetries of the mandibular condyle with different occlusion types, including Angle Cl I, Cl II, Cl III malocclusions and unilateral posterior crossbite (UPC) in adolescent patients. METHODOLOGY: A total number of 120 patients (60 girls, 60 boys with a mean age of 13.64 ± 1.58 years) with no signs and symptoms of temporomandibular disorders were included in the study [n = 30 for each group; Group I: normal occlusion, Group II: Angle Class II malocclusion, Group III: Angle Class III malocclusion and Group IV: UPC]. The asymmetry index for each patient was measured using panoramic radiographs. The results were analyzed using Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U test at the 95% confidence level. RESULTS: The results of the analyses showed no statistically significant differences between the gender and the age of the patients for condylar height asymmetry (P>0.05). No statistically significant difference was found between the occlusion types, according to condylar asymmetry level. The patients with UPC showed a significantly different level of condylar height asymmetry compared to the Class I, II and III occlusion types (P<0.05; P<0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Patients with UPC have asymmetric condylar heights. These patients might be at risk for developing skeletal mandibular asymmetries in the future. Early correction of posterior crossbite can help practitioners prevent skeletal asymmetries.

Effect of fibroblast growth factor and enamel matrix derivative treatment on root resorption after delayed replantation.

BACKGROUND: Periodontal ligament (PDL) healing and long term prognosis of replanted avulsed teeth should rely on several factors including length of extra-oral dry time and type of the storage medium. The status of periodontal ligament is critical for the healing of replanted teeth. Different substances have been used for root surface treatment to promote formation of PDL and increase the survival of avulsed teeth submitted to replantation. AIM: The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of recombinant basic fibroblast growth factor 2 (bFGF) and enamel matrix derivative (EMD) on root resorption after delayed replantation. DESIGN: 18 freshly extracted single-rooted incisor and premolar teeth were extracted from the beagle dogs and immersed in whole bovine milk for 45 and 60 min (n = 3 each). Following storage period, sockets washed and teeth were treated with bFGF and EMD and replanted into the sockets. After 8 weeks, dogs were sacrificed, specimens processed to 4-µm thick serial sections for histopathologic examination and morphometric assessments. Thus, the proportions of the roots that exhibited signs of surface resorption, inflammatory resorption, and replacement resorption, that is, ankylosis and normal PDL were noted. RESULTS: The percentage of root resorption was in the following order: EMD>milk>bFGF for 45 min and milk>EMD>bFGF for 60 min. For all groups, teeth stored 60 min showed significantly higher incidence of PDL resorption than those stored for 45 min (P < 0.01). The highest incidence of replacement resorption was observed in teeth treated with EMD for 60 min. After 8 weeks, the least resorption was found in bFGF-treated group (P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: The findings of this study suggest that use of bFGF favored the formation of new periodontal ligament; prevent ankylosis and resorption process following delayed replantation of teeth while EMD shows replacement resorption, which may turn to ankylosis.

Clinical findings and long-term managements of patients with amelogenesis imperfecta.

The aim of this clinical case series is to present a diagnosis and different treatment methods of patients in different ages with amelogenesis imperfecta (AI) as well as further treatments during a 3-6 years follow-up period. A number of 31 patients (16 female, 15 male with a mean age of 10.77 ± 2.65 years) with AI have been examined for the study group between 2007 and 2010 years. A detailed anamnesis was recorded, followed by a clinical and radiological assessment of oral health. The types of AI classified for each patient according to clinical and radiographic evaluation. The main complaints of patients, presence of dental caries and dental anomalies were noted. Necessary treatments had been planned for the individual cases of AI. A number of 19 patients had hypoplastic (HP) form, and 10 patients showed hypomaturation (HM) form of AI, while one patient showed hypocalcified form of AI and one patient had HM-HP form with taurodontism. Main complaints were chiefly related to dissatisfactory esthetics and dental sensitivity. Caries prevalence index was 93.5%. Mean decayed, missing, filling permanent teeth (DMF) and DMF surface (DMFS) were found as 2.74 ± 1.71 and 6.23 ± 3.99; df (decayed, filling primary teeth) and dfs (decayed, filling primary teeth surface) were found as 3.12 ± 2.85 and 5.24 ± 4.97, respectively. All patients received individual clinical care, including preventive, restorative, and prosthetic treatments. Patients have scheduled for regular follow-up in every 3 months. Composite restorations were used as the most common treatment (25 patients, 80.6%). The treatment plan should be based on patient's age, type of defects and individual needs of the patients. Necessary treatment plan is essential, not only due to functional and aesthetic reasons, but also for the positive psychological impact on young patients.

Traumatic dental injuries in Turkish children, Istanbul.

AIM: Some of the commonly encountered dental emergencies are traumatic dental injuries. The aim of this study was to evaluate traumatic dental injuries with regard to age, gender, etiology, classification of trauma, teeth involved, place of injury, and treatment received by patients who were referred over a 2-year period to the Istanbul University, Faculty of Dentistry, Clinics of Pedodontics, Istanbul, Turkey. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study was based on the clinical data of 154 patients (337 traumatized teeth). The children were examined clinically for dental injuries by the same investigator. The following information was recorded: age, gender, etiology, localization, place, number of injured teeth, type of trauma, type of tooth, time elapsed between injury and treatment, and treatment provided. Traumatized teeth were assessed according to the classification of the World Health Organization slightly modified. RESULTS: A total of 154 patients aged 1-13 years presented a total of 337 traumatized teeth (255 permanent and 82 primary). 94 boys (61%) and 60 girls (39%) with a mean age of 7.91 ± 3.15 years participated in the study. Dental injuries were frequent in the 6-12 year age group. The most common type of dental injuries recorded was luxation injuries (43.3%), uncomplicated crown fractures (20.5%), and complicated crown fractures (19.4%). The main causes were falls (55.2%) and being struck by an object (22.1%). The most frequent treatment was examination only (31.8%). CONCLUSIONS: In childhood, a correct diagnosis may affect the management methods and prevent the occurrence of complications after treatment for traumatic dental injuries. Therefore, continuing education programs offering the latest updates in the management of traumatized teeth should be provided for dental and medical practitioners.

Preservation of Involved Teeth Associated with Large Dentigerous Cysts.

Dentigerous cysts (DCs) are benign odontogenic cysts that are associated with the crowns of permanent teeth. The purpose of this study is to describe the management of DCs in four children. Four boys aged between 7 and 9 years were referred to our clinics with the complaints of intraoral alveolar swelling or facial asymmetry on the affected area. The panoramic radiographies showed large, well-defined radiolucent lesions associated with the deciduous teeth and displaced tooth buds. The treatment consisted of the extraction of the involved deciduous tooth and marsupialization of the cyst to allow eruption of the permanent tooth. Permanent teeth displaced by the DCs in three cases erupted spontaneously within one-year period. The case with horizontally displaced permanent tooth was managed by replantation. This is the first time that underlying permanent tooth in a DC case was intentionally replanted.

Influence of acrylic resin polymerization methods on residual monomer release.

AIM: The aim of this study was to quantify and compare the amount of methyl methacrylate (MMA) monomer released from three different denture base acrylic material processed by different polymerization methods and storage conditions. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Microwave-cured, conventional heat and injection-technique acrylic polymerized materials were stored in neutral (pH = 7) and acidic (pH = 4.5) artificial saliva for 24 hours at the room temperature, separately. The residual MMA content was determined by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). RESULTS: The MMA leaching from resins showed that microwave-cured material has lower residual MMA leach compared both conventional and injection-technique on neutral saliva storage conditions. CONCLUSION: The all data's exhibited higher MMA release into an acidic saliva environment than neutral artificial saliva and there were no significant differences between the materials groups on acidic saliva storage conditions. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Microwave polymerization method might has some advantages on reducing release of MMA concentration and may contributory effect upon polymerization reaction on neutral pH storage condition, therefore methods of polymerization should be considered as amount of monomer release.