Comparative Analysis of Tentacle Extract and Nematocyst Venom: Toxicity, Mechanism, and Potential Intervention in the Giant Jellyfish Nemopilema nomurai.

The giant jellyfish Nemopilema nomurai sting can cause local and systemic reactions; however, comparative analysis of the tentacle extract (TE) and nematocyst venom extract (NV), and its toxicity, mechanism, and potential intervention are still limited. This study compared venom from TE and NV for their composition, toxicity, and efficacy in vitro and in vivo used RAW264.7 cells and ICR mice. A total of 239 and 225 toxin proteins were identified in TE and NV by proteomics, respectively. Pathological analysis revealed that TE and NV caused heart and liver damage through apoptosis, necrosis, and inflammation, while TE exhibited higher toxicity ex vivo and in vivo. Biochemical markers indicated TE and NV elevated creatine kinase, lactatedehydrogenase, and aspartate aminotransferase, with the TE group showing a more significant increase. Transcriptomics and Western blotting indicated both venoms increased cytokines expression and MAPK signaling pathways. Additionally, 1 mg/kg PACOCF3 (the phospholipase A2 inhibitor) improved survival from 16.7% to 75% in mice. Our results indicate that different extraction methods impact venom activities, tentacle autolysis preserves toxin proteins and their toxicity, and PACOCF3 is a potential antidote, which establishes a good extraction method of jellyfish venom, expands our understanding of jellyfish toxicity, mechanism, and provides a promising intervention.

Marine biological injuries and their medical management: A narrative review.

The marine environment can be extremely dangerous, and the harm caused by marine organisms when they contact the human body can be especially harmful, even deadly. Contact includes stings, bites, wounds, and consumption as food. In this article, the characteristics of the common marine biological injuries are summarized, the major marine organisms causing damage in China's marine waters are described, and injury prevention and treatment methods are discussed.

[Particulate Component Emission Characteristic from a Diesel Bus with DOC and CDPF].

A diesel bus was tested with a China City Bus Cycle (CCBC) on a heavy chassis dynamometer, and the components of the particulate emissions with different after-treatment equipment were investigated. Results showed that OC was less than EC in the particulates of the bus emissions without the use of after-treatment equipment. The organic components were mainly fatty acids (60.9%) and n-alkanes (32.4%), with a few hopanes and PAHs. Fatty acid components were mainly C16:0, C18, C14, and C18:1. The n-alkanes were mainly C18-C24, with C21H44 and C22H46 accounting for the greatest portion. PAH mass was concentrated in medium and small molecular weight components, such as Pyr, FL, and PA. While PAH toxicity was dominated by medium and high molecular weight components, BaP was the most toxic, followed by B(b+k)F, BaA, and IcdP. The total toxicity of the PAHs decreased by 2.7% after DOC treatment and continued to decrease by 89.6%-93.8% after CDPF treatment. After-treatment equipment significantly reduced the OC+EC emissions by 18.9% (DOC) and 70.5%-72.5% (CDPF), but the reduction rate varied from one component to another. The different precious metal loadings of the CDPF did not obviously affect the reduction rate.

Giant positive magnetoresistance in half-metallic double-perovskite Sr2CrWO6 thin films.

Magnetoresistance (MR) is the magnetic field-induced change of electrical resistance. The MR effect not only has wide applications in hard drivers and sensors but also is a long-standing scientific issue for complex interactions. Ferromagnetic/ferrimagnetic oxides generally show negative MR due to the magnetic field-induced spin order. We report the unusually giant positive MR up to 17,200% (at 2 K and 7 T) in 12-nm Sr2CrWO6 thin films, which show metallic behavior with high carrier density of up to 2.26 × 1028 m-3 and high mobility of 5.66 × 104 cm2 V-1 s-1. The possible mechanism is that the external magnetic field suppresses the long-range antiferromagnetic order to form short-range antiferromagnetic fluctuations, which enhance electronic scattering and lead to the giant positive MR. The high mobility may also have contributions to the positive MR. These results not only experimentally confirm that the giant positive MR can be realized in oxides but also open up new opportunities for developing and understanding the giant positive MR in oxides.

Temperature dependent structures and properties of Bi0.5Na0.5TiO3-based lead free piezoelectric composite.

The thermal depolarization around 100 °C of the Bi0.5Na0.5TiO3-based piezoelectric solid solutions leads to the disappearance of macroscopic ferroelectric/piezoelectric properties and remains a long-standing obstacle for their actual applications. In this communication, we report lead-free piezoelectric composites of 0.94Bi0.5Na0.5TiO3-0.06BaTiO3:0.5ZnO (BNT-6BT:0.5ZnO, where 0.5 is the mole ratio of ZnO to BNT-6BT) with deferred thermal depolarization, which is experimentally confirmed by systematic temperature dependent dielectric, ferroelectric, piezoelectric measurements. Especially, based on temperature dependent X-ray diffraction measurements on unpoled and poled samples, thermal depolarization is confirmed to have no relationship with the structural phase transition, the possible mechanism for the deferred thermal depolarization is correlated with the ZnO-induced local electric field which can suppress the depolarization field. We believe our results may be helpful for understanding the origin of thermal depolarization in BNT-based piezoelectric materials, and thus provide an effective way to overcoming this obstacle.